Air Pollution in Myanmar Rural Ecosystem: the Issue Being Neglected So

4th Atmospheric Composition and the Asian Monsoon (ACAM) workshop 26-28 June 2019, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Air pollution in rural ecosystem in Myanmar: The issue being neglected so far

Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing, Thiha Htut, Ye Naung Tun 1Environmental Quality Management Co., Ltd, Yangon, Myanmar *[email protected] No.233, Block 23, Sayeepin Lane, Thuwunna, Yangon, Myanmar, 11072 Introduction

• Myanmar - the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia with a total land area of 677,000 sq.km.

• The latest estimations of population - about 54 million in 2018

• About 65 million by 2050 with annual increase of 0.71%. Introduction (contd.)

• Out of this population, one-third lives in urban areas, while the remaining in rural areas - depending on subsistence farming (UNDP, 2019). Introduction (contd.)

§ In Myanmar, the developing country, rural air quality becomes a challenge since several rural areas have exceeded the national air quality guideline for one or more air pollutants.

8/13/19 Introduction (contd.)

§ Rural ecosystem where a large percentage (70%) of the population depends on is being affected by air pollution in a number of ways.

8/13/19 Introduction (contd.)

§ Currently, policy decision and actions on air quality mainly consider on mobile emissions resulting in urban air pollution.

8/13/19 Objective § To raise understanding of policy makers, administrative personnel, developers and local community on the potential sources of the exceeding air quality guideline in Myanmar

8/13/19 Introduction (contd.)

- Environmental Conservation Law, 2012 - Environmental Conservation Rule, 2014 - Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures , 2015 - EIA – Development projects in remote /rural areas - Environmental Baseline Studies – ( Air, Water, Soil etc.) in Rural areas – The existing baseline air quality status

8/13/19 Environmental Baseline Data

§The five years data (2013-2018) provides the insight of rural air status and the notable findings

8/13/19 Ambient Air Monitoring in Rural Areas

§ The perimeter air monitoring station has been 24hr continuously monitoring on particulates and gases in the rural areas across states and regions of the country in which the development projects will be operated.

§ These surveys were cross sectional studies being conducted as the scope of works for the Environmental Impact Assessment.

8/13/19 HAZ-SCANNER EPAS Wireless Environmental Perimeter Air Monitoring Station (EPAS) Sr Parameters Sensors Detection limit 1 TSPM, PM10, PM2.5 90 degree Infra Red 0 to 5000 µg/m3 Light Scattering

Calibration: Gravimetric reference NIST Traceable - SAE fine dust- ISO12103-1, Accuracy (± 10% to filter gravimetric SAE fine test dust which falls under the ACGIH/ ISO/CEN criteria. S Param Sensors Detection limit Sr Parameters Sensors Detection limit r eters 1 Temperature, NTC (-20 to 60 C)/ (-4⁰ to 140⁰F 1 NO2 Electrochemical (0-5000) ppb Detection limit - )/ (-20 C - 60 C) 2 SO2 Electrochemical (0-5000) ppb ⁰ ⁰ 2 Relative CAP (0-100)% 3 CO Electrochemical (0 -10,000) ppb Humidity 4 NH3 Electrochemical (0 -100) ppm 3 Wind Speed 3-cup (0 – 125 mph) 5 H2S Electrochemical (0 -25) ppm (sensor:), anemometer a 6 VOC Photoionization 0 to 50,000 ppb Detection limit - 7 CO2 NDIR 0 to 5000 ppm 4 Wind Direction Continuous 5. – 355)degrees 8 Metha NDIR 0 to 1% Vol,0 to 10,000 ppm,0 rotation to 20% LEL potentiometric ne wind 9 O3 Metal oxide (0 -150) ppb direction vane semiconductor 1 Atomic/Nuclear Geiger counter Geiger counter 8/13/19 (MOS), Radiation Major findings

§ PM10, PM 2.5 and SO2 levels were higher than/did not meet national air quality guideline while three transportation-related pollutants including Carbon monoxide, Ozone and NO2 were below/meet the guideline.

8/13/19 Mon State, Southern part of Myanmar

8/13/19 Major findings (contd.)

Mon State

300

250 212

) 200 3 g/m µ ( 150 123

100 100

50 50 Average Concentration 0 PM10 NEAQG TSPM NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters

Alat Chaung Village (Suburban Area) 8/13/19 Middle part of Myanmar

8/13/19 Major findings (contd.)

Mandalay region Mandalay Region

350 282

300 ) 3 250 g/m µ ( 200

150

91 100 100

50 50 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG TSPM NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Mandalay region (Suburban Area) Air Parameters 8/13/19 Major findings (contd.)

