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Sco/Jolia Carniolica ]Acq eleusis, n. 5, Agosto / August 1996 # 34 Sco/Jolia.•. carniolica ]acq. Francesco Festi Società Italiana per lo Studio degli Stati di Coscienza, Rovereto (TN) LUOGO DI PUBBLICAZIONE / OKIGINAL DESCKIFI'ION N.). VON)ACQUIN,1764. Ohservationum botanicarum Iconihus ah auctore de1ineatis illustratarum Pars 1 (Vindobonae), p. 32. FAMIGLIA / FAMILY. Soianaceae. SINONIMI / SYNONYMB. Hyoscyamus scopoHa L. (Syst. Nat ed. 12 (2), 1767); Scopolina atr0p?ides. SCHULT.(1814); ScopoHa iongifoHa DUN. (1852); ScopoHa hiadnikiana fLEISCHM.(881); Scopolina hiadnildana FREYER(1845); Scopolina viridiflora FREYER(1845) NOMI VERNACOLARI / VERNACULAR NAMEB. H.: ScopoHa. Ted.: Krainer Toilkraut DISTRIBUZIONE: E' diffusa, con frammentazione DISTRIBUTION: H is widespread with non-conti- d'areale, nell'Europa centro-meridionale e sud- nuous distribution, in Central- and south-east- orientale; avventizia o sinantropica in Germania e Europe, occasionally found in Germany and Den- Danimarca \HA~S ~n1'U!INet.al., 1972]. Pur mark [HAWKESin TurIN et al., 1972]. H is cultiva- es~endo coltIvata m dlyersl paesI (co~e matena ted in many countries as a raw material for phar- pnma per la preparazIone farmaceutIca. maceutical production of atropine, but it does not dell'atropinaì non se.mb.ra mostrare p~rt~colare show any particular tendency to become wild ..In tendenza alI mselvatIchlment? I~ H~h~ e presente Haly ScopoHa carnioHca is surely present only m con sicurezza solo nella provmcla d~ BIella [SELLA, the Province of Biella [SELLA,1988; PIGNATTI, 1988; PIGNATTI,1982]; eSIste un'antIca segnala- .. zione per Dobbiaco (Toblach) in provincia di Bol- 1982]; rec~ntly an ol~ report from DobbIaco zano [ASCHERSON,1890], che non è stata però (Toblach) m the Provmce of Bolzano [ASCHERSON, successivamente verificata e veniva considerata 1890] was not confirmed, having already been già dubbia da DALLATORRE& SARNTHEIN[1912]. considered doubtful by DALLATORRE& SARNTHEIN Poco fuori dai confini orientali, è segnalata per la [1912]. )ust beyond the Eastern border of Haly it is zona di Idria (Slovenia). .. .. reported in the Idria (Slovenia) area. ECOLOGIA: Forre, boschI dI latIfoghe umIdI ECOLOGY: Ravines, moist broadlef forests, parti- (particolarmente faggete). cularly among beech forests. DESCRIZIONE BOTANICA: La famiglia Soiana- BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: The members of the ceae comprende piante erbacee o fruticose, con Soianaceae family are herbs or shrubs, with simple foglie da semplici a pennate. I fiori sono erma- to pennate leaves. The flowers are hermaphroditic, frodi ti, a simmetria raggiata o zigomorfi, con ca- with regular or zygomorphic corollas, calyx lice per lo più 5- .dentat? o ~obato e corolla ga- usually 5-lobed or dentate; corolla gamopetalous, mopetala rotata, mfundlbuh.f,orme, campanulata.o rotate, infundibuliform, campanulate or tubular, tubulosa, anch'essa per l? plU 5-lobata. Gh staml as the lobes. Ovary superior, usually with two . (5, r~ramente 8) ~anno 11flla~ento concres~lUto loculi, one style and stigma entire to 2-lobed. FrUlt con Il tubo corollmo e sono dlSpO~tlalternatIva- a capsule or a berry, usually with numerous seeds. mente .ai lobi: L'ovario è sup~ro, bl~oculare, con The species of the genus Scopoiia )ACQ. (4 species uno stIlo e shmma