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National Institute on Drug Abuse's Media Guide

National Institute on Drug Abuse's Media Guide

THE BASICS RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA GLOSSARY CONTACTS 5 6 19 18 drugabuse.gov/news-events obacco Products drugs & health drugs enter for T http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ / A C AIDS.gov FD Web: http://aids.gov Web: http://www.fda.gov/tobaccoproducts ence efer

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CONTACTS GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES THE BASICS THE THE BASICS RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA GLOSSARY CONTACTS RESEARCH FIGURES FACTS The purpose of this guide is to give journalists fast and user-friendly access to to access and user-friendly fast journalists give purpose of this guide is to The I researcher, decades as a than three In more scientific information. the latest had in bringing and health journalists have seen the impact that science have gain Americans that information to the public. It is through research scientific hope and understanding. to committed and remain the years over of you many know to come I have to rapid dissemination for as possible as quickly scientific information releasing how and let us know as a useful tool this guide nearby the public. Please keep and deadline information your reach public liaison staff can help you NIDA’s needs. M.D. Volkow, D. Nora Director on Drug Abuse National Institute

As the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), I am pleased on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Institute of the National As the Director result of as a emerging the important this guide to that are findings offer to part of the National Institutes NIDA, and its treatment. on research of Health under the U.S. Department supports of Health and Human Services, on drug abuse and addiction, including basic research most of the world’s fundamental and essential addresses that research science and behavioral to its causes and consequences from drug abuse, ranging to questions relevant and prevention. its treatment Today, thanks to science, our views and responses to addiction have changed changed addiction have to and responses our views science, to thanks Today, of exciting as the development as well of research, 30 years After dramatically. that drug addiction is a disease of the know now we imaging technologies, new treatment. to respond disease that can behavior—a that affects brain We thank you for your interest in the vitally important interest your for thank you We of drug abuse and addiction. issues JOURNALIST DEAR

GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA ABOUT THE BASICS THE THE BASICS RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA GLOSSARY CONTACTS the basics the the science of drug drug of science the abuse and addiction: addiction: and abuse

or call the NIDA Press Office at Office Press or call the NIDA Visit us online at www.drugabuse.gov us online Visit and information for 301-443-6245 and news, experts, research, to access information. PILB as part by developed guide was This close the gap to mission of the Institute’s about impressions the public’s between gained drug abuse and the knowledge addiction and on research scientific from abuse. substance

We are committed to bringing timely, bringing timely, to committed are We on addiction and information factual NIDA’s and public. the press to treatment and Liaison Branch Information Public of Science Office is part of NIDA’s (PILB) Linking and Communications. Policy community, scientists, the scientific and the media, PILB supports the rapid information of research dissemination practice. improve policy and to inform to that science— ensure is to goal NIDA’s not ideology or anecdote—forms of public information the foundation on drug abuse and addiction. and Liaison Branch: Information Public NIDA’s the Media Link to NIDA’s

GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA ABOUT THE BASICS THE GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS Why study drugabuse What isdrugaddiction? Americans, whiletobacco islinked to an Abuse ofandaddictionto , Addiction isdefinedasachronic, works. These brain changes canbelong AND ADDICTION: THEBASICS THE SCIENCE OFDRUGABUSE and addiction? trillion dollars ayear (thecombined to thedeathofmore than100,000 they change itsstructure andhow it cost Americansupwards ofhalfa consequences. Itisconsidered abrain characterized by compulsive drug of illicitdrugsandalcohol contributes often self-destructive,often behaviors. seeking anduse,despite harmful social impact).Every year, theabuse medical, economic, criminal,and , andillegal substances relapsing brain diseasethatis lasting andcanleadto many harmful, disease becausedrugschange thebrain; estimated 440,000 deathsperyear.

• • • • • • • • The DiagnosticandStatistical Manualof The term dependence includes American Psychiatric Association. The Mental Disorders (DSM) isadiagnostic DSM usesthe term “substance use How are drugdisorders two broad categories: clinically significantimpairment.Drug abuse includessuchsymptoms as: are associated withamaladaptive and . Both associated withdruguse.There are such symptoms as: pattern ofsubstance usethatleadsto mental disorders classified by the manual usedby cliniciansthatcontains categorized? disorders” to characterize illnesses descriptions andsymptoms ofall • • • • • • • • failure to fulfillmajor role obligations; than intended; continued usedespite persistent caused by thedrug. of healthorsocial problems continued usedespite knowledge a great dealoftimespentinactivities inability to cutdown ondruguse; social orinterpersonal problems. physically hazardous; and necessary to obtainthedrug;and legal problems; use insituationsthatare drug takinginlarger amounts

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RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT THE BASICS RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA GLOSSARY CONTACTS 3 die from drug use? die from drug abuse mean mean drug abuse deeply imbedded behaviors. For the For deeply imbedded behaviors. deaths in the in 2009. in 2009. States deaths in the United medical illnesses, such as diabetes, such as diabetes, medical illnesses, and asthma, which hypertension, of Treatment components. behavioral means that relapsing to drug abuse to means that relapsing is not only possible but also likely. but also likely. is not only possible and both physiological also have drug patient, lapses back to addicted needs that treatment abuse indicate is needed. treatment alternate chronic diseases involves changing diseases involves chronic to be reinstated or adjusted or that or adjusted be reinstated to How many people many How Does relapse to to Does relapse for other well-characterized chronic chronic other well-characterized for No. The chronic nature of the disease nature chronic The No. those similar to are rates Relapse treatment has failed? treatment 29,000 unintentional drug overdose unintentional 29,000 The CDC reports that there were almost were that there CDC reports The decisionmaking, learning and memory, and memory, decisionmaking, learning and destructive the compulsive explain disease that can be managed disease that can be managed and drug-related drug abuse patterns brain that are critical for judgment, critical for that are brain the alter that these changes believe mostly voluntary. However, when However, mostly voluntary. medical, psychiatric, and social problems. and social problems. medical, psychiatric, medications, where available, is the available, medications, where most for success ensure to best way must approaches patients. Treatment each patient’s address to be tailored behaviors of an addicted person. of an addicted behaviors seriously impaired. Brain imaging Brain seriously impaired. individuals drug-addicted studies from of the in areas changes physical show successfully. Research shows that shows Research successfully. and behavior control. Scientists control. and behavior addiction takes over, a person’s ability ability a person’s over, addiction takes combining behavioral therapy with with therapy behavioral combining to exert self-control can become can become self-control exert to Is drug abuse a Is drug way the brain works and may help and may works the brain way Can addiction be treated successfully? treated voluntary behavior? voluntary Yes. Addiction is a treatable, chronic chronic is a treatable, Addiction Yes. The initial decision to take drugs is take to initial decision The produce pleasure? pleasure? produce emotion, cognition, motivation, and motivation, emotion, cognition, despite harmful consequences as well as as well consequences harmful despite drugs. NIDA defines addiction as a drugs. NIDA in the brain to to in the brain behaviors, produces the euphoric effects euphoric effects the produces behaviors, neurotransmitter present in regions in regions present neurotransmitter by compulsive drug seeking and use compulsive by changes and molecular neurochemical sought by people who abuse drugs and sought by system by flooding the circuit flooding the circuit by system substance as drug abuse; this includes as drug abuse; substance indirectly target the brain’s reward reward the brain’s target indirectly in the brain. NIDA’s use of the term use of the term NIDA’s in the brain. of this system, which rewards our natural our natural which rewards of this system, addiction corresponds roughly to the to roughly addiction corresponds movement, that regulate of the brain chronic, relapsing disease characterized disease characterized relapsing chronic, teaches them to repeat the behavior. repeat them to teaches the nonmedical use of prescription of prescription the nonmedical use How do drugs work do drugs work How How does NIDA use NIDA does How and addiction? feelings of pleasure. The overstimulation overstimulation The of pleasure. feelings Nearly all drugs of abuse directly or Nearly all drugs of abuse directly NIDA defines any illicit use of a defines any NIDA DSM definition of dependence. The definition of dependence. DSM addiction. does not use the term DSM with . Dopamine is a the terms drug abuse drug the terms dependence,” dependence,” and dependence, between “physical “physical between exposure to a substance (e.g., caffeine (e.g., a substance to exposure effect. The DSM term “dependence” is “dependence” term DSM The effect. dependence can lead to craving for the for craving can lead to dependence symptoms. the withdrawal relieve drug to which use disorders, drug or substance may include physical dependence but dependence include physical may must also meet additional criteria. need for more drug to achieve a desired a desired achieve drug to more need for substance is taken away, symptoms symptoms away, is taken substance substance, legal or illegal, even when even or illegal, legal substance, is abruptly ceased, and “tolerance,” the the and “tolerance,” ceased, is abruptly or a prescription drug), and when that drug), or a prescription while the body readjusts can emerge occur with the chronic use of any use of any with the chronic occur taken as prescribed. It occurs because because occurs It as prescribed. taken chronic adapts to the body naturally Physical substance. of the the loss to to dependence or addiction and may may or addiction and dependence to addiction? addiction? Drug dependence and addiction refer to to and addiction refer Drug dependence equivalent is not equivalent dependence Physical Dependence may or may not include may or may Dependence what NIDA refers to as “addiction.” to refers what NIDA withdrawal symptoms when drug use when symptoms withdrawal What is the difference difference What is the

