Fuel Cell Commercial Vehicles Security, Affordability and Economic Growth

Q2 2020 | PULSE 2.0 Alternate Fuels Fuel cell powered Commercial Vehicles

What’s new in Pulse 2.0 ? . Deeper thematic coverage including market competition, policies & COVID impacts Image: Nikola Tre . Latest research innovation related to our theme Upcoming Trend . Fuel cell technology finding penetration in commercial vehicle segment

Fuel cell commercial Players in our coverage vehicles

Heavy-duty vehicles are among the highest contributors to GHG emissions and street-level pollution. The trucking industry in the US, the What do we see happening EU, Japan, South Korea, and China are . Players are shifting towards electrified heavy-duty vehicles, as more countries are shifting towards clean hydrogen-based implementing stringent emission mandates. Governing bodies are taking initiatives, solutions where the hydrogen is the superior making investments, and promoting the use of fuel cells. Major players are choice for decarbonization. Our Q2 2020 Pulse increasing collaborations and partnerships with suppliers and startups to develop focusing on major policies, player activities, their fuel cell CV business across different continents. and research focus on fuel-cell-powered . COVID-19 has huge impact on automotive sector especially heavy-duty transport. heavy-duty vehicles. Major economies are formulating new strategies to overcome this crisis. Image: Nikola One 2 THEMES AND Contents covered in this Pulse Key Takeaways

Fuel cell powered CVs: Fuel cell technology . Trucks majorly contribute to the growth in KEY TAKEAWAYS finding penetration in the commercial vehicle transport-fuel consumption, as well as rising segment carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions. Analysis on recent player activities in the Electrification of commercial vehicles will IN Pulse development of fuel cell powered CVs, advantages play an important role in the journey over battery propulsion, SWOT analysis towards a carbon neutral society. The Hydrogen fuel cell is a promising alternative for heavy transport and demanding long- haul applications, as it can overcome the challenges faced by battery-powered propulsion such as range and payload issues. Fuel cell powered CVs : Regulations and . Policy support for H2FC technologies are Emerging Trend: Fuel cell Policies driven by various national priorities, 01 powered CVs Analysis of Policies established by major including air quality, climate change, energy economies to support fuel cell commercial vehicles security, affordability and economic growth. • Policies across world But, relatively few energy policies apply • China NEV policy 2021-23 directly to fuel cell CVs. Fuel cell powered CVs : • US H2@Scale . In this quarter we have seen that the policy 02 • Policies taken in EU, Japan and South Korea momentum for fuel cell CVs is growing. Regulations and policies New policies are introduced in EU, US and China to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions. Efforts of Europe and USA to build Fuel cell powered CVs : Key Fuel cell powered CVs : Key players . Player profiles: OEMs, suppliers and 03 battery competency players • Comparative analysis of OEMs: FCEV and BEV startups • Fuel cell CV manufacturers: Hyundai, Nikola . Detailed analysis of the concept and • Battery CV manufacturers: Tesla, Traton commercialized models in FC CVs. • Suppliers of fuel cells: Bosch, Cummins, . Comparison between models and different PlugPower powertrains • Emerging Startups on FCEV: Hyzon Motors, US Hybrid

. KEY TAKEAWAYS Fuel cell powered CVs : Market analysis- China, Coronavirus is negatively affecting the Europe and US automotive sector especially, heavy-duty • Fuel cell CVs market based analysis: transport as most countries implemented IN Pulse Pre-COVID predictions, COVID effects, lockdowns for several months • Analysis of strategies taken by major . An analysis of fuel cell CV market in three economies such as the US and EU stages: Pre-COVID predictions, the effect of COVID and Strategies to regain the momentum . Governing bodies and related associations, 04 Fuel cell powered CVs: Market across the world, are implementing new analysis based on region strategies to overcome the COVID-19’s impact on the Alternate fuel sector

Fuel cell powered CVs : Research focus . Oil demand from road freight projected to Fuel cell powered CVs: Researchers are working on reducing fuel cell CV grow by 5 million barrels per day by 2050, 05 Research focus cost, so that the adoption would become easy or around 40% of the projected increase in • Research paper analysis global oil demand in that period. This • Patent analysis growth expected to lead to a significant increase in carbon dioxide emissions of Fuel cell powered CVs: nearly 900 million tonnes by 2050, or about 06 Appendix the same level of emissions growth as from coal use in the power and the entire industry sector combined. . Researchers are focusing on advanced fuel-cell based solutions to reduce emission and increase fuel saving.

Appendix

• Players such as Hyundai and Nikola began mass-production of fuel cell trucks. Daimler has established a new company for fuel-cell activities. • Bosch is expecting more market share for fuel cells in commercial vehicles by 2030. Cummins and PlugPower are starting new collaborations with OEMs to develop fuel cell HD trucks. Fuel cell • More startups such as Hyzon Motors, H2X are emerging in the fuel cell CV sector. technology finding penetration in commercial vehicle segment

Fuel cell technology finding Developments . Hyundai mass produced its fuel cell truck, Hyundai XCIENT. The company has penetration in commercial shipped the first 10 units to Switzerland. The truck is powered by a 190-kW hydrogen fuel cell system with dual 95-kW fuel cell stacks. It comprised of seven large hydrogen tanks that offer a combined storage capacity of around 32.09 kg of vehicle segment hydrogen. XCIENT Fuel Cell offers a driving range of 400 km on a single refueling.