Magwe Region Magwe Region (2013)

350

266 300 ) 3 250 g/m µ ( 200

150

100 100

52 50 50 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG TSPM NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters

Magwe region (Suburban Area) 8/13/19 Magwe Region (2015)

70 59 ) 3 60

g/m 41 50 µ

( 50

30 25 20 20 14

10 Average Concentration 0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Magwe region (Suburban area) Air Parameters

8/13/19 Magwe Region (2016))

160

140 124 )

3 120 g/m µ

( 100

60 45 50

29 40 25 20 20 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Magwe region (Suburban Area) Air Parameters

8/13/19 Magwe Region, Lower Myanmar 160 152

140

120 )

3 100 g/m µ ( 80 68

57 60 54 50

40 31 25 20 20 11 Average Concentration

0 /m3) /m3) /m3) O3 O3 /m3) /m3) CO CO SO2 SO2 NO2 ug ug ug ug ug ( PM 10 ( ( NEAQG ( NEAQG PM 2.5 ( NEAQG Magwe Region Air Parameters

8/13/19 Middle Myanmar 400

347 350

300 ) 3

g/m 250 µ (

200

150

109 100 90

50 50 44 27 Average Concentration 25 20 24

0 O3 O3 /m3) /m3) /m3) /m3) /m3) /m3) CO CO SO2 SO2 NO2 ug ug ug ug ug ( ug ( NEAQG PM 2.5 ( ( ( NEAQG PM 10 ( NEAQG Middle Myanmar Air Parameters

8/13/19 Middle Myanmar

250

200 192 ) 3 g/m µ ( 150

100 93

50 50 28 Average Concentration 25 24 20 20

0 O3 O3 /m3) /m3) /m3) /m3) /m3) /m3) CO CO NO2 SO2 SO2 ug ug ug ug ug ug ( PM 10 ( PM 2.5 ( ( ( NEAQG ( NEAQG NEAQG Middle Myanmar Air Parameters

8/13/19 Magwe region

400

350 337

300 )

3 250 g/m µ ( 200

150 127 110 100

50 50 25 25 Average Concentration 23 20 24

0 /m3) /m3) /m3) O3 O3 /m3) /m3) /m3) CO CO NO2 SO2 SO2 ug ug ug ug ug ug ( ( ( PM 2.5 ( ( PM 10 ( NEAQG NEAQG Magwe region, Myanmar NEAQG Air Parameters

8/13/19 Yenangyaung Township (Middle Myanmar)

60 60

50 50 ) 3 g/m µ

( 40

30 28 25

20 20

Average Concentration 10

PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG Yenangyaung Township (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3) Air Parameters

8/13/19 Yenangyaung Township (Middle Myanmar)

60 55

50 50 ) 3

g/m 40 µ (

32 30 25

20 20 15

10 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG Yenangyaung Township (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3) Air Parameters

8/13/19 Chauk Township (Middle Myanmar)

52 50 50

) 40 3 g/m µ ( 30 25

19 20 20

10 Average Concentration

PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Chauk Township Air Parameters

8/13/19 Magwe region (Suburban Area)

68 70

60 52

) 50 3 50 g/m µ ( 40

30 25

20 20 12

10 Average Concentration 0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters Magwe region

8/13/19 Lower Myanmar

8/13/19 Major findings (contd.)

Bago Region Bago Region

200

171 180

160 137 )

3 140 g/m

µ 120 ( 100 100

60 50

20 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG TSPM NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) Air Parameters

Bago region (Suburban Area) 8/13/19 Kone village (Suburban Area) 70 63

50 50 ) 3

g/m 39 µ

( 40

30 25

20 20

10 10 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Kone village (Lower Myanmar) Air Parameters

8/13/19 Lat Pan village (Suburban Area)

50 50 ) 3

39 g/m

µ 40 (

23 30 25

20 20

10 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Lat Pan village , Lower Myanmar Air Parameters

8/13/19 Kan Hla village (Suburban Area) 90

78 80

70 ) 3 60 g/m

µ 45

( 50 49 50

30 25 20 20

10 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters Kan Hla village, Lower Myanmar

8/13/19 Gyaungwaing Gyi village (Suburban Area) 70

50 )

3 50 44 g/m µ ( 40

30 25

16 20 20

10 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3) Gyaungwaing Gyi village, Lower Myanmar Air Parameters

8/13/19 Mya Kan Thar village (Suburban Area) 70

60 58

50 50

42 )

3 40 g/m µ ( 30 25

20 20

10 8 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG Mya Kan Thar village, Lower Myanmar (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters

8/13/19 Upper Myanmar

8/13/19 Thone Eain village (Suburban Area) 120

100

) 80 3 68 g/m µ ( 60 50 38

25 20 20 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3) Thone Eain village, Upper Myanmar

Air Parameters

8/13/19 Than Phyu Yone village (Suburban 70 Area)

50 50 ) 3 40 38 g/m µ (

30 25

20 20 14

10 Average Concentration

0 Than Phyu Yone village,Upper Myanmar PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters

8/13/19 Ohn Pin Wun village (Upper Myanmar) 140

119 120

100

) 87 3

g/m 80 µ (

60 50

25 20 20 11 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG Ohn Pin Wun village, Upper Myanmar (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters

8/13/19 Ohn Pin Wun village (Upper Myanmar)

200

180 172

160

140 ) 3 120 109

g/m 106 µ ( 100

60 50

40 25 20 20 Average Concentration

0 PM10 NEAQG PM2.5 NEAQG SO2 NEAQG Ohn Pin Wun village, Upper Myanmar (ug/m3) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)