“physical dependence,” defined by defined dependence,” “physical

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CONTACTS GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES THE BASICS THE GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS 4 ASTHMA HYPERTENSION DRUG ADDICTION TYPE IDIABETES Source: McLellan etal.,JAMA, 284:1689–1695, 2000. chronic illness,withrelapse servingasatriggerfor renewed intervention. (as isadherence to medication). Thus, drugaddictionshouldbetreated like any other diabetes, hypertension, andasthma.Relapse iscommon andsimilaracross theseillnesses Relapse rates for drug-addicted patientsare compared withthosesuffering from Other Chronic Illnesses Between DrugAddiction and Comparison ofRelapse Rates Percentage ofPatients WhoRelapse

30 to 50% 40 to 60% 50 to 70% 50 to 70%

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RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS 6 FUTURE Survey 2012 MONITORING THE past-year druguseamong12thgraders: On thefacing page isagraphic thatindicates abused drugsby 8th,10thand12thgraders. prescription medicationsare amongthemost (MTF) surveys indicate thatmarijuanaand Findings from recent Monitoring theFuture (ANY FORM) ROHYPNOL * nonmedical use 12 Drug UseAmong Prevalence ofPast-Year SEDATIVES* METH- 2.7% 7.9% 1.1% 1.5% 4.5% th Graders

Adderall S RITALIN* 4.4% alvia 2.6% 0.9% 1.4% 7.6% GHB PCP

OXYCONTIN* Vicodin* 4.3%

0.8% 7.5% “ICE” 2.4% 1.3% LSD Marijuana/ MEDICINE* (ECSTASY) STEROID COCAINE POWDER COUGH 36.4% 0.6% 2.4% MDMA 5.6% 3.8% 1.3% s*

Tranquilizers

INHALANTS Spice/K2 CRACK 11.3% 1.2% 2.9% 5.3% 1.5%

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RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS 8 high-school-youth-trends. drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/ the Future statisticsplease visitwww. annually. For thelatest Monitoring Monitoring theFuture isupdated cocaine. www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/ and itshealthconsequences, go to For more information aboutcocaine use Past Month Past Year Lifetime and digestive systems. andtherespiratory,the heart nervous, severe medicalconsequences related to session). Cocaine abusecanleadto (to take thedrugmany timesinasingle which canleadabusers to “binge” Cocaine isashort-acting , Cocaine ABUSED DRUGS COMMONLY Graders 0.5 8th 1.2 1.9 Graders 10th 0.8 2.0 3.3 Graders 12th 4.9 2.7 1.1 marijuana. www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/ use anditshealthconsequences, go to For more information aboutmarijuana Past Month synthetic-marijuana. gov/publications/drugfacts/spice- consequences, go to www.drugabuse. andtheirhealth For more information aboutsynthetic Past Year Past Year (Spice/K2) Lifetime psychosis invulnerable individuals. the lungs,andmay increase theriskof also increases rate, heart canharm ability to focus, andcoordination. It short-term memoryandlearning,the illicit substance. This drugimpairs Marijuana isthemostcommonly abused Marijuana Graders Graders 15.2 11.4 4.4 6.5 8th 8th Graders Graders 28.0 33.8 10th 10th 17.0 8.8 Graders Graders 45.2 36.4 22.9 12th 12th 11.3 high-school-youth-trends. drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/ the Future statisticsplease visitwww. annually. For thelatest Monitoring Monitoring theFuture isupdated -addiction-nicotine. www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/ and itshealthconsequences, go to For more information aboutnicotine use Daily Past Month Lifetime 1 billion. toll for thiscentury isprojected to reach trends continue, thecumulative death the 20thcentury and,ifcurrent smoking approximately 100million peopleduring is staggering. Tobacco usekilled rate associated withtobacco addiction and cardiovascular disease.The mortality cancer, emphysema, bronchial disorders, Tobacco smoke increases auser’s riskof in cigarettes andotherforms oftobacco. Nicotine isanaddictive stimulantfound Cigarettes Graders 1.9 15.5 9 . 4 8th Graders 10.8 27.7 10th 5.0 Graders 39.5 12th 17.1 9.3 Past Month drugs-abuse/heroin. www.drugabuse.gov/ and itshealthconsequences, go to For more information aboutheroin use Past Year Lifetime consequences asheroin abuse. abuse canresult inthesameharmful uses; however, theirnonmedicaluseor Percodan, whichhave legitimate medical , OxyContin, Vicodin, and intravenously. Otheropioiddrugsinclude diseases, especiallywhentaken increase theriskofseriousinfectious relaxation. Itslows respiration andcan produces euphoriaandfeelings of Heroin isapowerful opiate drugthat Heroin Graders 0.8 0.2 0.5 8th Graders 10th 0.4 0.6

1.1

Graders 12th 0.6 0.3 1.1

9

RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS 10 • • drugs include: Commonly abusedprescription painkillers, , anddepressants. of prescription drugsincludeopioid prescribed. Commonly abusedclasses they are safe even whenusednotas physicians prescribe thesemedications, the common misperception thatbecause teenagers andyoung adults,aswell as emerging trend isitsprevalence among the mostdisturbingaspectsofthis and insomecases,lethal.Among purposes). This practice can be addictive, being abused(usedfor nonmedical the-counter medications are increasingly Prescription medications andsomeover- the-Counter Medications Prescription andOver- (continued) ABUSED DRUGS COMMONLY • • disorder. for attention-deficit hyperactivity are stimulantscommonly prescribed amphetamines (Adderall, Dexedrine) Concerta, Focalin, andMetadate) and Stimulants: (Ritalin, morphine, , andcodeine. Vicodin), (e.g., OxyContin), includehydrocodone (e.g., relief. Commonly prescribed Opioids are usuallyprescribed for high-school-youth-trends. drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/ the Future statisticspleasevisitwww. annually. For the latest Monitoring Monitoring theFuture isupdated gov/drugs-abuse/. consequences, go to www.drugabuse. methamphetamine useanditshealth For more information about problemsserious heart andseizures. high bodytemperature andcanleadto to thebrain. Amphetaminescancause longlastingandharmful particularly Methamphetamine’s effects are feelings ofeuphoriaandalertness. stimulants thatcanproduce methamphetamine, are powerful Amphetamines, including Amphetamines • • other anti-anxiety medications. also includemusclerelaxants and such asValium andXanax,but primarily includebenzodiazepines Ambien andLunesta.Tranquilizers comprise sleep medicationssuchas (e.g., phenobarbitol) butalso primarily includebarbiturates sedatives ortranquilizers. Sedatives are categorized often as As measured by nationalsurveys, promote sleeporto reduce anxiety. Depressants are usuallyprescribed to 3 2 1 Cough orCold Medicines Ritalin Adderall ADHD Medications Tranquilizers Sedatives Opiate Painkillers Methamphetamine Amphetamines