CONTEXT . Nikola merged with VectorIQ and became the first public rig company. Nikola public will focuse on the development of next-generation smart transportation. The company will receive $525 million in new investment as a result of this joint venture. Nikola will be listed on the NASDAQ exchange under the name NKLA. Most heavy-duty vehicles are powered by diesel engines that emit high levels of particulates, nitrogen . Daimler established a new company, Daimler Truck Fuel Cell GmbH & Co. KG, for oxides, and other pollutants. Based on their mileage Group’s fuel cell activities. In April they formed strategic partnership with Volvo to and fuel consumption, freight vehicles are among the develop, manufacture and market fuel cell systems for trucks and other highest contributors to GHG emissions and street level applications. pollution. With the consumption of consumer goods continuing to increase, both regulatory agencies and

transportation companies are under pressure to reduce this footprint.

. Nikola Motors launched a roadmap for 700 . A co-operative effort among the Port of Los Electrification of commercial vehicles will play an fuelling stations with a MoU with Air Angeles, Kenworth, Toyota and Shell important role on the journey towards a carbon neutral Liquide, Hyundai, NEL, Shell, and Toyota to focusing on the development of hydrogen society. Hydrogen fuel cell is a promising alternative test pre-commercial 70MPa hydrogen heavy fuel cell Class 8 trucks, which has been for heavy transport and demanding long-haul duty vehicle high flow (H70HF) fueling awarded $41M grant from CARB . applications. hardware for future Class 8 trucks . Emerging Emerging Trends DEVELOPMENTS 6 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 What shouldA FutureBridge you investigate Initiative. Copyright ©? 2020 by FutureBridge

Alternate Fuels | Q2 2020 Pulse

Alt1-200kW FC FutureBridge on Fuel cell technology finding penetration Long-haul truck in commercial vehicle segment Distribution trucks • A passenger car is expected to last 150,000-200,000 miles (240,000-320,000 km) whereas a Class 8 truck is expected to travel 1,000,000 miles (1,600,000 km) over its lifetime. The truck’s extensive travel is primarily highway use as opposed to local driving for automobiles. Short range Long range • A fully electric long-haul truck would have significant restrictions due to the battery pack size and weight necessary for this application. Distribution, Refuse trucks Terminal tractor, tipper, distribution • Hydrogen offers much higher specific energy than batteries. The lighter weight contributes to solving the range and payload issues inherent with a 100% battery- powered propulsion. They are a zero-emission electric vehicle since they emit only water vapor. • The hydrogen trucks cover a range between 500 and 1,200 miles (805 and 1,930 km), depending upon load that a battery can’t provide. Plus refueling times are virtually the same as with diesel. • There are few challenges for adopting hydrogen as a fuel for commercial vehicle fleet such as lack of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure and safety standards. Alt2-100kW FC

Strengths Weaknesses What should you investigate? Environment friendly Cost Emission free Safety risks Silent What are the key drivers Why suppliers are more Opportunities SWOT that could help in market focusing on fuel cell range Threats penetration of commercial extenders? New market Competitors vehicles powered by fuel Increasing fossil fuels prices Diesel and electric trucks cells? Tra 7 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge

EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS

Global emission shares and need for zero-emission vehicles Rising emissions and energy use are driven primarily by strong economic activity and increased demand for goods, which translates into more delivery and more trucking activity. Emissions from trucks and buses have risen at a rate of 2.2% annually since 2000, according to IEA.

Saudi South Share of global emissions Arabia Korea • Today’s transportation sector depends almost entirely on fossil fuels, emits Iran Germany more than 20% of all CO2 emissions – and is almost certain to grow significantly in the years ahead. The IEA predicts that CO2 emissions will increase by about 35% by 2050. Japan 6.8%

China • Large economies such as China, United States and India alone account for Russia 27.2% almost half the world’s emissions. • Countries are mandating stringent emission regulations to lower the tailpipe emissions. In most of the cases the diesel ban has been implemented in 2-3 India years time which points to the direction of diesel extinction. 14.6 %

US • Most heavy-duty vehicles are powered by diesel engines that emit high levels of particulates, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants. Based on their mileage and fuel consumption, freight vehicles are among the highest contributors to Read more info. about global emission scenarios and Alternate fuels refer our H2 2019 Deep Dive – AF , Regulation and Policy GHG emissions and street level pollution.

• The share of diesel in oil-based road fuels consumed rose from • The trucking industry in the US, the EU, and China combined consumes 17 million barrels of oil per day which is one-fifth of global oil demand, according 38% in 2000 to 44% in 2018, due to growing road freight activity. to the International Energy Agency. • Policies need to stimulate the adoption of zero-emission vehicle • With the consumption of consumer goods continuing to increase, both technologies. Recently, China and European Union announced regulatory agencies and transportation companies are under pressure to reduce this footprint. Although the solution to this problem is pure EV, but the several pandemic recovery policies to support the expansion the range anxiety is the major challenge. NEV vehicle adoption.

Policies to Policies across the world for hydrogen fuel cell trucks support fuel cell commercial vehicles

Fuel cells for commercial vehicle applications: Mandates and policies across world policy coverage for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) still lags behind that of light-duty vehicles (LDVs), policy momentum has been growing. With new policies adopted in US in this year, and in the EU in 2019, HDV sales is expected to increase. To achieve the SDS, more countries must adopt standards, and existing ones must become more comprehensive and stringent.

