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The Irish in the Atlantic World The Irish in the Atlantic World The Carolina Low country and the Atlantic World Sponsored by the Program in the Carolina Low country and the Atlantic World of the College of Charleston Money, Trade, and Power Edited by Jack P. Greene, Rosemary Brana-Shute, and Randy J. Sparks The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World Edited by David P. Geggus London Booksellers and American Customers James Raven Memory and Identity Edited by Bertrand Van Ruymbeke and Randy J. Sparks This Remote Part of the World Bradford J. Wood The Final Victims James A. McMillin The Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Edited by Peter A. Coclanis From New Babylon to Eden Bertrand Van Ruymbeke Saints and Their Cults in the Atlantic World Edited by Margaret Cormack Who Shall Rule at Home? Jonathan Mercantini To Make This Land Our Own Arlin C. Migliazzo Votaries of Apollo Nicholas Michael Butler Fighting for Honor T. J. Desch Obi Paths to Freedom Edited by Rosemary Brana-Shute and Randy J. Sparks Material Culture in Anglo-America Edited by David S. Shields The Fruits of Exile Edited by Richard Bodek and Simon Lewis The Irish in the Atlantic World Edited by David T. Gleeson The Irish in the Atlantic World Edited by David T. Gleeson The University of South Carolina Press © 2010 University of South Carolina Cloth edition published by the University of South Carolina Press, 2010 Ebook edition published in Columbia, South Carolina, by the University of South Carolina Press, 2013 www.sc.edu/uscpress 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition as follows: The Irish in the Atlantic world / edited by David T. Gleeson. p. cm. — (The Carolina lowcountry and the Atlantic world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57003-908-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Irish Americans—History. 2. Irish Americans—Social life and customs. 3. Irish Americans—Ethnic identity. 4. Irish—America—History. 5. Irish—America—Social life and customs. 6. Irish—Migrations—History. 7. Ireland—Emigration and immigration—History. 8. America—Emigration and immigration—History. 9. Ireland—Relations—America. 10. America—Relations— Ireland. I. Gleeson, David T. E184.I6I6845 2010 305.891'62073—dc22 2010005682 ISBN 978-1-61117-220-1 (ebook) Contents Acknowledgments vii The Irish Atlantic? 1 David T. Gleeson Part I: Ireland in the Atlantic World Mathewite Temperance in Atlantic Perspective 19 Paul Townend The Anatomy of Failure: Nineteenth-Century Irish Copper Mining in the Atlantic and Global Economy 38 William H. Mulligan Jr. Trans atlantic Migrations of Irish Music in the Early Recording Age 53 Scott Spencer The “Idea of America” in the New Irish State, 1922–1960 76 Bernadette Whelan Part II: Irish Identity in the Atlantic World “The Transmigrated Soul of Some West Indian Planter”: Absenteeism, Slavery, and the Irish National Tale 109 Susan M. Kroeg Slavery, Irish Nationalism, and Irish American Identity in the South, 1840–1845 129 Angela F. Murphy “From the Cabins of Connemara to the Kraals of Kaffirland”: Irish Nationalists, the British Empire, and the “Boer Fight for Freedom” 154 Bruce Nelson Kathleen O’Brennan and American Identity in the Trans atlantic Irish Republican Movement 176 Catherine M. Burns “Blues Coming down Royal Avenue”: Van Morrison’s Belfast Blues 195 Lauren Onkey vi | Contents Part III: The Irish in the Atlantic World The “Quadripartite Concern” of St. Croix: An Irish Catholic Experiment in the Danish West Indies 213 Orla Power The Irish and the Formation of British Communities in Early Massachusetts 229 Marsha L. Hamilton From Ulster to the Carolinas: John Torrans, John Greg, John Poaug, and Bounty Emigration, 1761–1768 251 Richard K. MacMaster “The Unacclimated Stranger Should Be Positively Prohibited from Joining the Party”: Irish Immigrants, Black Laborers, and Yellow Fever on Charleston’s Waterfront 275 Michael D. Thompson The Orange Atlantic 307 Donald M. MacRaild Contributors 327 Index 329 Acknowledgments This project was conceived and encouraged by Simon Lewis, my codirector of the Program in the Carolina Low country and the Atlantic World (CLAW) when I came to the College of Charleston in the fall of 2002. He has been supportive of it in all kinds of ways through all stages. No one could ask for a better colleague and collaborator. Alexander Moore of the University of South Carolina Press and the fine staff of editors and marketers also deserve a lot of praise for the produc- tion of this book. They have guided me through the process with great patience and efficiency. The committee I formed to help run the conference that spawned this book was also very helpful. From the College of Charleston, Dee Dee Joyce, Moore Quinn, Joe Kelly, and Cara Delay put in trojan work in setting up and running the 2007 conference. Their academic and physical labors are much