da semphce a bl1obato. Frutto from Europe, Himalaya, China and )apan) are una capsula o una bacca, generalmente con nu- perennial herbs, with horizontal rhizomes and merosi semi. simple, alternate leaves. Flowers solitary in leaf- Le speCIe del genere Scopo.ha )~cQ. (4 spe.C1epre- axil, with cylindrical to campanulate, 5-lobed senti, oltre che in Europa, m HImalaya, Cma e corollas' stamens 5 inserted at the corolla-base; Giapp01!e) sono erbe perenni,.riz?matose, a foglie calyx c~mpanulate: 5-lobed, surrounding the semphcl ed alterne: ~flO~l,sohtan ed ascellarl, circumscissi1e capsule. hanno corolla da cllmdnca a campanulata, con 5 S. carnioiica )ACQ.20-60 cm. tall, erect, glabrous, lobi e 5 stami inseriti alla base della corolla; Il ca- simple or branched above stem. Leaves oblong- elensis, n. 5, Agosto / August 1996 # 35 lice è campanulato, 5-lobato, accrescente nel • Wild ® lntroduced (casual or naturalized) frutto, che è una capsula deiscente. In S. carnl0lica JACQ. il fusto, alto 20-60 cm, è eretto, stnato, semplice o ramificato in alto. Le spathulate to elliptical or ovate, acuminate at apex, foglie sono oblungo-lanceolate, acuminate cuneate at the base, 10-20 cm long and 5-8 cm all'apice,l.unghe 10-20 cm e larghe 5-8 cm, con large, with a 1-2 cm long petiolus, with entire or PICCIOlo dI 1-2 cm, a margine intero o appena light1y crenate border. Corolla infundibuliform, crenato. Corolla imbutiforme, lunga 15-25 mm e 1.~-25 cm long and 15 mm large approx.,on a larga ca. 15 mm, portata da un peduncolo fili- fIhform, 2-4 mm long pedicel, dark brownish- viole t outside, yellowish to brownish-green inside. forme. lungo lungo 2-4 mm ' esternamente bruno- vIoletto ed internamente da giallastro a bruno- Calyx with a 7-9 mm long tube and 4-5 mm long verde. Calice con tubo di 7-9 mm e denti lunghi teeth. Capsule globose 1 cm. approx. in diameter, 4-5 mm. Frutto una capsula globosa di circa 1 cm containing the granular-tubercular seeds. It di diametro, contenente semi granuloso-tuberco- flowers from ApriI to June. lati. Fiorisce da aprile a giugno. BOTANICAL NOTES: The genus is dedicated to the great physician and natural history scholar GIAN NOTE BOTANICHE: Il genere è dedicato al grande ANTONIOSCOPOLI(1723-1788), born in Trentino medico e naturalista trentino GIANANTONIOSCOPOLI (Northern Italy). He first described the flora of Carniola (I 723 -1788), che per primo descrisse la flora della (Slovenia, NE of the Istrian peninsula). The specific C:arniola. Il n?me specifico si riferisce all'area geogra- name refers to the geographical area where the plant fIca dove la pIanta venne descritta per la prima volta, was first described, precisely Carniola. Originally Lin- la Carniola appunto. Linneo la incluse inizialmente nel naeus included it into the genus Hyoscyamus, whose genere Hyoscyamus J il cui nome deriva dalle parole name belongs to the Greek words hys=pig and J..yamos greche hys=maiale e kyamos=fava. Tra i sinonimi, =broad bean. Among the synonyms, atropoidesunder- atropOldes fa riferimento alla somiglianza della specie lines the likeness of the species with Atropa belladonna con Atropa beDadonna L. (Solanaceae), mentre L. (Soianaceae) and hladnikiana recalls F. HLADNIK hladnikiana richiama F. HLADNIK(Idria, 1773-1844), (Idria, 1773-1844), a botanist who studied the Slove- botanico che studiò la flora slovena. nian flora. Sono