Usedwiththeintent to gethigh. The most commonly reported drugsinthiscategory are Valium andXanax. Also known as“downers” and“sleepingaids.” Past Year Past Year Lifetime Lifetime Past Year Past Month Past Year Past Month Vicodin OxyContin Past Year Lifetime Past Month Past Year Lifetime Past Month Past Year Past Year Past Year 1 2 3

Graders 8th 0.8 0.5 4.5 3.0 3.0 0.7 2.9 1.0 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 ------1.7 Graders 10th 4.4 0.6 4.3 4.5 3.0 8.9 6.3 2.8 4.7 6.5 1.0 1.8 1.9 ------1.7 11 Graders 12th 12.0

4.3 2.0 0.5 4.5 6.9 8.5 2.6 5.6 5.3 3.3 7.6

7.9 7.5 1.7 2.1 1.1

RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS 12 Anabolic Steroids (continued) ABUSED DRUGS COMMONLY Monitoring theFuture isupdated Past Year Lifetime Past Month Future statisticsonanabolic steroids For more information aboutanabolic for certainmedical conditions, are youth-trends. Steroids, whichcanalsobeprescribed abuse can include heart disease,liverabuse canincludeheart appearance. Seriousconsequences of abused to increase musclemass andto improve athleticperformance orphysical annually. For thelatest Monitoring the go to steroid useanditshealthconsequences, problems, stroke, infectious diseases, please visitwww.drugabuse.gov/ depression, and . Less serious side effects include severe acne. steroids-anabolic. publications/drugfacts/high-school- www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/ Graders 0.3 0.6 8th 1.2

Graders 10th 0.8 0.4 1.3 Graders 12th 0.9 1.8 1.3 For more information aboutinhalantuse Past Month Past Year Lifetime toxic andcandamage kidneys, theheart, can sufferfailure heart anddeathwithin oven cleaners, , spray paints, and itshealthconsequences, go to altering effects. Inhalantsare extremely and otheraerosols) thatinduce mind- in many household products (such as prolonged sniffingofaninhalant. minutes ofasinglesession ofthe lungs, andbrain. Even ahealthy person Inhalants are volatile substances found www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/ inhalants. Graders 11.8 6.2 8th 2.7 Graders 10th 4.1 9.9 1.4 Graders 12th 0.9 2.9 7.9 Alcohol AbuseandAlcoholism Web site atwww.niaaa.nih.gov. (important for(important memoryandlearning), and Alcohol Alcohol consumption candamage the visit www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ visit theNationalInstitute on Monitoring theFuture isupdated annually. Lifetime For more information aboutalcohol Past Month Past Year For thelatest Monitoring theFuture the cerebellum for (important movement coordination). cortex (largely responsible for ourhigher and decisionmaking), thehippocampus alcohol-related damage are thecerebral statistics onanabolicsteroids please brain functions,includingproblemsolving brain thatare especiallyvulnerable to brain andmostbodyorgans. Areas ofthe use anditshealthconsequences, drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends. Graders 23.6 29.5 11.0 8th Graders 54.0 48.5 27.6 10th Graders 69.4 63.5 41.5 12th Club Drugsand Past Month Past Year Lifetime Past Month Past Year Lifetime that canlastfor many hours. Some abusers may seevividcolors andimages, and mind-altering effects. Itcanincrease sleeplessness; drymouth;andtremors. short-term effects canincludeincreased pressure; sweating; loss ofappetite; body temperature, rate, heart andblood have traumatic experiences andemotions real butdonotexist. Abusers alsomay hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem hallucinogenic, orperception-altering, may alsobetoxic to nerve cells. pressure, andheart-wall stress. Ecstasy body temperature, rate, heart blood drugs. Itseffects are unpredictable, and LSD isoneofthemostpotent Ecstasy (MDMA) produces bothstimulant Graders Graders 2.0 0.5 8th 0.8 0.3 8th 1.1 1.3 Graders Graders 10th 10th 3.0 5.0 0.5 1.0 2.6 13 1.7 Graders Graders

12th

12th 0.9 3.8 7.2 0.8 3.8 2.4

RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA THE BASICS 14 Thus, thesedrugshave come to (continued) visit www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ Monitoring theFuture isupdated (continued) ABUSED DRUGS COMMONLY Club Drugsand For more information abouttheseand Future statisticsonclubdrugs,please GHB other clubdrugsgo to www.drugabuse. odorless, they canbeeasilyaddedto colorless,often tasteless, and central nervous system (CNS) annually. For the latest Monitoring the be known as“date rape” drugs. beverages andingested unknowingly. Hallucinogens depressants. Becausethey are Rohypnol andGHBare predominantly Salvia gov/drug-abuse/club-drugs. Ketamine Rohypnol drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends. Past Year Past Year Past Year Past Year Graders 0.4 1.4 ------8th

Graders

10th 10th --- 0.5 2.5 --- Graders 12th 12th 4.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 “Bath salts”refers to synthetic drugsthat “bath salts”aseriousandgrowing public “Bath Salts” (“Bath Salts”) For more information about“bathsalts” Synthetic the Khatplant.The synthetic cathinones to to agitation, andhallucinatory ; and increased sociability andsex drive, contain chemicals related to , in several instances. These reports make in “bathsalts”canproduce euphoria an amphetamine-like stimulantfound in some even display psychotic andviolent health andsafety issue. behavior, anddeathshave beenreported but someusers experience , use anditshealthconsequences, go salts. drugfacts/synthetic-cathinones-bath- Past Year www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ Graders 8th 0.8