. Canada: Emissions . China: China National Heavy . : By 2030, it Reduction Alberta (ERA) to Duty Truck Group Co Ltd is South Korea aims to have 1.8 million fund 3-year hydrogen heavy planning to spend over $7 FCEVs on the roads. In a bid truck project in Alberta. billion to manufacturer fuel- to achieve its targets, the AirLiquide plans to produce cell vehicles in Shandong government will provide hydrogen from renewable subsidies for fuel-cell electric power at its Becancour, taxis and trucks and will work Quebec, facility, and Alberta’s with local governments to heavy Class 8 hydrogen increase the number of fuel- hybrid truck project. cell electric buses to 2,000 by 2022.

. US: Emissions from heavy- . Australia: The Australian . Japan: Japan updated its fuel . EU: The EU has mandated that from 2025, heavy- duty vehicles grew by >35% Government has considered the efficiency standards for trucks duty vehicles will have to emit 15 per cent less from 1990 to 2010 and opportunity for hydrogen along and buses on 29 March 2019. CO2, rising to 30 per cent from 2030. The continue to rise. With a billion with other alternative fuels to Setting 2025 as the target organization adds that as a first step, the CO2 more people projected to be improve Australia’s resilience to year and 2015 as the base emission standards will cover large lorries, which living in cities by 2030, and disruptions in fuel supply through year, the standards mandate account for 65-to-70 per cent of all CO2 emissions with e-commerce growing the Liquid Fuel Security Review. efficiency improvements of from heavy-duty vehicles. rapidly, freight volumes are By 20225 Australia is planning to 13.4% for trucks and 14.3% projected to grow 40% by research, development and for buses. 2050. demonstration of hydrogen heavy vehicle.

10 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS Region: China NEV policy 2021-23 and Fuel cell powered Commercial vehicles China has issued its new energy vehicle credit score program for 2021-23. The program is targeting NEV production and sales to reach 20% of total auto production by raising the NEV credit to 14% in 2021, 16% in 2022, and 18% in 2023.

Details of the new NEV scheme

The Chinese government has been making great efforts to introduce and promote NEVs, not only to support eco-friendly means of transportation but also to ensure the energy security of the country.

In 2019, Toyota formed a partnership with Beiqi Foton to develop a 100KW hydrogen fuel cell engine for heavy-duty vehicles. Later, In November 2019, Beiqi Foton Motor published a plan to produce 2000,000 new energy vehicles comprising BEVs and FCEVs, by 2025. Toyota established a joint R&D facility with Tsinghua University, to supply fuel cell components to China's commercial vehicle makers.

The decision will boost the sales of hybrid vehicle manufacturers such as Toyota and Honda. Toyota partners with five Chinese companies to develop commercial vehicle fuel cell systems for China

Chinese Ministry of Finance issued the “China China revised new energy vehicle credit Chinese government promoted battery- New Energy Vehicle Development Project” to scheme for 2021-23. The credit scheme electric vehicles. Faced hurdles like no provide a grant with a total sum of $14billion to has designed to encourage EV charging infrastructure, no technology support the development of the NEV industry manufacturers and reduce the number of or companies from 2011 to 2020 vehicles running on fossil fuels. 2019 2000 2011

2009 2020-2030 Government launched “Ten China cut subsidies for EVs to promote clean Cities, Thousand Vehicles,” a mobility alternatives such as Hydrogen. Central program to stimulate electric- authorities’ development plan for hydrogen fuel vehicle sales through large-scale technology set targets of getting pilots 5,000 hydrogen energy vehicles on the road by 2020, 50,000 by 2025, and 1 million by 2030. 11 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge US DOE to invest up to $100M in two new consortia to advance hydrogen and fuel cell R&D US Department of Energy tends to invest up to $100m over five years in two new DOE National Laboratory-led consortia to advance hydrogen and fuel cell technologies research and development (R&D). 80 Hydrogen Scaling Up

Development and Use of Co-Products Existing R&D 60 Feedstock Technoeconomic Grid Simulation Modeling and New Industrial and Testing R&D Analysis Feedstock

Safety R&D 40 Building Heat and (Cross-Cutting) Power Hydrogen Industrial Energy Materials Performance Compatibility Verification to R&D Guide R&D 20 Transportation Materials & Component Manufacturing Power Generation R&D 0 2015 2050

. The consortia will conduct the R&D to achieve large-scale hydrogen production and development of fuel cells for heavy-duty vehicle applications. . DOE’s role focuses on early-stage R&D, such as new concepts for dispatchable hydrogen production, delivery and storage, reliance on the private sector for demonstration is critical. . H2@Scale: H2@Scale is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiative that brings together stakeholders to advance affordable hydrogen production, transport, storage, and utilization to increase revenue opportunities in multiple energy sectors.

. California implemented a intended to cut air pollution and emission 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80% below by 2050. This mandate will create an increase in Zero-emission trucks. ordered manufacturers of medium-duty and heavy-duty commercial trucks to begin selling zero- emission versions in 2024, with 100,000 sold in California by 2030 and 300,000 by 2035.