state descritte alcune varietà, tra cui la val'. Some varieties were described: among them is worth Iongli0l!a DUN. (corolla cilindrico-campanulata, mentioning val'. longliolia DUN.with cylindrical- rosso-giallognola) e la var.IIIadnikiana (FLEISCHM.) campanulate, yellowish-red corolla and val'. hladni- FIORI(corolla conico-campanulata, verdognola, foglie ~'ana (FLEISCHM.)FIORIwith conic-campanulated, gree- più brevi); sembra tuttavia che esse rientrino msh corolla and shorter leaves. Both seem to fall within nell'ambito di variabilità della specie. the range of variability of the species. Among other Fra le altre entità del genere Scopolia sono da citare: S. spe-cies of the genus Scopolia, the following ones anomala (LINK& OTro) AIRYSHAw, diffusa nelle aree should be listed: S. anomala (LINK& OTro) AIRYSHAW, più settentrionali dell'India [DEB,i979]; S. carniolicoi- des c.y. Wu & C. CHEN,endemita della Cina centro- widespread in Northern India [DEB, 1979]; S. carnio- meridionale [AN-MING& ZHI-YU,1986]; ultima, ma licOldesC.Y. Wu & C. CHEN,endemic to south-western non per importanza, S.japonica MAxIM., originaria del China [AN-MING& ZHI-Yu, 1986]; last but not least S. Giappone e della Corea, coltivata anche in Europa per ;'aponica MAxIM., from Japan and Korea, is cultivated in la produzione di atropina, ma che non sembra però Europe for atropine production, however, it has not mostrare tendenza all'avventiziato o been recorded so far as being adventitious or all'inselvatichimento. Strettamente collegati al genere naturalised. Scopolia, da un punto di vista tassonomico, sono i ge- Strictly related, from a taxonomic point of view, to the neri AmsodusLlNK & OTro, con quattro specie distri- genus Scopolia are the genera Am~çodusLINK & OlTo, buite per lo più in Cina (A. acutangulusC.Y. Wu & C. with 4 species growing mostly in China: A. acutangulus CHEN,A. maireiH. Uv., A. tanguticus (MAxIM.) c.Y. Wu & C. CHEN,A. maireiH. LEV...A. tanguticus PASCHERe A.luridusLINK & OTro), e Atropanthe (MAxIM.) PASHER,A. lundus (L1NK& OlTo) and Atropan- PASCHER,comprendente una sola specie cinese, A. the PASCHER,including only one Chine se species, A. si- sinensis (HEMSL)PASCHER[AN-MING& ZHI-YU, 1986]. nensù(HEMSL) PASCHER[AN-MING&ZHI-Yu, 1986]. So- Alcuni autori considerano tutt'ora le specie dei due me authors include these genera in the genus Scopolia. generi succitati COllle delle Scopolia. The genus Scopoh'a is incorporated in the Tribus Il genere 5copolia viene inquadrato nella Tribus 501a- 501aneae, section Hyoscyaminae, together with the genus l1eae, sezione Hyoscyaminae, unitamente al genere Hyoscyamus, of which are present in Europe H retucu- Hyoscyamus, di cui sono presenti in Europa H reticu- latus lo, H aureaus lo, H pusillus L, H albus L. (White latus L., H aureus L., H pusillus L., H albus L. Henbane - widespread in wild parts of Southern Emope) (Giusquiamo bianco -largamente diffuso in ambienti and H fll~,?erL.(Common Henbane). Among the 501a- ruderali di tutta l'Europa del sud, Italia compresa) e H neae, section Lyciinae, it is al so worth mentioning Night- nigerL (Giusquiamo nero). Tra le 501aneae, sezione shade (Atn-pa belladofllla L.). Among the other 501ana- Lyciinae, è pure degna di nota la Belladonna (Atropa ceae growing wild in Europe and bearing tropane alka- belladonna L.).
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