Devices and Desires: the Symbolism and Importance of Objects in Some Novels by P. D. James
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Masaryk University Brno Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies EnglishLanguageandLiterature Bc. Tereza Adamčíková DEVICES AND DESIRES: THE SYMBOLISM AND IMPORTANCE OF OBJECTS IN SOME NOVELS BY P. D. JAMES Master´s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: PhDr. Lidia Kyzlinková, CSc., M. Litt. Brno 2008 Ideclare thatIhaveworkedonthis thesisindependently, usingonlythe primaryandsecondarysources listedinthe bibliographysection. …………………......... TerezaAdamčíková 2 I wouldlike tothank my supervisor Lidia Kyzlinková for her advice,andmyfamily for their support; my thanks also go to my friends from Poland, and especially to professorB.whoshowedmethe'right'door. 3 Table of Contents Page Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: TheObjects .................................................................................................13 Chapter 3: InnocentBlood(1980) ................................................................................16 Chapter 4: AnUnsuitableJobfora Woman(1972) .....................................................24 Chapter 5: TheSkullBeneaththeSkin(1982) .............................................................32 Chapter 6: CoverHerFace(1962) ................................................................................39 Chapter 7: UnnaturalCauses(1967) .............................................................................46 Chapter 8: DevicesandDesires (1989) .........................................................................54 Chapter 9: SummaryandConclusion...........................................................................63 Appendices .....................................................................................................................69 1.ListofAbbreviations ..............................................................................................69 2.Tables ......................................................................................................................69 TableI .....................................................................................................................70 TableII ....................................................................................................................76 TableIII ..................................................................................................................79 3.ListofSelectedBooks byP.D.James ...................................................................80 List of Works Cited .......................................................................................................82 1.PrimarySources ......................................................................................................82 2.SecondarySources ..................................................................................................82 The Complete P. D. James Bibliography ....................................................................85 4 All fiction is an attempt to create order out of disorder and to make sense of personal experience. But the classical detective story does this within its own established conventions; a central mystery which is usually but not necessarily a murder, a closed circle of suspects, a detective, either professional or amateur, who comes inlike anavengingdeitytosolve the crime,anda final solutionwhichthe reader shouldbe able toarrive at himself bylogical deductionfrom the clues. This apparent formula writingis capable of accommodatinga remarkable varietyof books andtalents. Withinthe formal constraints of the detective novel I tryto saysomethingtrue about men andwomen under the stress of the ultimate crime andabout the societyinwhich theylive. P.D.James TheBritishCouncil´sContemporaryWriters page <http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth193> 5 Motto: Thingscan´t beevil.Aninanimateobject isneithergoodnor bad. Eviliswhat isdone bypeople. Devicesand Desires (275) Canweever breakfreeofthedevicesanddesires ofourownhearts?