12 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Policies to support hydrogen heavy-duty vehicles: Europe, Japan, South Korea Policies adopted by major economies to support FC powered CVs

European Union Japan South Korea

• Europe is taking a new hydrogen strategy for heavier • Japan aims for the development and • Korea announced its Hydrogen Economy Roadmap in vehicles, including buses, trucks, trains, and ships. commercialization of FC trucks. January 2019, targeting for 40000 FC buses, 30000 FC trucks by 2040 • Hydrogen Europe organized the 'Hydrogen fuel cell • In the transportation sector, Japan is targeting 1,200 trucks: paving the road to a carbon-neutral Europe' new fuel cell buses by 2030 and 10 000 FC forklifts by • Hyundai is developing hydrogen-based commercial event with leading truck industry experts, EU decision- 2030. vehicle market by developing and producing hydrogen makers, end-users, and infrastructure providers to buses and trucks. Hyundai Motor also signed an discuss the acceleration of the mass-market • Some major truck manufacturers have announced agreement with the government in May to improve deployment of hydrogen fuel cell trucks and their plans to develop models in and to also begin deploying hydrogen trucks' driving performance and safety infrastructure. units in Europe and Japan. features so as to supply hydrogen fuel-cell electric trucks in 2023. • European Union’s hydrogen strategy includes the • With regard to fuel cell trucks, Japanese development of hydrogen-based solutions where the manufacturers are already advancing demonstration • South Korea published Hydrogen economy road map possibility of hydrogen proving a superior solution for projects for small trucks, while technical development in 2019. According to the report, to create a market for decarbonization, such as long-distance trucking. and issues related to large trucks designed for short hydrogen fuel cell EVs, specific measures are planned ranges (around 200 km, high-pressure gas tanks) and to establish and expand a mass production system of • Uruguay is eyeing a pilot project to put ten hydrogen- long-haul ranges (around 500 km, liquid hydrogen hydrogen-powered vehicles, to convert public powered heavy-duty trucks into service. tanks) are being arranged with the goal of creating a transportation to hydrogen taxis or buses, and utilize concrete action plan by FY2020. hydrogen trucks in the public sector.

Announced Country Key policy measures and targets (year)

China (EV30@30 . Target of 5 million EVs by 2020(including 0.4 a 2015 signatory) million buses and 0.2 million trucks).

. Proposal to improve fuel economy of trucks by 2016 15% by 2021 compared to 2015 levels.

India (EV30@30 . Target of 100% BEV share of purchases in signatory) 2017 urban buses by 2030.

. FAME Phase IIb includes a purchase incentive 2019 scheme for electric buses.

Japan (EV30@30 ASIA signatory) . Fuel economy to be improved 13.4% by 2025 for heavy trucks and of 14.3% for buses compared 2019 to 2015 levels.

*a = Countries that joined the EV30@30 Campaign set a collective aspirational goal to reach 30% sales share for EVs across PLDVs,LCVs, buses and trucks Malaysia by 2030 . 2000 EVs in bus stock by 2030. 2018 *b = Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles

Source: H2 2019 BES TDD

Announced Country Key policy measures and targets (year)

. CO2 emission standards for heavy-duty trucks for 2025 and 2030 (including incentives to 2019 achieve a 2% market share for zero- and low- emissions vehicles). European Union . Revision of the Clean Vehicles Directive including minimum requirements for urban buses (24-45% in 2025 and from 33% to 65% 2019 in 2030), and for trucks (6-10% in 2025 and 7% to 15% in 2030).

Ireland . Ban on sales of ICE diesel-only buses in 2019. 2018 . Target of 70% EVs in bus stock by 2035

Netherlands (EV30@30 signatory) . Target of 100% electric public bus share of purchases by 2025 and 100% electric public 2016 bus stock by 2030. Europe Norway (EV30@30 . Target of 100% EV share of purchases of signatory) urban buses by 2025. 2016 . Target of 75% EV share of purchases of long- distance buses and 50% in trucks by 2030.

Sweden (EV30@30 . Reduction of CO2 emissions from transport by signatory) 70% in 2030 compared to 2010. 2017 . Net zero GHG emissions by 2045. Source: H2 2019 BES TDD 15 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Key government policy measures and targets to advance deployment of electric heavy-duty vehicles - (3/3)

Announced Country Key policy measures and targets (year)

Canada (EV30@30 signatory) . Tighter GHG emissions standards for heavy trucks from 2021 and increasing stringency 2018 up to 25% compared to 2017 in 2027.

United States . Fuel economy of heavy-duty trucks should be reduced by 30% by 2027 compared to 2011 2010 levels.

Announced Other regions Key policy measures and targets North (year) America Other regions Chile . 100% electric public transport sector by 2040. 2018

Costa Rica . 70% EVs in bus stock by 2035 2019 . 100% EVs in bus stock by 2050

Source: H2 2019 BES TDD

Below players are selected based on intensity and breadth of the activities in technology and market domain. The selected OEMs in FCEVs have commercialized its models

OEM FCEV BEV Fuel cell heavy- duty trucks: Key players Suppliers

Startup

17 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Companies to watch The section contains the key players active in ‘Fuel cell electric commercial vehicle’ domain. The “key” players have been selected have been selected based on intensity and breadth of the activities in technology and market domain. We have profiled 2 OEMs(FCEV),2 OEMs(BEV), 2 startups and 3 suppliers(fuel cells) in the following slides

OEMs Suppliers Startups

. Hyundai started mass . Bosch is expecting fuel cell to . More startups are emerging production of its fuel cell have 13%market share in in this field as the market model-Hyundai XCIENT CVs by 2030, and is demand is increasing for expanding its production. zero-emission CVs . Nikola became the first public heavy-duty truck . Other suppliers like Ballard . Hyzon Motors announced its company power systems, Plug Power plans to develop business are developing new fuel cell across US, Europe and systems Australia

18 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Fuel cell Commercial vehicles: Existing models and concepts Hydrogen fuel would be a perfect solution for commercial vehicle applications. It offers much higher specific energy than batteries. The lighter weight contributes to solving the range and payload issues inherent with a 100% battery-powered propulsion.