Graders 10th 10th 0.6 Graders 12th 12th 1.3

resources

RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES epidemiology-work-group-cewg). interest-groups-consortia/community- about-nida/organization/workgroups- drug abuse(www.drugabuse.gov/ discuss thecurrent epidemiology of countries whomeetsemiannuallyto metropolitan areas andselected foreign of researchers from 20+majorU.S. CEWG isaNIDA-sponsored network and thesocialhealthconsequences. characteristics ofvulnerable populations, abuse, emerging trends ofdruguse, the nature andpatterns ofdrug and analyticalinformation regarding CEWG provides current descriptive Work Group (CEWG) Community Epidemiology trends-statistics/monitoring-future to: www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/ each fall. For thelatest survey results, go Results from thesurvey are released late conducted by theUniversity ofMichigan. annual survey isfundedby NIDA andis lifetime, past year, andpastmonth.The use behaviors across three timeperiods: Survey report participants theirdrug among adolescent studentsnationwide. and cigarette useandrelated attitudes The MTF studymeasures drug,alcohol, Monitoring theFuture (MTF) following: drug useintheUnited States includethe Major sources ofdataontheextent of TRENDS ANDSTATISTICS WHERE TO FINDNATIONWIDE (www.samhsa.gov/data/DAWN.aspx). prevalence datafound intheNSDUH information complementary to the prevalence ofusebutinstead offers drug. DAWN isnotameasure ofthe drug orthenonmedicaluseofalegal related directly to theuseofanillegal the emergency thatwere department States. Itreports thenumberofvisitsto emergency intheUnited departments the impactofdruguseonhospital SAMHSA, provides information about The DAWN report, alsoprepared by Network (DAWN) Drug AbuseWarning at: www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm. and older.Survey information canbefound noninstitutionalized population,ages 12 and abuseinthegeneral U.S.civilian of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal druguse prevalence, patterns, andconsequences the primarysource ofinformation onthe Household Survey onDrugAbuse)is NSDUH (formerly calledtheNational Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) The Substance AbuseandMentalHealth Use andHealth(NSDUH) National Survey onDrug

15 ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES 16 Treatment EpisodeData Set The TEDS system includesrecords for While TEDS does notrepresent all (TEDS) NIDA RESOURCES treatment programs andincludesthose of alladmissions to substance abuse abuse treatment admissions annually. approximately 1.5millionsubstance it comprises a significantproportion substance abuse treatment activities, A wealth ofmaterial regarding various Most ofthefollowing materials are Drug Abuse—are available online.The following materials are amongthose to NIDA’s NationalAdvisory Council on aspects ofdrugabuseandaddiction available from NIDA. addition to thesepublications,many available ontheNIDA Web site. In is available, free ofcharge, from NIDA. view NIDA’s publications. reports—such astheDirector’s report Please visitwww.drugabuse.gov to The fact sheetsare available in English This seriesofreports simplifies research (www.samhsa.gov/data/DASIS. Office ofApplied Studies, SAMHSA Data are reported by sex, age, andrace/ (www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ categories. TEDS ismaintainedby the admissions thatrely onpublicfunds. ethnicity for eachof15substance abuse findings for theeducated lay public, aspx#TEDS). NIDA DrugFacts isanonlineseriesoffact Reports are also available inSpanish the general public (www.drugabuse.gov/ and Spanish.They are written for useby and prevention andtreatment issues. addiction, andHIV/AIDS. Research sheets onspecificdrugs,trends inuse, such asprescription drugabuse,tobacco research findingsofnationalinterest, practitioners. The seriesreports on NIDA Research Reports NIDA DrugFacts legislators, educationalgroups, and term/162/Research%2520Reports). publications/term/160/DrugFacts).

Through itsonlinepresence, NIDA findings to thewide-ranging audiences vehicle for relaying research findings to Most ofNIDA’s publicationsare available NIDA Notes istheInstitute’s major to improve communication among the areas oftreatment andprevention the fieldinatimelymanner. It covers on NIDA’s Web site: www.drugabuse.gov . constituent groups, children and clinicians, researchers, administrators, and thegeneral public. adolescents, underserved populations, and policymakers (www.drugabuse.gov/ an exchange ofinformation; and seeks abuse field;identifiesNIDA research it serves, whichincludestudents, strives to communicate itsresearch health care professionals, policymakers, prevention andtreatment practitioners, parents, teachers, researchers, scientists, priorities and opportunities; promotespriorities andopportunities; reports onadvances inthedrug research, andHIV/AIDS. The publication behavioral research, healthservices research, epidemiology, neuroscience, NIDA Notes NIDA Web Site news-events/nida-notes). NIDA Flickr site to view anddownload Other NIDA sites: images: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ Special features include: nida-nih/collections/ • • • • • • • • • • • • “What’s New,” alinkto thelatest www.hiv.drugabuse.gov www.teens.drugabuse.gov Upcoming NIDA-sponsored NIDA news releases NIDA materials available online NIDA organizational unitsand Public service announcements NIDA materials available inSpanish International activitiesrelated funding information to research ondrugabuse and addiction international.drugabuse.gov irp.drugabuse.gov meetings andconferences easyread.drugabuse.gov

17 ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES 18 Services (DHHS). with asinglescientific/professional HEALTH ANDSCIENCE INFORMATION OTHER GOVERNMENT WEBSITESFOR NLM istheworld’s largest library dealing NIH isthesteward ofmedicaland U.S. Department ofHealthandHuman U.S. Department fundamental knowledge aboutthenature Its mission isscience inpursuit of topic. Itcares for more than4.5million application ofthatknowledge to extend and behavior of livingsystems andthe information from NLMandNIH. items) andsponsors MedlinePlus,a illness anddisability. ofthe NIHispart source ofup-to-date, quality healthcare behavioral research for theNation. reports, manuscripts, andaudiovisual holdings (includingbooks, journals, healthy life andto reduce theburdens of NLM (www.nlm.nih.gov) NIH (www.nih.gov) Womenshealth.gov (www. Womenshealth.gov provides up-to-date (www.healthfinder.gov) womenshealth.gov) Healthfinder isa gateway consumer the Office on Women’s Health,thesite to thousandsoffree healthpublications on topics thatrange from reproductive and commercial-free healthinformation and websites, andstatisticsonwomen’s information, daily announcements, links health information Web site from DHHS. provides easy-to-understand health health to healthy aging.Sponsored by health. Healthfinder

about NIDA ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES American youth isacontinually changing 12th-grade studentsnationwide, NIDA while overall teen drugabuseshowed a AND BACKGROUND NIDA’S HISTORY therapies for cigarette smoking cessation the Future Survey of8th-,10th-,and to themidto late 2000’s, recent years continues to monitor thesechanges and identifyemerging substance abuse and new medicationslike , and approval ofnicotine replacement intervention approaches. For example, settings for opiate addiction. significant declinefrom themid-1990’s problems to better guideeffective phenomenon. Through theMonitoring now prescribed by physicians inoffice have seenanupward trend inmarijuana Research Accomplishments use. discoveries have ledto thedevelopment Keeping aneye ondrugusetrends Identifying themolecularsites and strategies. Substance abuse among systems inthebrain where every major Such drug ofabusehasitseffect. among teens to guideintervention

that are chemicallyrelated to marijuana’s throughout thebrain andbody changes causedby addiction,asshown can reverse someof the detrimentalbrain overcome addiction,especiallywhen of diseasesandconditions, including costs, now inthe billions. composed of the body’s own compounds of acannabinoidsystem distributed addiction, obesity, pain,osteoporosis, and other societal costs, including health and othersocietalcosts, includinghealth active ingredient. This network promises in pioneeringimagingstudies.Successful multiple sclerosis, andanxiety disorders. promotes continued abstinence, which behavioral therapies canprovide long- new andnovel interventions for arange research was pivotal to thediscovery lasting benefits for peopletrying to used together. Addiction treatment drug abusetreatment alsoreduces crime Demonstrating thataddictionisa Discovering anew communications Medications and treatable disease.Medicationsand medical therapies. NIDA-supported network thatopenstheway to novel 19 GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 20 Through thedevelopment oftreatments Genome Project, identifyinggenetic will optimize outcomes, promote cost- will not.These breakthroughs herald a will respond to amedicationandwho Researchers are takingadvantage of for real-world use.Ourgoal isto get for injectiondrug use(IDU),NIDA thus, drugabusetreatment isHIV/AIDS that drugabusetreatment reduces risk Changing thecourse ofdrugabuse Optimizing research findings to create of researchers andpractitioners, Federal centers, thecriminaljustice system, and of providers incommunity treatment agencies, andState substance abuse community-based research shows ongoing discoveries from theHuman into drugabusetreatment settings in myriad effortsto “translate” the associated HIVinfections. Innovative as addiction.Now, gene variants are nationwide. has establishedcollaborative networks physicians’ offices. To that end,NIDA research-based treatments into thehands results ofbasicandclinicalresearch has contributed to thedeclineinIDU- prevention. behaviors leadingto HIVtransmission; new era ofindividualized therapies that being discovered thatcanpredict who markers ofcomplex disorders, such directors to integrate research findings efficiency, and relieve suffering. Decreasing thespread ofHIV. treatment inthiscountry. NIDA engages individually tailored treatments. Adolescents: A 100,000 professionals worldwide.. young people. Children and Guide, which Use Among Research-Based Preventing Drug NIDA Notes , anewsletter that concepts for abuse among preventing drug most successful Education Activities NIDA Outreach and describes the disseminates research findings to on

of

drug national national abuse health institutes NIH PublicationNo.04-4212(B) Second EditionOctober2003 Reprinted 1997,1999,2001 institute Printed 1997