(464-5) Devicesand Desires (4645) 6 Chapter 1: Introduction P.D.James,Phyllis DorothyJames andBaroness James of HollandParkwithlife peerage inthe BritishHouse of Lords are just some of the names under whichwe all know a womanwhogave life tosuchfamous literaryprotagonists as ScotlandYard´s Adam Dalglieshanda private investigator Cordelia Gray; characters whostarted living their own lives and became respected members of the world of literary crime. Their creator, Phyllis Dorothy James, was born on August 3 1920, and throughout her life receivedmanyhonours andawardsforherwritingachievements–hercrimenovels. It is not the aim of this paper tocomment more thoroughlyonJames´s literary and nonliteraryachievements as these are facts that canveryeasilybe reachedelsewhere. However,there is not a better proof for the earlier statedhighqualityof Phyllis Dorothy James writings withinandbeyondthe borders of the genre thanher life peerage inthe British Parliament House of Lords, and her numerous literary awards and honorary degrees given to her by various universities (<http://www.contemporarywriters.com/ authors/?p=auth193>). Since P.D.James attracts the attentionof not onlythe readers but also theoreticians andcritics,there are numerous articles andbooks whichare devotedto the historyof the genre, to the author, her works and style. To name just a few: Julian Symon´s Bloody Murder (1974); Norma Siebenheller´s P. D. James (1981); Susan Rowland´s From Agatha Christie to Ruth Rendell (2001); Erlene Hubly´s "The Formula Challenged: The Novels by P. D. James" (1983); Sally Munt´s "Masculinity and Masquerade or 'Is that a guninyour pocket?'" (1994); Anthea Trodd´s "Crime Fiction" (1998);andMartinWroe´s"TheBaronessinthe CrimeLab"(1998). 7 Many of these texts also comment on James´s beginnings as a writer. Despite havingstartedher literarycareer quite late (the debut Cover Her Face was publishedin 1962),Phyllis Dorothy James has beenvery prolific andis anauthor of numerous crime novels: her two main investigators solve crimes in altogether sixteen books: a professional policeman andpoet Adam Dalglieshfor the BritishNew Scotland Yard; andCordeliaGray,ayoungindependentwoman,forPryde´sDetectiveAgency. Out of the sixteen books by the author, there are fourteen novels with Adam Dalglieshas the maincharacter; they are as follows: Cover Her Face (1962); A Mind to Murder (1963); Unnatural Causes (1967); Shroudfor aNightingale (1971); The Black Tower (1975); Deathof anExpert Witness (1977); A Taste for Death (1986); Devices and Desires (1989); Original Sin (1994); A Certain Justice (1997); Death in Holy Orders (2001); The Murder Room (2003); The Lighthouse (2005); andthe veryrecent The Private Patient (2008).Cordelia Graywas onlyusedtwice inthe writings of P.D. James,namelyinAnUnsuitable Jobfor aWoman (1972),and The Skull Beneaththe Skin (1982); (<http://www.randomhouse.com/features/pdjames/index.html.>). These twocharacters,however, are not entirelyindependent,as they infact 'know' eachother: Cordelia met Dalglieshwhenshe workedonher first case (that means the Inspector is present in the Grayseries),andmoreover, she is mentioneda few times in the books withAdam Dalgliesh. Apart from the novels which do have a central character, James also wrote other crime-related texts which are without any investigator, amateur or professional: a mainstream novel Innocent Blood (1980); then The Maul and the Pear Tree: The Ratcliffe Highway Murders, 1811 (withThomas A.Critchley,1971); a dystopiannovel TheChildrenof Men (1992);anda autobiography TimetobeinEarnest (2000). 8 In my thesis I will deal with six novels, out of which three will feature Adam DalglieshandtwoCordelia Gray; one novel will be without a detective.Myaim is to cover James´s works as thoroughlyas possible withinthe chosentopic,andtobe able to compare the different object-oriented aspects present inthe texts The particular choice is this: 1. Cover Her Face (1962); 2. Unnatural Causes (1967); 3. Devices andDesires (1989); 4. An Unsuitable Job for a Woman (1972); 5. The Skull Beneath the Skin (1982); 6. Innocent Blood (1980).The novels will not be discussedinthe chronological order statedhere but I will proceedfrom the least typical and frequent examples of the author´s style to the most typical and most often ones; that is from Innocent Blood , throughthe Cordelia seriestotheDalglieshbooks. The historyof writingstories withcriminal plots (to whichJames belongs) is very long: Mary Shelley (17971851), Edgar Allan Poe (18091849) and Arthur Conan Doyle (18591930) belongtothe pioneers while Agatha Christie (1890-1976),Dorothy L.Sayers (18931957),NgaioMarsh(18951982) andMargeryAllingham (19041966) are listedamongthe first wave of the socalled 'EnglishQueens of Crime'.P.D.James, onthe other hand,together with RuthRendell alias Barbara Vine (1930) andFrancis Fyfield are part of the younger second wave. The term 'Golden Age of Detective Fiction' is oftenusedto describe the success of detective stories inthe first part of the twentiethcentury(for instance byJulianSymons in Bloody Murder and Anthea Trodd in Women´sWritinginEnglish) .Since that time the genre has flourished immenselyand all the named ladies helped made the genre famous and respected (<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction>). For some people crime literature (such as detective stories and crime novels) is just entertainment, light and not very demanding, for others (including myself) it is a passionand a life-longinterest.Somethingthat