Existing models of FC powered commercial vehicles

Nikola Motors Hyundai Motors Anglo American Platinum-Ballard Nikola provides heavy-duty Hyundai Motor started mass- Ballard and Anglo American Platinum trucks with estimated range of production of Hyundai XCIENT collaborated together to form Ultra 500-750 miles (1,200+km) fuel cell heavy-duty truck and heavy duty mining truck with 100 between fill ups. shipped them to Europe kilowatt (kW) fuel cell modules

Concepts and new models revealed for FC powered commercial vehicles

Toyota along with its partner Hino is developing Kenworth-Ballard Quantron announced new heavy duty truck Daimler-Volvo joint venture for hydrogen fuel cell heavy-duty truck. Collaboration is testing a hybrid class8 truck by 2021 fuel cell truck >>

May 02, 2017 Apr 20, 2020 Mar 23, 2020 Jun 18, 2020

Oct 30, 2019 Nov 01, 2019 Jan 20, 2020

Cummins unveiled hydrogen fuel cell Hyundai revealed fuel cell truck Honda-Isuzu collaboration for truck concept >> concept >> fuel cell truck >>

19 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Major launches OEMs are developing new fuel cell concepts. It has been observed that many players have revealed its concept as well as models for fuel cell trucks.

Toyota and CaetanoBus Daimler Trucks unveiled Toyota-Hino jointly developing Hyundai revealed fuel cell Daimler-Volvo JV to develop, unveiled hydrogen fuel cell fuel cell light-duty truck hydrogen FC truck using Mirai’s truck concept >> manufacture and market fuel bus with Mirai tech >> concept >> technology >> cell systems for trucks>>

Oct 22, 2019 Oct 30, 2019 Nov 01, 2019 Nov 08, 2019 2020 Oct 21, 2019 Oct 25, 2019 Nov 01, 2019 Nov 07, 2019 Apr 21, 2020

Toyota and Fenix collaboration IVECO, FPT Industrial and Renault group introduced Cummins unveiled Mitsubishi Trucks plans to introduced first hydrogen fuel Nikola partnership going to hydrogen fuel cell light hydrogen fuel cell truck start the series production of cell utility tractor rig (UTR) >> launch fuel cell truck in 2020 >> commercial vehicles >> concept >> fuel-cell trucks by 2020’s >>

20 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Summary of OEM activities in commercial vehicles: Comparative study of fuel-cell and battery OEMs Our analysis shows that FC trucks are well suitable to address challenges such as range and payload issues faced by battery trucks. Players such as Hyundai and Nikola are outperforming than battery or hybrid truck manufacturers.

Parameters selected for competitive analysis

Collaborative business model

800-1200 km* as ~480-800* as claimed Range ~ 400km claimed by the 200km by the company company

380 kW and 1,850 320 kWh EV battery 300 Powertrain kW FC, 6 traction electric 4 Independent Motors 264 kW electric motor, advancements pound-feet (2,400 motors and 2,000 lb⋅ft on Rear Axles developing a maximum Nm) torque (2,700 N⋅m) of torque torque of 3,100 Nm.

Nikola ONE is Tesla Semi is the only Hyundai XCIENT fuel cell commercialized and Scania and MAN have Commercialization model for Heavy duty model – mass produced Nikola TWO and TRE is of models truck, which is not commercialized fully- and shipped to Europe expected to be launched commercialized electric models by ‘23

Well established The company expects to TRATON’s CV brands (MAN, future plans. 1,600 generate revenue with Scania and VW Caminhões e Future outlook 100,000 trucks to be Ônibus) to go electric Xcient fuel cells in the roll out of its Nikola produced in a year (gradually) from 2020 operation by 2025 Tre Class 8 truck onwards.

Strong capability/advanced No capability/ technology is not Details are given in in each technology advanced at all Player profiles 21 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge OEM: Hyundai Hyundai as a truck supplier entered into European market for eco-friendly heavy-duty vehicles. The company shipped the first 10 units of the Hyundai XCIENT fuel cell heavy-duty truck, to Switzerland.