Revised among ChildrenandAdolescents Preventing DrugUse National InstitutesofHealth HEALTH ANDHUMANSERVICES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF National InstituteonDrugAbuse Marijuana: Need to Know, Facts Parents Facts for Teens two ofNIDA’s and Marijuana: publications. most popular In Brief Community Leaders for Parents,Educators,and A Research-BasedGuide Second Edition

A Research-Based Addiction Treatment: Guide, developed Mind Over Matter with ateacher’s Principles ofDrug 5 through 9. The for useinlocal treating peoplewith translation also the studyof the effects of addiction problems. concepts for communities. The guide describesthe available. and encourages guide, highlights science. Spanish most successful series, complete series for grades drug abuseand drugs onthebrain

The NIDA Junior Scientist Program, Brain Power! K-5th grade for usein classrooms. The bookletisdesignedto educate A Research- Abuse Treatment Based Guide, Populations: Principles ofDrug Drugs, Brains, andBehavior—The Science for successfully treating drug the publicandto reduce thestigma components abusers whohave addiction canbeprevented andtreated. summarizing surrounding drugaddiction. proven how drugswork inthebrain, andhow become addicted whileothers donot, people take drugs,why somepeople of Addiction discusses thereasons that for CriminalJustice entered thecriminaljustice system. tx_criminaljustice_FINAL.indd 34-35  NIH Publication No. 06-5316 Printed 2006 July Justice Populations Treatment forCriminal Principles ofDrug Abuse national institute onDrugAbuse and HumanServices U.S. DepartmentofHealth National Institutes ofHealth 21 | AResearch-Based Guide 7/6/06 4:16:02PM THE BASICS RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA GLOSSARY CONTACTS 23 . initiative . drugfactsweek.drugabuse.gov www.drugabuse.gov/blending- health observance week for teens aimed teens for week health observance provides an online opportunity for for an online opportunity provides research-based treatment findings treatment research-based students from around the country to to the country around students from into community-based practice. practice. community-based into ask questions about drugs and to have have ask questions about drugs and to accelerates the dissemination of the dissemination accelerates to shatter the myths about drugs. Drug the myths shatter to them answered by top NIDA scientists. NIDA top by them answered Facts Chat Day, held during NDFW, NDFW, held during Day, Chat Facts Blending Products can be found at can be found Blending Products National Drug Facts Week (NDFW), a Week National Drug Facts Mental Health Services Administration, Administration, Mental Health Services with the Substance Abuse and with the Substance , in partnership Blending Initiative The experts working to better understand understand better to experts working explores drug and alcohol abuse through abuse through drug and alcohol explores devastating disease, with the added devastating largest high school science fair. high school science largest perspective of scientific and clinical perspective and treat it. and treat International at the Intel given awards the eyes of those who suffer from this from of those who suffer the eyes NIDA joins with HBO, the Robert the Robert with HBO, joins NIDA Abuse and on Alcohol National Institute . The film . The Addiction winning documentary Science and Engineering Fair, the world’s the world’s and Engineering Fair, Science Wood Johnson Foundation, and the and Johnson Foundation, Wood Alcoholism to produce the Emmy Award- the Emmy produce to Alcoholism , the first NIH , the first Awards Science Addiction plain language plain language information information abuse provides abuse provides on neuroscience, on neuroscience, Easy-to-read Easy-to-read website on drug website . easyread.drugabuse.gov . www.drugabuse.gov/family-checkup www.teens.drugabuse.gov drugs of abuse and their consequences. their consequences. drugs of abuse and decisions about prescription drugs based decisions about prescription drug-free: drug-free: drug abuse based skills to help based skills to their children keep prevention and treatment and is also and treatment prevention school and in life. school and in life. includes information about various various about includes information and other tools to help them make help them make to and other tools educators: adult literacy for a resource on real-life situations they encounter at encounter situations they on real-life online resource online resource that equips parents that equips parents Included in the website is PEERx, a place a place is PEERx, Included in the website , an Checkup Family where teens can find interactive videos videos interactive can find teens where with research- ,” an interactive Web site that site Web an interactive Abuse,” NIDA for Teens: The Science Behind Drug Science The Teens: for “NIDA

questions to ask questions to program. seeking drug guidance in guidance abuse treatment and lists five offers Ask offers to for a treatment a treatment for Know What What Know when searching when searching Seeking Drug Seeking Drug Abuse Treatment: Abuse Treatment: educate young young educate between between people about people about the connection the connection Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse and the Learn HIV: Link campaign to . [email protected] www.hiv.drugabuse.gov substance abuse and HIV infection. abuse and HIV infection. substance contact DrugPubs via 877-NIDA-NIH or via 877-NIDA-NIH DrugPubs contact For copies of any NIDA publications, publications, NIDA of any copies For

