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The Outcome of Nephrectomy in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

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The Outcome of Nephrectomy in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis, Vol. 29, 2013 The Outcome of Nephrectomy in Peritoneal Tushar S. Malavade, Joanne M. Bargman Dialysis Patients Data regarding the outcomes of peritoneal dialysis Introduction (PD) patients undergoing nephrectomy are limited. Nephrectomy is rarely performed in patients with In the 20-year retrospective study reported here, we end-stage renal disease, especially in those undergo- included patients who underwent nephrectomy and ing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Most nephrectomy data then subsequently started PD within 1 year (group A) have come from urology studies and focus on the and those who underwent nephrectomy while already various surgical approaches and methods, the tim- on PD (group B). We examined mechanical complica- ing of PD initiation, and the hospital stay. Patients tions including incisional hernia, peritoneal leak, and on PD having abdominal surgery may or may not wound infection or dehiscence. Among biochemical have to stop PD and accordingly require temporary outcomes (group B only), we analyzed serum creati- hemodialysis (HD). The data about outcomes in PD nine, albumin, potassium, and phosphate for 1 year patients undergoing nephrectomy either before PD is pre- and post-nephrectomy. initiated or after PD has been started are very limited. Among the 8 patients identified (4 in group A, 4 in In this retrospective study, we analyzed the mechani- group B), 7 underwent unilateral nephrectomy, and 1, cal and biochemical outcomes of patients undergoing bilateral nephrectomy. Surgery was laparoscopic in nephrectomy before or after PD initiation. 1 patient and open in 7 patients. The approach was transperitoneal in 5 patients, and retroperitoneal in Methods 3 patients. Incisional hernia occurred in 4 patients (2 We reviewed all PD patients who attended the home in each group), and retroperitoneal leak was seen in PD program at the University Health Network in 1 patient in group B after 2 months. No wound dehis- Toronto over a 20-year period. Patients were evalu- cence or other complications occurred. In group B, 2 ated in two groups. Group A consisted of patients patients required hybrid therapy in the form of once- who underwent nephrectomy and then subsequently weekly hemodialysis with continuous ambulatory PD. started PD within 1 year; group B included patients Among the biochemical complications, we noted that who already were on PD and who subsequently under- serum creatinine increased (as expected), and serum went nephrectomy. The latter patients either resumed albumin significantly declined and remained lower PD immediately or required temporary HD as renal post-nephrectomy. replacement therapy. Our data show that, post-nephrectomy, PD pa- Surgical details such as the type of surgery (open tients have a high incidence of incisional hernia. vs. laparoscopic), the surgical approach (transperito- They also experience a significant decline in serum neal vs. retroperitoneal), and the type of nephrectomy albumin and a substantial loss in residual kidney (unilateral vs. bilateral) were noted. We analyzed the function potentially requiring intensified dialysis. The mechanical complications of nephrectomy such as retroperitoneal approach may on occasion predispose incisional hernia, retroperitoneal leak, wound infec- to retroperitoneal leak of dialysate. tion or dehiscence, and the time at which such com- plications appeared after PD was started (group A) or Key words resumed (group B). Biochemical parameters analyzed Nephrectomy, mechanical complications pre- and post-nephrectomy (group B only) included serum creatinine, potassium, phosphate, and albumin. From: Peritoneal Dialysis Program, University Health We averaged all laboratory blood work for the group B Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. patients for 1 year pre- and post-nephrectomy. 26 Nephrectomy in Peritoneal Dialysis Statistics PD (CCPD) with a tidal volume, and the other was For comparing the means of the biochemical out- started on continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). The comes, the Student t-test was used. patient who was started on CAPD on postoperative day 1 subsequently developed an incisional hernia and Results retroperitoneal leak, at 2 months and after 7 months The 8 PD patients identified (4 in group A and 4 in had to add HD (hybrid therapy) because of decreased group B) included 5 men and had an average age of solute clearances. Of the patients who required post- 54.4 years (range: 41 – 70 years). The native kidney nephrectomy HD (a transperitoneal open surgery hav- diseases leading to end-stage renal disease in these ing been used in both), one was successfully switched patients were autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney to PD after 2 weeks, and the other required hybrid disease (n = 4), single kidney (n = 1), hypertension therapy consisting of once-weekly HD with CAPD, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 1), and until