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Metallogenesis of the Tibetan Collisional Orogen: a Review and Introduction to the Special Issue

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Metallogenesis of the Tibetan Collisional Orogen: a Review and Introduction to the Special Issue Ore Geology Reviews 36 (2009) 2–24 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ore Geology Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev Metallogenesis of the Tibetan collisional orogen: A review and introduction to the special issue Zengqian Hou a,b,⁎, Nigel J. Cook c a Institute of Geology, CAGS, Beijing 100037, PR China b School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, W.A., Australia c Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Boks 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway article info abstract Article history: Mineral deposits associated with continental collision are abundant in many orogenic systems. However, the Received 21 October 2008 metallogenesis of collisional orogens is often poorly understood, due to the lack of systematic studies on the Received in revised form 7 May 2009 genetic links between collisional processes and ore formation in collisional orogenic belts. This paper reviews Accepted 7 May 2009 the key metallogenic settings and resultant collision-related ore deposits in the Tibetan Orogen, created by Available online 18 May 2009 Indo-Asian collision starting in the early Cenozoic. The resulting synthesis leads us to propose a new conceptual framework for Tibetan metallogenic systems, which may aid in deciphering relationships among Keywords: Geodynamics ore types in other comparable collisional belts. This framework includes three principal metallogenic epochs Collisional process in the Tibetan orogen, and metallogenesis in: (1) a main-collisional convergent setting (∼65–41 Ma); (2) a Metallogenesis late-collisional transform structural setting (∼40–26 Ma); and (3) a post-collisional crustal extension setting Collision-related deposits (∼25–0 Ma), each forming more than three distinct types of ore deposits in the Tibetan orogen. Tibetan Orogen The main-collisional metaollognesis took place in a convergent setting, i.e., a collisional zone, characterized by collision-related crustal shortening and thickening, associated syn-peak metamorphism and two distinct magmatic series (Paleocene–Eocene crust-derived low-fO2 granitoids generated by crustal anatexis and Eocene high-fO2 granitoids formed by MASH processes at the base of the Tibetan crust). Metallogenesis during this period formed Sn–W–rare metal deposits related to the low-fO2 granitoids, skarn-hosted Cu–Au polymetallic deposits related to high-fO2 granitoids, and orogenic-type Au deposits formed by CO2-dominant metamorphic fluids. Late-collisional metallogenesis occurred mainly in a transform structural setting dominated by Cenozoic strike- slip faulting, shearing, thrust systems, and associated potassic magmatism in eastern Tibet, and formed the most economically-significant metallogenic province in the orogen. Four significant ore-forming systems are recognized in the transform zone: porphyry Cu–Mo–Au systems associated with potassic adakitic melts and controlled by Cenozoic strike-slip faults; orogenic-type Au systems related to large-scale left-slip ductile shearing; REE-bearing systems associated with lithospheric mantle-derived carbonatite–alkalic complexes; and Zn–Pb– Cu–Ag systems related to basinal brines and controlled by Cenozoic thrust structures and subsequent strike-slip faults developed in the Tertiary foreland basin. Post-collisional metallogenesis occurred in a crustal extension setting, characterized by lithospheric mantle thinning or delamination at depth, crustal shortening at a lower structural level and synchronal extension at shallower levels. The resulting ore-forming systems include: (1) porphyry Cu–Mo ore systems related to high-K adakitic stocks derived from the newly-formed thickened mafic lower-crust; (2) vein-type Sb–Au ore systems controlled by the south Tibetan detachment system (STDs) and the metamorphic core complex or thermal dome intruded by lecuogranite intrusions; (3) hydrothermal Pb–Zn–Agoresystemscontrolledbytheintersectionsof N–S-striking normal faults with E–W-trending thrust faults; and (4) spring-type Cs–Au ore systems related to geothermal activity driven by partial melting of the upper crust. Associated ore deposits lie mostly within the mid- Miocene Gangdese tectono-magmatic belt, in which the scavenging role of fluids derived from evolved magma systems or dewatering of rift basins, and finally discharging at intersections of the orogen-transverse and -parallel faults are extremely important for formation of the low-temperature hydrothermal deposits. Based on the synthesis of deposits in the Tibetan orogen and comparison with the metallogenesis of other orogenic systems, a more complete classification for these collision-related deposits can be proposed. © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. ⁎ Corresponding author. Institute of Geology, CAGS, Beijing 100037, PR China. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Hou). 0169-1368/$ – see front matter © 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.05.001 Z. Hou, N.J. Cook / Ore Geology Reviews 36 (2009) 2–24 3 1. Introduction collisional orogens, by carrying out orogenic-scale syntheses and comparative studies on typical collisional orogens and relevant Mountain belts created by continent–continent collision, e.g., the metallogenesis. The Himalayan–Tibetan Orogen is the youngest and Himalayan–Tibetan Orogen in East Asia (cf. Yin and Harrison, 2000), most spectacular of all continent–continent collision orogenic belts the Variscan orogen in Western and Central Europe (cf. Seltmann and (Yin and Harrison, 2000). It can therefore be regarded as the most Faragher, 1994), the Pyrenees (Sibuet et al., 2004) and the Qinling outstanding natural laboratory on Earth for studying collisional Orogen in China (cf. Zhang et al., 1996), each extending for thousands orogens and related metallogenesis due to (1) generally clear of kilometers along the strike, are among the dominant geological geological relationships, (2) a well understood paleo-boundary features of the surface of the Earth. Characteristic metallogenesis history, (3) a variety of marked, indicative geological features, as relating to continent–continent collision is widely expressed within well as (4) a variety of Cenozoic, world-class ore belts and giant these orogenic systems. High heat flows, resulting from the collisional deposits with variable mineralization styles and types, formed in what orogeny and associated crustal thickening, translithospheric shearing, are relatively clear geodynamic settings. and lithospheric mantle thinning, are regarded as the main causes for In order to increase understanding of the metallogeny of collisional hydrothermal mineralization in the orogenic belts (Seltmann and orogens, a five-year National Basic Research Program (973 Project to Faragher, 1994). However, the metallogeny of collisional orogens is the senior author) “Metallogenesis of the Collisional Orogen in Tibet” relatively less well understood compared to that of accretionary was established in 2002 by the Ministry of Science and Technology of orogens. China. About 100 researchers and students from nine Institutions in The suite of mineral deposits that can be related to collision events China took part in this project. As a result, great efforts have been is quite broad; Sawkins (1984) previously divided them into six major made to establish genetic links between collisional orogen and types: (1) ophiolite-hosted metal deposits, (2) Mississippi Valley-type metallogenesis in the Tibetan orogen during the past five years and (MVT) Zn–Pb deposits, (3) carbonate-hosted (Irish-type) Pb–Zn a wealth of new data and research results were obtained under the deposits, (4) sandstone-hosted (Laisvall-type) Pb(–Zn) deposits, (5) framework of the 973 Project. Sn–W deposits related to S-type granites, and (6) U deposits related to This special issue of Ore Geology Reviews provides a comprehensive collisional granites (cf. Seltmann and Faragher, 1994). These collision- account of key mineral deposits in the Tibetan collisional orogen. related deposits have been documented to preferentially developed or Moreover, other economically significant deposits such as Tanjianshan preserved in different orogenic belts. Recently, many more collision- (Zhang et al., 2009-this issue) and Tuolugou (Feng et al., 2009-this related deposits have been found in other orogenic systems. Many are issue), formed in the Mesozoic period, but nevertheless involved in world class in size and may be unique in their geological features; the Cenozoic collisional orogen and preserved within the Tibetan some do not easily fit into classical deposit models. For example, five Orogen, are also included in the special issue. Mesozoic giant porphyry Mo deposits and numerous orogenic-type This introductory paper synthesizes the temporal-spatial distribu- gold deposits in the Qinling collisional orogenic belt, China, have been tion, mineralization styles, and major types, tectonic controls, and shown to relate to Mesozoic collisional orogenesis (Kerrich et al., geodynamic settings of collision-related Cenozoic deposits in the 2000; Zhang and Deng, 2001). Tibetan orogen, on the basis of a synthesized analysis of the A number of collision-related world-class ore belts, including tectonomagmatic evolution and lithospheric geodynamic processes giant deposits, occur within the Tibetan collisional orogen (Fig. 1; within the orogen. This synthesis leads us to propose a new cf. Hou et al., 2007a; Khin Zaw et al., 2007). These include the conceptual framework for the Tibetan metallogenic systems, as well Himalayan porphyry Cu belts in
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