Spanish language version available. version Spanish language

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CONTACTS GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA ABOUT RESOURCES RESOURCES RESOURCES THE BASICS THE GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 24 NIDAMED, NIDA’s outreach to Physician Information Program provides NIDAMED Centers ofExcellence for tobacco, alcohol, illicit, andnonmedical tool: www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed- and resources to screen patientsfor on substance abuse, addictionand interactive onlinedrugabusescreening its consequences to helpmeetthe scientifically accurate information medical professionals, provides tools prescription druguse,includingan residents andmedicalschoolfaculty: educational needsofmedicalstudents, www.drugabuse.gov/coe/. medical-health-professionals Drug Control Policy) launchesonline NIDA (alongwiththeOffice ofNational training tools for healthcare providers on proper prescribing andpatient analgesics (painkillers): www.drugabuse. management practices for gov/nidamed/etools. glossary RESOURCES Anesthetic: An agent thatcauses Androgenic Changes effects: inprimary Analgesics: A group ofmedicationsthat AcceleratedAnabolic effects: growth Anabolic/androgenic steroids: Male : A yellowish oilyvolatile Amphetamine: A stimulantdrugwith Addiction: A chronic, relapsing disease Male hormoneshave androgenic and IN ADDICTION SCIENCE COMMONLY USEDTERMS tremendous developmental changes that that are responsible partially for the of muscle,bone,andred bloodcells; occur duringpubertyandadolescence. or “snappers” on thestreet. By of amyl nitrite are called“” changes inthebrain. characterized by compulsive drug and secondary sexual characteristics. anabolic effects. insensitivity to painand is usedfor inhaling itsvapors, abusers seekto surgeries andothermedical procedures. seeking anduseby long-lasting reduce pain. neural conduction. hormones, principallytestosterone, procedures. Illegally diverted ampules liquid used in certain diagnostic liquid usedincertaindiagnostic decrease inbodyfat; andenhanced enhance asexual experience. effects thatare similarto cocaine. A Axon terminal: The structure attheend Axon: The fiber-like extension ofaneuron from, thespinalcord andperipheral the neuron’s message across thesynapse. the cell bodyto theaxon terminal. to areceptor. The neurotransmitter thinking, motivation, coping mechanisms, treatments thatfocus onmodifying the mostwidelyprescribed medications. chemicals (neurotransmitters) to transmit of anaxon thatproduces andreleases often prescribedoften to promote sleep. information to, andreceives information is saidto “bind”to thereceptor. and choices made by individuals. anxiety. Valium andXanax are among survival, e.g.,breathing, rate, heart blood brain through whichtheforebrain sends by whichthecell carriesinformation from pressure, andarousal. brainstem includethose necessary for nerves. Majorfunctionslocated inthe neurotransmitter orotherchemical liquid found ingasoline. prescribed often to relieve Brainstem: The lower ofthe portion Behavioral treatments: A setof : A type ofCNS depressant Bind: The attachingofa Benzene: Used asaninhalant—a volatile : A type ofCNS B 25 GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 26 The marijuanaplant( sativa) (THC) thatcandisrupttheseprocesses, the Food andDrugAdministration that bindto specific () Cannabinoids andcannabinoid organic nitrites, itisusedprimarilyasa packagedoften andsoldinsmallbottles, of opioidaddiction(e.g., heroin). the genetic information andthemolecular also referred to as“poppers.” Like other Cell body(or soma): The central structure Cardiovascular system: The and heart Carcinogen: Any substance that Cannabis: The botanicalnamefor the in October 2002 for thetreatment antagonist medicationapproved by contains delta-9- are produced naturally by thebodyare sexual enhancer. substance found inlighter fluid. cell nucleus.The cell bodycontains both of acell (e.g., neuron) thatcontains the causes cancer. if administered repeatedly and/or inhigh memory, pain,appetite, amongothers. play roles important indevelopment, referred to asendocannabinoids.They physical functions.Cannabinoidsthat receptors to influence mentaland blood vessels. plant thatproduces marijuana. enough concentrations. Butyl nitrite: An illegal substance thatis Butane: An —a volatile Buprenorphine: A mixed opiate agonist/ receptors: A family ofchemicals C which are usedto treat anxiety andsleep It islargely responsible for conscious : TheErythroxylon plant, , from which that slow CNSfunction(alsocalled the cerebral hemispheres ofthebrain. CNS depressants: A class ofdrugs Cerebrum: The ofthe upperpart Cerebral cortex: The outermost layer of Cerebellum: A large structure located Central nervous system: The brain and Cerebral hemispheres: The two cocaine isderived. Alsorefers to the of theCNS(pons,medulla,spinalcord, control thecoordination ofmovement aspects ofmotor learning. and thalamus). Italsomay beinvolved in and regulate theactivity ofthecell. and calculation;therighthemisphere in thebackofbrain thathelps into proteins thatdetermine thefunction is specialized for spatialabilities,face sedatives andtranquilizers), someof spinal cord. specialized for speech,writing,language, specialized halves ofthebrain. Inright- . by makingconnections to otherparts machinery thattranslates theinformation hemispheres. brain consistingandright oftheleft music perception andproduction. recognition invision,andsomeaspectsof hemispherehanded people,theleft is leaves ofthisplant. disorders; includes and emotion, thought,andplanning. experience, includingperception, “leather cleaner,” or“liquid aroma.” when drug use is abruptly discontinued. when druguse isabruptlydiscontinued. vessels andto relax muscles andisused Dependence isalsotheterm usedfor form ofcocaine. two disorders orillnesses occur Co-occurring disorders: When Comorbidity: The occurrence oftwo Cyclohexyl nitrite: An inhalant.Like other Craving: A powerful, often Crack: The slangterm for asmokeable that extend from aneuron’s cell body Cocaine: A highlyaddictive stimulant other (sequentially comorbid conditions). of oneandtheinitialoccurrence ofthe comorbid conditions) orwithatime are co-occurring comorbid disorders. as “videoheadcleaner,” “room odorizer,” other neurons. and results inwithdrawal symptoms and functionto receive messages from simultaneously inthesameperson, they sold in small bottles, often mislabeled mislabeled sold insmallbottles,often produces profound feelings ofpleasure. mainly asasexual enhancer. Itisusually nitrites, itactsprimarilyto dilate blood regular illicitorprescription druguse physiological state that can occur with uncontrollable, desire for drugs. disorders orillnesses inthesameperson, difference between theinitialoccurrence either atthesametime(co-occurring drug derived from thecoca plantthat Dendrite: The specialized branches Dependence: Physical dependence isa D The repeated useofdrugsto produce (MDMA) is a mood-andperception- 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine while impaired dueto thelingering, Manual ofMental Disorders. withdrawal symptoms; thefirst often the brain ofthe body. orother parts the bodyto riditselfofadrugwhile or avoid reality. intoxicating effects ofrecent drugabuse. or theinappropriate useoflegal drugs. altering drugthatischemicallysimilarto and functionofthebody. Psychoactive of thebrain thatregulate movement, and alcohol. anxiety andproduce sleep. Depressants addiction intheDiagnosticandStatistical as aneurotransmitter, found in regions include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, substance that canalter thestructure pleasure, alleviate stress, and/or alter step inadrugtreatment program. simultaneously managinganindividual’s hallucinogens andstimulants. drugs affect the functionofthebrain. emotion, motivation, andpleasure. Drugged driving: Drivingavehicle Endogenous: Something produced by Ecstasy (MDMA): Drug abuse: The useofillegal drugs Drug: A chemicalcompound or Detoxification: A process thatenables Depressants: Drugs thatrelieve Dopamine: A brain chemical,classified E 27 GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 28 (such asanimage orasound)thatdoes younger cohort. fluorinated hydrocarbons. fire extinguishers, , and feelings. Hallucinogenic drugsinclude that alter perceptions, thoughts,and Generational forgetting: Term to consequences experienced by aparticular of eachcerebral hemisphere. The frontal characteristic odor. Was usedas generation orpopulationislostby a a medicalanesthetic,butether’s and basalganglia. Itiscredited withthe anesthetics. Freon isoneclass of highly flammableproperties hallucinogenic drug,suchasLSD. nervous system orasaneffect ofa not exist inthereal world. planning, andjudgment. highest cognitive functions. brain, whichincludesthecerebral cortex limit itscurrent usage. lobe is important forlobe isimportant decisionmaking, liquids commonly found inrefrigerants, usually arisefrom adisorder ofthe describe whentheknowledge ofadverse Hallucinogens: A diverse group ofdrugs Hallucinations: Perceptions ofsomething Frontal lobe: Oneofthefour divisions Forebrain: The largest divisionofthe Fluorinated hydrocarbons: Gases or Ether: A volatile liquidwitha H G F LSD, , andpsilocybin(magic feeding, drinking, thermoregulation, and found inglue or gasoline. the bodyby inhalation. the mouth. the release ofmany hormones. or oral respiration, aswell astheactof tent thanmorphineandishighlyaddictive. commonly organic solvents, such as gases, suchasnitrous oxide. glue andpaintthinner, oranesthetic other substances into thebodythrough controls many bodilyfunctions,including areas ofthebrain, thehippocampus is considered ofthe part animportant anesthetic gas. structure located withinthebrain that breathing initsvapors. Inhalantsare plays key roles inlearning,memory, and lungs. Nicotine intobacco smoke enters phine (diacetyl morphine).Itismore po- mushrooms). limbic system. Oneofthemoststudied drawing airor othersubstances into the drug orcombination ofdrugsby nasal emotion. A part ofthebrainHypothalamus: A part that Hippocampus: A seahorse-shaped Hexane: A hydrocarbon volatile liquid Heroin: A synthetic opioid related to mor Halothane: An inhalant—a medical Inhalation: The actofadministering a Inhalant: Any drugadministered by Ingestion: The actoftakingfood or I - The mainpsychoactive ingredient is A hallucinogenic drugthatactsonthe vessels, orbodycavities, usuallyby from theleaves ofthecannabisplant. treating opioidaddictionandpain. the medicationcontains oneormore to establishedmedicalguidelines. If treat anillness ordiseaseaccording class ofamphetamines. oid agonist medicationthatiseffective in controlled substances, itmustbe istering drugsdirectly into bloodvessels subcutaneous tissue, muscle,blood substance, suchasadrug,into theskin, stimulant drug that is part ofthelargerstimulant drugthatispart important forimportant learningandmemory. means ofaneedle. receptor. structures thatare involved withfeelings, prescribed by alicensed physician. but sometimesingested, thatismade using ahypodermic needleandsyringe. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). emotions, andmotivations. Itisalso Methamphetamine: An abusable,potent Medication: A drugthatisusedto : A long-actingsynthetic opi- Marijuana: A drug,usuallysmoked LSD (lysergic aciddiethylamide): Limbic system: A setofsubcorticalbrain Intravenous druguse: The actofadmin- : A methodofadministering a M L Methylphenidate isaCNSstimulant.It Nicotine activates a specific type of found inwhippedcream dispensers. than, caffeine andless potent than that occurs whenaneuron releases that isalsocalled“laughinggas” andis and insulates axons ofmostneurons to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and “focusing” effect onpatientswith amphetamines. Ithasanotablycalming conductance. that actprimarilyto dilate bloodvessels communicate withotherneurons. anesthetic gas,usedin dentistry, often also amyl nitrite andbutyl nitrite.) other inhalantsalter mood through their receptor. particularly children.particularly has effects similarto, butmore potent and to relax themuscles.Whereas nerve cell to another. by neurons to carrymessages from one neurotransmitters into thesynapse to ensure ahighlevel ofelectrochemical used primarilyassexual enhancers. (See effects onbrain physiology, nitrites are Myelin: Fatty material thatsurrounds Methylphenidate (Ritalin/Concerta): Neurotransmission: The process Neuron: A nerve cell. Neurotransmitter: A chemicalproduced Nicotine: The addictive drugintobacco. : An inhalant.Amedical Nitrites: A specialclass ofinhalants N 29 GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 30 with sensoryprocesses, attention, and Nearly alldrugsofabusedirectly or for definition within a cell.) function(s). Nucleiare found throughout the management ofpain.They are that work by mimicking theactions the cerebral cortex. (See “cell body”above the brain butare calledcorticalfieldsin that isdedicated to performing adistinct Opiates (or opioids): Controlled to asendogenous opioids. Occipital lobe: The of the portion of thecerebral cortex, itisinvolved other things,thefunctionofheart. of pain-relieving chemicalsproduced ’s active component “morphine” cerebral cortex located atthebackof addiction properties. in thebody, suchasenkephalin and indirectly increase dopamineinthe involved inmotivation andreward. substances prescribed most often for made inthebrain andinfluences, among natural orsynthetic chemicalsbasedon head thatincludesthevisualcortex. nucleus accumbens, contributing to their language. endorphin, whichare alsoreferred Parietal lobe: Noradrenaline: A neurotransmitter thatis Nucleus: A cluster orgroup ofnerve cells Nucleus accumbens: A brain region P O One of the four subdivisions