appreciated. David Heisser of the Citadel, Stephen White of the Charleston His- torical Society, and Michael De Nie of the State University of West Georgia per- formed important tasks for the conference as well. Graduate assistants Kate Jenkins and Charles Wexler along with undergraduate intern Dailey Holt helped the conference run very smoothly. Lisa Randle of the CLAW program provided vital administrative support. Major funding was received from the Humanities Council of South Carolina, the Consul General of Ireland in New York, and the Monsignor Manning Divi- sion of the Ancient of Order of Hibernians, Division No. 1, Charleston. At the College of Charleston, financial support was received from Provost Elise Jor- gens’s office as well as from the offices of Deans David Cohen and Cynthia Low - enthal. There was substantial departmental support from history and other funds from En glish, anthropology and women’s/gender studies. In the community the project also had the financial and moral backing of the South Carolina Irish His- torical Society, the Charleston Hibernian Society, and the South Carolina State Board of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Particular thanks are owed to Stephen White and Donald Williams for their Irish tours and the Honorable Judge Patrick Michael Duffy and Harry D. Cale III for hosting a reception. Commentators Kerby Miller, Nicholas Canny, John Waters, Patrick Griffin, and Janet Nolan as well as Charleston colleagues Joe Kelly, Simon Lewis, and Cara Delay helped me immensely in choosing the most innovative essays for this work. I also thank the two anonymous referees for their comments, criticism, and suggestions. Here in my new position at Northumbria University, Dean Lynn viii | Acknowledgments Dobbs, Chair David Walker, and Research Professor Donald MacRaild have provided the time and support for me to complete this project, and I thank them for that. I also thank Cynthia Lowenthal and Beverly Diamond for allowing me to continue my productive relationship with the College of Charleston. All the contributors to this book have been a plea sure to work with, and I hope it will bring even more attention to their excellent work in this important field of the Irish in the Atlantic World. The Irish Atlantic? David T. Gleeson In July 2000 at a meeting of the American Bar Association held in Dublin, the minister of enterprise and tánaiste (deputy prime minister) of the Irish govern- ment, Mary Harney, in a speech describing Ireland’s relationship with the Euro- pean Union (EU) and the United States, stated, “Geographically we [the Irish people] are closer to Berlin than Boston.” But, she continued, “spiritually, we are probably a lot closer to Boston than Berlin.”1 The speech focused mainly on the Irish economic model, which Minister Harney described as somewhere between the social system of Europe and the free-enterprise system in America. She explained this spiritual kinship by ac - knowledging the close historical connections between Ireland and the United States, particularly the fact that millions of Irish immigrants had moved across the Atlantic “down the centuries.” The speech caused quite a stir in Ireland, an Ireland that, at the time, saw itself as one of the most pro-EU countries in the Union. The main reaction from Irish politicians and the commentariat focused on the impact the speech would have on Ireland’s relationship with its European partners, not with the United States. The criticism highlighted the perceived insult to other European countries and/or the fact that Ireland seemed to be en - dorsing the “neoliberal” economy of the United States over the European model. No one, however, criticized Harney’s description of the continued good relation- ship with the United States. Politicians and journalists alike, even those con- cerned about the “Americanizing” of Ireland’s economy and culture, accepted the close historical and contemporary connections between Ireland and America.2 In 2000 perhaps fresh in many Irish people’s minds was the important role President Bill Clinton and the U.S. government had played in the achievement of the 1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Peace Accord and the fact that almost 25 percent of Ireland’s gross domestic product was generated by foreign companies, most of which were American.3 Or perhaps it was something deeper. Was there an “Irish Atlantic World” that transcended the ocean to the thirty-odd million North Americans of Irish ancestry? The “idea of Atlantic history,” as pioneering scholar 2 | David T. Gleeson Bernard Bailyn puts it, began with the Anglo-American alliances of World War I and World War II, but especially of World War II and its aftermath. That war gave us the Atlantic Charter between Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt and later the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949).
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