• Hyundai is releasing its truck through Hyundai Hydrogen Mobility AG(HHM), which is a partnership between the Collaborative business model Funding details Hyundai Motor Company and the Swiss company H2 Energy and is based in Switzerland. • Hyundai Motor, in cooperation with H2 Energy, to provide 1,000 fuel cell • Hyundai Hydrogen Mobility received funding from Electric truck models: electric trucks to Swiss commercial the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking vehicle market, beginning 2019 under grant >> • Hyundai H2 XCIENT Fuel Cell truck through to 2023 • It features a new 190 kW hydrogen • Feb 2020| HHM formed collaboration fuel cell system with two 95 kW fuel with Auto AG Truck to setup flagship store and service organisation cell stacks connected in parallel. It • Sep 2019 | Hyundai Motor forged a delivers a single-fueling travel range partnership with Hydrospider, a joint Future Plans of more approx. 400 km. venture of H2Energy, Alpiq and Linde HHM plans to have a total of 1,600 Xcient fuel • It carries seven large hydrogen tanks to promote green hydrogen ecosystem cells in operation by 2025. A large part should be with the storage capacity of almost in Switzerland and European countries in the upcoming future. taken over by the H2 Mobility Switzerland 35kg of hydrogen. Support Association and to expand its market presence to other European countries. Specification Truck Concept model

Driving Range Approximately 400 km • Hyundai HDC-6 Neptune FutureBridge Analysis

Powertrain 380 kW and 1,850 pound-feet (2,400 Nm) torque Collaborative business model

Tank Capacity / Pressure 32.86 kgH2 / 350 bar Range

Powertrain

Fuel Cell Stack Power 190 kW (2 x 95 kW) Commercialization of models

Future outlook Status Available in market

22 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge OEM initiatives: a comparison between existing models OEMs are introducing new models and advancing the existing models to meet the new requirements.

Hyundai-H2 Energy jointly developed heavy-duty Toyota Beta Kenworth-Ballard jointly developed heavy-duty fuel cell truck-Hyundai XCIENT fuel cell truck- T680

Specification Truck Specification Truck Specification Truck

Driving Range 480Km Driving Range 209 Km Driving Range Approximately 400 km Drive train capacity 670-plus horsepower (500 Hydrogen Refueling Time 420 kW and 1,850 pound-feet Hydrogen Refueling Time 380 kW and 1,850 pound-feet kW) and 1,325 pound-feet (2,507 Nm) torque (2,400 Nm) torque (1,796 Nm) of torque

Tank Capacity / Pressure 32.86 kgH2 / 350 bar Tank Capacity / Pressure 40Kg @ 700 bar Tank Capacity / Pressure 30Kg

Fuel Cell Stack Power 190 kW (2 x 95 kW) Fuel Cell Stack Power 114 kW (2x Toyota Mirai Fuel Cell Stack Power 185 kW (Ballard FC stack) PEMFC stack)

Status Available in market Status Proof of concept 2018-2019 Status Available in market

23 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge OEM: Nikola Motors Nikola Motor Company is a major player in electric heavy duty applications. Shares of Nikola went public in first quarter of 2020 and the stock has more than doubled since it began trading publicly.

• Nikola is an American truck designer that offers both pure electric and also hydrogen Collaborative business model Funding details electric powertrains to cover class 8 in transportation. . Sep 2019| CNH industrial in • Sep 3, 2019 | CNH Industrials invested $250M in Nikola Motors >> Electric truck models: partnership with Nikola Motors develops full electric and • Sep 5, 2019 | Bosch and Hanwa invested $ 230M in hydrogen fuel cell versions of a Nikola Motors >> • Nikola Motors is providing Nikola One, Nikola Two and Nikola Tre powered with heavy duty truck named Nikola hydrogen fuel cell , with an anticipated range between 500-700 miles. • Aug 7, 2019 | US Department of Energy secured a Tre grant of $1.7M in Nikola Motors >>

. Sep 2019| Nikola partnered with Future Plans >> Bosch to develop fuel-cell semi- truck. Bosch and Hanwha have The company expects to generate revenue with partnered with Nikola for the roll out of its Nikola Tre Class 8 truck investment Launch of the Nikola Two Class 8 FCEV

Specification Nikola ONE Nikola TWO Nikola Tre FutureBridge Analysis Battery and Fuel cell details 320 kWh EV battery 300 kW FC 320 kWh EV battery 300 kW FC 320 kWh EV battery 300 kW FC Collaborative business model

Torque 2.000ft.lbs 2.000ft.lbs 2.000ft.lbs Range Range 500-750miles 500-750miles 500-750miles Powertrain

Power 1000hp 1000hp 500-1000hp Commercialization of models Status Commercialized, available Serial production expected '22- Expected serial production '23 battery version '22 and fuel cell Future outlook '23

Unveiled fully Prototype of Nikola Bosch co-development Signed binding Trevor Milton operational Nikola Two founds Nikola One unveiled and strategic supply agreement to provide chain partnership Anheuser-Busch with up Alpha trucks at Nikola established to 800 trucks World

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Signed sales and Nel announced as sole Signed Hydrogen Station Entered North America Nikola orders service agreement equipment supplier for Development agreement production alliance and electrolysers from Nel with Ryder Systems hydrogen stations with Nel European joint venture worth $30 million with CNHI Iveco

Source credit: Nikola

N/A ~7,900 ~8,200 ~14,000 Total truck sales FCEV FCEV FCEV Nikola BEV Trucks- Concept vehicles