undergoing renal transplantation. Two patients unknown (n = 2). in group B underwent renal transplantation after 8 The indication for nephrectomy was renal cancer months and 5 years. Of the remaining 2 patients, one in 5 patients, pain and hemorrhage in 2 patients with continued on hybrid therapy, and the other remained polycystic kidney disease, and the need in 1 patient on CCPD. with polycystic kidney disease for creation of space in With respect to mechanical complications, 4 pa- advance of transplantation (Table I). Nephrectomy was tients experienced incisional hernia (2 in each group). unilateral in 7 patients and bilateral in 1 patient. In 1 In group A, a transperitoneal approach had been used patient, the surgery was laparoscopic, and in 7 patients, in the 2 patients with incisional hernia. In one patient it was open. The surgical approach was transperitoneal the surgery was open, and in the other, it was laparo- in 5 patients and retroperitoneal in 3 patients. scopic. In the group B patients with incisional hernia, For group A patients, PD was initiated 1 – 8 months open surgery with a transperitoneal approach had been after nephrectomy. Three patients eventually under- used in one, and open surgery with a retroperitoneal went renal transplantation; 1 patient continued on PD. approach in the other. Retroperitoneal leak was seen Of the group B patients, 2 restarted PD on post- in 1 group B patient 2 months after a retroperitoneal operative day 1, and the other 2 received HD for 2 open nephrectomy. No incidence of wound dehiscence weeks. Of the patients who restarted PD immediately or other complication was observed in either group. (a retroperitoneal approach having been used in both), Table II shows the biochemical changes recorded one was temporarily started on continuous cycling in group B. Not surprisingly, residual kidney function TABLE I Indications for and type of nephrectomy in the study patients TABLE II Biochemical parameters pre-nephrectomy and post- nephrectomy in the four patients already on peritoneal dialysis PD status at time (average lab values of 1 year) of nephrectomy Nephrectomy p Variable Overall Started PD Already Value aftera on PD Before After Patients (n) 8 4 4 Serum creatinine 791.7±280.7 1007.4±220.4 <0.0001 (μmol/L) Indication Serum potassium Malignancy 5 2 3 4.77±0.39 4.93±0.87 0.58 Complications of PKD 2 2 0 (mEq/L) Pre-transplantation space 1 0 1 Serum phosphorus 1.85±0.59 2.03±0.73 0.21 (mmol/L) Nephrectomy type Serum albumin Unilateral/bilateral 7/1 4/0 3/1 38.45±3.5 31.69±6.87 <0.0001 Laparoscopic/open 1/7 1/3 0/4 (g/L) Transperitoneal/retroperitoneal 5/3 3/1 2/2 Urine outputa 1138±1432 545±1005 (mL/day) a Within 1 year. PD = peritoneal dialysis; PKD = polycystic kidney disease. a One patient was anuric because of bilateral nephrectomies. Malavade and Bargman 27 declined significantly after nephrectomy. We observed that, compared with pre-nephrectomy values, serum albumin declined significantly post-nephrectomy. Serum potassium and phosphorus increased after nephrectomy, but the change did not achieve statisti- cal significance. Discussion Results in our small cohort suggest that incisional hernia is common in patients undergoing nephrectomy and PD. In both groups, 50% of patients experienced incisional hernia (Figure 1). Of the 2 group A patients with incisional hernia, both had undergone surgery using a transperitoneal approach. The nephrectomy was laparoscopic in one and open in the other. The incisional hernia occurred at the site of port insertion in the patient receiving laparoscopic surgery. Currently, data about hernia after laparoscopic ne- FIGURE 1 Computed tomography imaging with dye in the abdomen phrectomy in patients on PD are sparse. Van Ramshorst shows an incisional hernia (arrowhead) after nephrectomy. et al. (1) showed that ascites is a risk factor for the development of abdominal dehiscence and incisional hernia in patients having abdominal surgery. Because PD patients resume PD or start PD de novo after ne- phrectomy, they are at risk of developing incisional hernias because of increased intra-abdominal pressure. Of the 2 group B patients who experienced in- cisional hernia, one underwent transperitoneal open nephrectomy, and the other underwent retroperitoneal open nephrectomy. In their case study of 3 CAPD pa- tients who underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic ne- phrectomy, Rais–Bahrami et al. (2) showed that, with a bridge of HD, all had re-initiated CAPD after 12.7 days. Their case series mentioned that no complications were observed for a mean follow-up of 13 months. Retroperitoneal leak (Figure 2), a rare complica- tion of retroperitoneal open nephrectomy, occurred in 1 group B patient. Because of the retroperitoneal leak, the patient failed to achieve adequate clearance with FIGURE 2 Computed tomography imaging with dye in the peri- CAPD and hence had to start hybrid therapy with add- toneal cavity shows the rare complication of retroperitoneal leak (arrow). on HD. The diagnosis of retroperitoneal leak was sug- gested by diminished ultrafiltration and fluid gain in the face of an unchanged peritoneal equilibration test. 3 PD patients.
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