Air Parameters

8/13/19 Dust Surface Mass Concentration https://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/

Summer, 2018 Rainy, 2018 Winter, 2018

8/13/19 Research Data on Waste Open Burning ( Throughout Summer, Rainy and Winter)

– Environmental Exposure on Particulates and Gases – Personal Exposure on PM 2.5 – Health Effects ( Health Indicators: BP, HR, PEFR, Pulse Oximetry) – Community surveys – Air Modelling

8/13/19 Environmental Monitoring Waste Disposal Site and Control Area 3.11 km

8/13/19 Environmental Monitoring at Waste Disposal Site

Upwind

Downwind

8/13/19 Personal Monitoring Exposed Persons and Control Health Effect Waste Disposal Site and Control Site Monitoring

Waste Disposal Site: Day 1 Control Site: Day 1 1800 1673 600 1600 533 1400 500 1200 1000 400 800 600 480 407 389 300 400 300 356 200 50 88 25 2 20 16 0 0 200 0

Average Concentration ( µ g/m3 / ppb/ ppm) Average g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) 100 µ µ µ g/m3) µ g/m3) µ µ 37 4550 CO ( VOC (ppb)CH4 (ppm) H2S (ppb) 25 NO2 ( O3 ( CO2 (ppm) PM10 ( SO2 ( 25

PM 2.5 ( ppm) Concentration ( µ g/m3 or Average 0 PM1 PM 2.5 PM10 CO2 Atomic Radiation (CPM) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (ppm) Air Parameters Air Parameters Waste Disposal Site and Control Site Monitoring

Waste Disposal Site: Day 2 Control Site: Day 2 1800 700 1600 1558 594 1400 600 1200 1060 1000 500 800 400 600 376 400 284 262 193 300 200 148 50 25 4 20 17 47 7 0 200 124 135 g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) µ g/m3) 82 Average Concentration ( µ g/m3 / ppb ppm) Average µ µ µ 100 µ µ 50 CO ( O3 ( VOC (ppb)CH4 (ppm) H2S (ppb) 25 NO2 ( SO2 ( CO2 (ppm)

PM10 ( ppm) Concentration ( µ g/m3 or Average PM 2.5 ( 0 PM1 PM2.5 PM10 CO2 Atomic Radiation (CPM) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (ppm) Air Particulate Matters Air Particulate Matters Waste Disposal Site and Control Site Monitoring

Waste Disposal Site: Day 6 Control Site: Day 6 1800 600 559 1600 1561 1400 500 1200 1160 1000 400 800 600 369 300 400 269 181 200 111 112 143 50 25 7 20 41 20 200 0 112 123 100 g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) 73 µ µ µ µ µ µ 50 VOC (ppb)CH4 (ppm) H2S (ppb) 25 Average Concentration ( µ g/m3 / ppb ppm) Average CO ( O3 ( NO2 ( SO2 ( CO2 (ppm) PM10 ( PM 2.5 ( 0 g/m3 or ppm) Concentration ( µ g/m3 or Average PM1 PM2.5 PM10 CO2 Atomic Radiation (CPM) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (ppm) Air Particulate Matters Air Particulate Matters Waste Disposal Site and Control Site Monitoring

Waste Disposal Site: Day 8 Control Site: Day 8 1800 500 1541 454 1600 450 1400 400 1200 980 1000 350 800 300 600 250 400 356 212 200 200 145 79 103 50 25 4 20 30 0 19 0 150 100 74 84 g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) g/m3) µ µ µ g/m3) µ g/m3) 51 50 µ µ 50 25 CO ( VOC (ppb)CH4 (ppm) H2S (ppb)

Average Concentration ( µ g/m3 / ppb ppm) Average O3 ( NO2 ( SO2 ( CO2 (ppm) PM10 ( PM 2.5 ( 0

g/m3 or ppm) Concentration ( µ g/m3 or Average PM1 PM2.5 PM10 CO2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (ppm) Air Particulate Matters Atomic Radiation (CPM) Air Particulate Matters Exposed Person

Personal Sensor No-2 1200

1000

800 PM 1 PM 2.5 600 PM 10 CO2 Guide(PM 2.5) 400 Guide(PM 10)

200

50 g/m3 or ppm) Concentration ( µ g/m3 or Average 25 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Exposed Person

Personal Sensor No-4 700

600 ) 500 PM 1 or ppm or 400 PM 2.5 PM 10 300 CO2 WHO/ECD(PM2.5) WHO/ECD(PM 10) 200

100 50

Average Concentration ( µ g/m3 Average 25 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Decision Making Interface between science based data and policy action to improve the existing air quality status

8/13/19 Discussion

§ Surveys identified that major sources namely rice straw, crops residues open burning, waste open burning and forest fire - primarily responsible issues.

8/13/19 Conclusion Recommendation § A predominant view supported § Furthermore, transportation-related that Particulates and SO2 levels strategies only did not help these in rural areas become significant areas to attain the national air quality guideline

§ Policy, Strategy and Action plans needed to regulate open burning in rural areas

8/13/19 Thank you indeed for your kind attention

8/13/19