• Nikola announced new battery technology Nikola Tre • Specifications: Nikola TWO Fully electric Class 8 truck with a  energy density-1,100 Wh/Kg on the material level and Fully electric Class 8 truck with a 320 kWh EV battery 500 Wh/Kg on the production cell level (world’s first 320 kWh EV battery Torque: Torque: 2.000ft.lbs free-standing / self-supported electrode ) 2.000ft.lbs Range: 500-750miles(500-1200 km)  Achieves 2,000 cycles Range: 500-750miles Power (total): 500-1000hp  Cell technology expected to cost 50% less to produce Power (total): 1000hp Status: Expected serial production than lithium-ion Status: Serial production expected battery version '22 and fuel cell '23 '22-'23 25 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge OEM: Tesla Tesla plans to use its own technology to build the company’s all-electric Semi truck (not commercialized), including batteries produced at its factory outside Reno, Nev., that supplies its passenger vehicles

Collaborative business model Orders received for Tesla Semi • Tesla is going to produce its battery powered electric truck Tesla Semi by 2021. • Feb 2018| Tesla is reportedly 125 expanding its partnerships, 40 Electric truck models: inking deals to install on-site charging terminals for its electric 100 • Tesla Semi trucks at Anheuser-Busch 15 parent AB InBev , PepsiCo and • The Tesla Semi is an all- United Parcel Service facilities 50 electric battery-powered Class 10 8 semi-truck Press Release • Production of the battery pack Future Plans and powertrain would take place at Tesla's Nevada Tesla Semi Production is Gigafactory delayed until 2021 – electric 100,000 trucks to be produced in a year truck now 2 years late >>

FutureBridge Analysis Specification Tesla Semi Collaborative business model Powertrain 4 Independent Motors on Rear Axles Range Energy consumption <2 kWh per mile (Claimed) Powertrain Range 300 or 500 miles Commercialization of models Acceleration (0-60 mph with 80k lb) 20 sec Future outlook Status Commercialization by 2021

26 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Tesla’s battery truck Vs. Nikola’s fuel-cell truck: major pillars in electrification Nikola Corp. and Tesla Inc. both aim to wean the trucking industry off its decades-old dependence on diesel fuel, but the rivals are using two very different road maps. Electrification Electric models: powered by battery Electric models: powered by fuel cell

Nikola ONE: Hydrogen fuel cell Tesla Semi: all-electric Class 8 semi- electric sleeper semi-truck. trailer truck. Two battery configurations of 300 miles (480 km) and 500 miles (805 km) range (fully Nikola TWO: fully-electric and loaded) hydrogen fuel cell electric day cab Powertrain: 4 Independent Motors on semi-truck Rear Axles Energy Consumption: <2 kWh/mile Nikola TRE: fully-electric and hydrogen fuel cell electric cabover semi-truck.

Collaborations Collaborations

• Advances in battery technology • Hydrogen’s high specific energy since 2010 have reduced the cost and fuel cell’s lightweight of vehicle storage batteries by 80% Tesla’s take on electric semi-truck: Bosch’s take on Nikola’s technology: characteristics will solve range and and improved energy density by ‘Tesla is accelerating the volume- ‘Commercial vehicles, particularly heavy payload issues nearly 50% production of Tesla Semi, as there is a trucks that run long distances over fixed • Nikola is offering range between • An extensive electric grid already surge in investor interest ,even in the routes , could be ideal candidates for 500 and 1,200 miles (805 and exists to bring power to battery middle of pandemic’ fuel-cell technology’ 1,930 km), depending upon load recharging stations that a battery can’t provide.

27 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge OEM: TRATON TRATON Group is offering comprises light-duty commercial vehicles, trucks, and buses at 29 production and assembly sites in 17 countries. The company brands sold around 242,000 vehicles in 2019.

• TRATON SE is a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG and a leading commercial vehicle manufacturer with its brands. Collaborative business model Press Release The company is producing hybrid as well fully • Jan 2020| VW Traton unit electric(battery powered) CVs June 2020| Ford, VW signs on submits buyout offer for Navister commercial vehicles, electrification, Electric truck Brands autonomous driving >> • Sep 2018| VW Traton and MAN Trucks SCANIA Trucks VW Caminhões e Ônibus Solera to develop smart and secure solution for transport Future Plans logistics • TRATON's bus/truck brands (MAN, Scania and CV Deliveries in 2019 >> VW Caminhões e Ônibus) to go electric (gradually) from 2020 on. • The company has invested €1 billion ($1.1 billion) in R&D expenditures on electromobility 104000 99500 41900 by 2025, expecting that within 10-15 years, vehicles vehicles vehicles every third truck/bus sold to have an alternative drivetrain Specification SCANIA electric truck MAN eTGM VW Caminhões e Ônibus- e-Delivery trucks FutureBridge Analysis

Powertrain 290 kW electric machine/245 264 kW electric motor, New powertrain: 260 kW of Collaborative business model kW continuous output, 2-speed developing a maximum torque power and 2,150 Nm of torque transmission, 2200 Nm peak of 3,100 Nm. (on the wheels) torque Range

Energy storage 165 kWh Li-ion batteries 185kWh lithium-ion-nickel- lithium-ion-nickel-manganese- Powertrain manganese-cobalt cells (NMC) cobalt cells (NMC) Commercialization of models Range 120 km 200km >200 km (124 miles)

Future outlook Status Commercialized Commercialized production is expected to begin in 2020

28 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Supplier: BOSCH Bosch and PowerCell together will develop PEM fuel cell stacks. Bosch is supplying fuel cells to Nikola Motors. The company is expecting 20% of all electric vehicles could be on the road with fuel cells by 203.