with hallucinogenic actionslike thoseof LSD. the cell onwhichthereceptor resides. the message carriedby thechemicalinto term istypically usedto refer to drugs than thatfor which themedicationis throughout thebodyundergo permanent that occurs whenmany peripheral nerves that often arethat often usedto treat psychiatric the way thebrain works. the brain. change ormalfunctionsimultaneously. neurotransmitters, hormones,andsimilar recognizes specific chemicals(normally perception, thought,andfeeling. This prescribed. prescribed orfor adifferent condition medication inamannerotherthanthat mally accepted standards ofitsuse. misuse ofamedicationoutsidethenor endogenous substances) andtransmits depressants, andstimulants. disorders; canincludeopioids,CNS effect onthefunctionofbrain and Receptor: A large moleculethat Polyneuropathy: A neurological disorder Psychotherapeutics: Drugs thathave an Psychoactive drug: Adrugthatchanges Psychoactive: Having aspecific effect on : Adrugthatdistorts Prescription drugmisuse: Taking a Prescription drugabuse: The intentional R - Relapse isacommon occurrence in feelings ofpleasure. tegmental area, thenucleusaccumbens, terminals thatfirst released them. through transporters back into theaxon the synaptic space by being“pumped” the resumption ofdruguse after containing neurons oftheventral circuit includesthedopamine- activated, reinforces behaviors. The axon terminals thatreleased them. absorption through mucous membranes. oftheprefrontaland part cortex. adjustments to betreated effectively. addiction, thatrequire frequent inhaling, injecting, snorting, smoking,or inhaling, injecting,snorting, an attempt to stop takingdrugs. report thatreward isassociated with nucleus accumbens. Humansubjects bypart therelease ofdopamineinto the recurrence. Itismediated atleastin behavior orincreases itslikelihood of neurotransmitter molecules back into the neurotransmitters are removed from behavioral and/or pharmacologic many chronic disorders, including large moleculethatactuallytransports drug isputinto thebody. Drugscan enter thebodyby eating,drinking, Reward system (or brain reward Reward: The process thatreinforces Reuptake pump(transporter): The Relapse: In drugabuse,relapse is Route ofadministration: The way a Reuptake: The process by which system): A brain circuit that,when (such asdopamine)inthebrain, with eachother. for theoxygen neededto breathe. This fumes fillupthe cells inthelungswith that rapidly follows theadministration and postsynaptic cells communicate cocaine andmethamphetamine. of somedrugs. and amphetamines), aswell as attention-deficit hyperactivity and decreasing appetite; includes and promote sleep. increasing arousal, rate, heart some medicationsusedto treat respiratory failure, anddeath. poisonous chemicals,leaving noroom blood pressure, andrespiration, perception. mood, appetite, sleep, andsensory regulates many functions,including lack ofoxygen canleadto suffocation, death that can occur when inhaled death thatcanoccur wheninhaled disorder (e.g., methylphenidate enhances the activity ofmonamines Synapse: The site where presynaptic A type of death: Atype of Sudden sniffing Stimulant: A class ofdrugsthat Serotonin: A neurotransmitter that Sedatives: Drugs thatsuppress anxiety Rush: A surge ofpleasure (euphoria) S 31 GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 32 Toluene: A lightcolorless liquid Thalamus: Located deepwithinthebrain, Tetrahydrocannabinol: See “THC.” Temporal lobe: The lobeofthecerebral Tolerance: A condition inwhich Tobacco: A plantwidelycultivated for THC: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; where neurotransmitters are released. which actsonthebrain to produce its to produce thesameeffect achieved the thalamusiskey relay stationfor the mainactive ingredient inmarijuana, cortex atthesideofheadthat airplane glue,paintsprays, and abused inhalants,includingmodel integrates visualandauditory perceptions. intercellular space between the solvent found inmany commonly its leaves, which are usedprimarilyfor smoking; theN.tabacum speciesisthe signals entering thebrain. messagesselecting important outofthe sensory information flowing to the cortex, paint andnailpolishremovers. presynaptic andpostsynaptic neurons higher dosesofadrugare required major source oftobacco products. background noiseproduced by themany dependence. leadsto physicalduring initialuse;often effects. Synaptic space (or synaptic The cleft): T These neurons extend axons into the Trichloroethylene: A liquidused Transporter: A large protein onthe Tranquilizers: Drugs prescribed to Vesicle: A membranous sacwithin Ventral tegmental area: The group of when needed. Withdrawal: Adverse symptoms that the synapse and transports themback types ofCNS depressants. this NSDUHclassification includes cleaning fluidand correction fluid. anesthetic andanalgesic. Itisfound in as asolvent and,inmedicine,asan cell membrane oftheaxon terminals. It into theaxon terminal thatreleased them. an axon terminal thatstores occur chronic after useofadrugis removes neurotransmitter molecules from neurotransmitters andreleases them prefrontal cortex. nucleus accumbens andbeyond to the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, andother promote sleeporto reduce anxiety; reduced orstopped. up akey ofthebrain part reward system. dopamine-containing neurons thatmake W V contacts CONTACTS GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS (8th, 10th,and12thgraders) Monitoring theFuture Survey HIV/AIDS; andtheannual link between drugabuse and prescription drugabuse;the their medical consequences; and treatment; illicitdrugsand substance abuseprevention addiction; nicotine addiction; Science ofdrug abuseand on thesesubjects: F ofHealthandHumanServiceswithin theU.S.Department (DHHS) National Institutes ofHealth WHO TO CALL FOR WHAT alcohol syndrome drunk driving;andfetal addiction, andabuse; Science ofalcohol use, or moreinformation E-mail: media NIDA Press Office: 301-443-6245 knowledge aboutdrugabuseandaddiction. and private-sector scientific institutionsto further addiction. NIDA works withavariety ofgovernment treatment, andpolicyasthey relate to drugabuseand of thatresearch to significantly improve prevention, rapid andeffective dissemination anduseoftheresults broad range ofdisciplines.The second isensuringthe the strategic andconduct support ofresearch across a This charge hastwo criticalcomponents. The first is power ofscience to bearondrugabuseandaddiction. NIDA’s mission isto leadtheNationinbringing National Institute onDrugAbuse(NIDA) C Web: http:// NIAAA Press Office: 301-443-3860 information onalcohol-related issues. drugs; however, NIAAAisNIH’s primarysource for regarding theconcurrent useofalcohol andother collaborate onresearch andcommunications projects alcohol-related problems. NIDA andNIAAAoften treatment ofalcohol abuse, alcoholism, andother on thecauses,consequences, prevention, and (NIH) Institute conducting research andsupporting NIAAA istheprimaryNationalInstitutes ofHealth and Alcoholism (NIAAA) National Institute onAlcohol Abuse Web: http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events ontact : www.niaaa.nih.gov @ nida.nih.gov 33

CONTACTS GLOSSARY ABOUT NIDA RESOURCES THE BASICS 34 on thesesubjects: F prevention andtreatment Science ofmental health Treatment BlockGrants Facility Locator, and Use andHealth,Treatment National Survey onDrug Other Relevant Agencies Within DHHS or moreinformation Web: http:// Web: http:// SAMHSA Press Office: 240-276-2130 into community-based programs. together to integrate thelatest onaddictionscience buprenorphine. SAMHSA andNIDA work closely as information onphysicians authorized to prescribe list ofmethadonetreatment centers by State aswell national toll-free referral number)andmaintainsa nationwide treatment facility locator (includinga Center for Substance AbuseTreatment provides a prevention andtreatment blockgrants. SAMHSA’s substance abuseprograms andservices through provides nationalleadership inthedevelopment of SAMHSA’s Center for Substance AbusePrevention Use andHealththatispublishedevery autumn. SAMHSA conducts theNationalSurvey onDrug Services Administration (SAMHSA) Substance AbuseandMentalHealth C E-mail: NIMHpress NIMH Press Office: 301-443-4536 mental healthresearch. NIMH isNIH’s primarysource for information on also have co-occuring mentalillnesses); however, (about 6in10peoplewithsubstance abuseproblems collaborate onresearch, ascomordibity iscommon research onmentaldisorders. NIMHandNIDA often NIMH istheprimaryNIHInstitute conducting National Institute ofMentalHealth(NIMH) ontact : www.nimh.nih.gov www.samhsa.gov @ mail.nih.gov and cessation Smoking prevention of medications Safety andefficacy Web: http://www.fda.gov/tobaccoproducts CTP press office: 1-877.CTP.1373, option2 restrictions. establishing andenforcing advertising andpromotion products, requiring new warning labels,and applications for new andmodifiedrisk tobacco setting performance standards, reviewing premarket Agency’s responsibilities underthelaw include Prevention andTobacco Control Act. Someofthe oversees theimplementationofFamily Smoking The FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) FDA Center for Tobacco Products Web: CDC Press Office: 202-395-6618 substance abuse. national healthstatistics,includingdataabout for HealthStatistics isanexcellent source for smokers quit.Inaddition,CDC’s NationalCenter promoting youth prevention andhelpingcurrent range ofissues related to tobacco use,including CDC’s Office onSmokingandHealth works ona Centers for DiseaseControl andPrevention (CDC) Web: http:// FDA Press Office: 301-827-6250 communications programs related to safe medicines. FDA andNIDA share information onscientificand advise consumers onhow to take medicinessafely. drugs andproduces educationprograms that FDA assures thesafety andefficacyofmedical Food andDrugAdministration (FDA) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ http://www.cdc.gov/media/ www.fda.gov 35 THE BASICS RESOURCES ABOUT NIDA GLOSSARY CONTACTS ress Office ress 301-443-6245 NIDA P NIDA [email protected] When your story When your Latest news from NIDA from news Latest NIDA is your source. is your NIDA is the science of addiction, is the science www. drugabuse.gov/news-events/news www. (BJS) Statistics of Justice Bureau for resource BJS is an invaluable and drug abuse to data related its data with crime. BJS shares ongoing as partof NIDA’s NIDA drug effective provide to initiative within the criminal treatment system. justice 202-514-2007 Office: BJS Press http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/ Web: AIDS.gov with departments and agencies HHS collaborates visibility (1) expand to government Federal the across programs, HIV policies, Federal relevant of timely and public; (2) increase the American to and resources and minority, government, by media tools use of new of HIV the reach extend partners to other community risk; and (3) at greatest communities to programs HIV to about HIV and access knowledge increase with, or living for, people most at-risk for services HIV. [email protected] office: press AIDS.gov www.dea.gov

Relevant Offices Outside DHHS Relevant HIV/AIDS 202-307-7977 Office: DEA Press http:// Web: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) (DEA) Administration Drug Enforcement within the U.S. Department of Justice substances the controlled DEA enforces The States. of the United and regulations laws with information Although the DEA shares questions on drug supply issues, NIDA drug trafficking, into investigations concerning or drug- of pharmaceuticals, the diversion to should be referred criminal activity related office. the DEA press 202-395-6618 Office: ONDCP Press www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov Web: Office of National Drug Control Policy Control Office of National Drug (ONDCP) Office of the Executive ONDCP is a component information ONDCP shares of the President. of on a variety with NIDA and collaborates is ONDCP however, issues; addiction science setting the policies, priorities, the chief office drug control the Nation’s for and objectives program.

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