• Bosch is a major supplier of automotive fuel cells. Collaborative business model Major supply partnerships According to Bosch, fuel cell will have a market share of 13% in heavy commercial vehicles in 2030 • Sep 2019 | Bosch and Hanwa invested $230 M for fuel cell trucks Fuel cell products: • Apr 2019 | Bosch and Nikola developing fuel

• Bosch fuel cell stack cell powertrain for “Nikola Two” truck • Bosch is also developing new solid oxide • Apr 2019 | Bosch signs pact with Sweden's ceramic high-temperature fuel cell systems PowerCell to mass produce fuel cells (SOFC) for automotive. • Aug 2018 | Bosch signs collaboration with Future Plans >> • Fuel cell truck with Nikola: Bosch is providing key components such as hydrogen Ceres Power to produce fuel cells for heavy- The company is planning for series production of fuel cell, electric motors for the e-axle, and duty vehicles fuel cell systems for trucks and cars from 2022 the vehicle control unit for world’s first 40-ton fuel cell powered truck from Nikola known as “Nikola Two”. Technical specifications • Fuel cell stack :The stack is the central component of the fuel-cell system where Specification Bosch FC stack FutureBridge Analysis reaction between hydrogen and oxygen takes place. Temperatures in the stack, Power 60 to 120 kW which comprises 419 individual cells, reach Power around 80 degrees Celsius. As a result of a Power density 3.5 kW/l chemical reaction, the potential energy in the fuel is converted into electrical energy, which Coolant temperature <80°C Power density flows to the power electronics. Service life 6,000 h (2022) or - Range . For the higher power requirements of 20,000 h (2025) commercial vehicles, the number of stacks Commercialization can be increased accordingly. Range 500-750 miles

29 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Supplier: Cummins Cummins developing fuel-cells as well as fuel-cell powertrains. The company forms strategic partnership with European truck manufacturers and delivers fuel cells for Refuse Trucks in Europe.

Cummins is major fuel cell supplier and hydrogen Major supply partnerships manufacturer for more than 20 years. They Collaborative business model develop CV truck models as well . Mar 2020| Cummins increases investment in Loop Energy for Fuel cell products: commercial vehicle applications. Loop

Energy supplies fuel cell electric range

Cummins fuel cell stack extenders for medium and heavy-duty transport applications Cummins is investing in two primary types of fuel

cells, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) and . Sep 2019| Cummins and Hyundai jointly Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), as well as develop and commercialize electric and hydrogen production technologies fuel cell powertrains for CVs Future Plans Cummins is planning to expand their business . Sep 2019| Cummins acquired across Europe Cummins concept vehicle , a fuel cell and hydrogen Cummins unveiled a heavy-duty truck with fuel production technologies provider and closed that acquisition cell and battery electric power. The truck includes a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell from Hydrogenics. FutureBridge Analysis

Specification Cummins FC stack Power Power 90KW

Power density 3 kW/l Power density

Coolant temperature 65-90°C Range Service life NA Commercialization

Range 150 to 250 miles

30 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Supplier: PlugPower PlugPower launched heavy-duty 125 kW ProGen zero emission hydrogen fuel-cell system in early 2020. Production shipments of the heavy-duty systems are to begin in the third quarter of 2020.

• Plug Power’s ProGen engines enable users to Collaborative business model Major supply partnerships meet transportation emission reduction targets, using hydrogen as fuel. . Feb 2020| PlugPower started a partnership with Lightning Systems Fuel cell products: fuel cell-powered Class 6 trucks (up to 12.5 tons) capable of supporting ProGen fuel cell systems : ProGen 125 kW middle-mile delivery logistics powers Class 6, 7 and 8 trucks, and transit between warehouses and buses. These units are designed to be plug- distribution centers. and-play complete fuel cell systems. The • May 2020| PlugPower started a standard module is designed to simplify partnership with Deutsche Post DHL to deploy 100 fuel-cell powered OEM and system integrators’ packaging Future Plans into their commercial offerings. These trucks starting in 2020. systems are available in a variety of output • May 2020| PlugPower –FedEx Production shipments of the heavy-duty engines voltages, are equipped with cold start collaboration for fuel cell logistic are to begin in the third quarter of 2020. capability. trucks Product specifications: P30KW, P60KW, P85KW, P100KW FutureBridge Analysis

Specification Cummins FC stack Power Power 30KW, 60KW, 85KW and 100KW

Power density 3.5 kW/l Power density

Coolant temperature 65-90°C Range Service life NA Commercialization

Range 150 to 250 miles

31 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Startup: US Hybrid US Hybrid is to provide electric and hybrid traction drive systems for medium and heavy duty commercial trucks, and municipality vehicles.

Fuel Cell Powertrain Block Diagram and Schematic Layout

• US Hybrid specializes in the design and manufacturing of zero emission powertrain components for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell medium and heavy-duty municipality vehicles, commercial trucks, buses, and specialty vehicles Business throughout the world. Their products have been used in many OEM commercial strategies vehicles worldwide, including transit systems and trucks with millions of accumulated kilometers of operation.

 US Hybrid is utilizing PEM Hydrogen fuel cell technology to power the vehicle.  Hydrogen and oxygen can be combined in a fuel cell to produce electrical energy

Fuel cell engine details: Technology • FCe™10 (10kW) : Output Power(1-10 KW) , Efficiency (56.9-46.3%) • FCe™40 (40kW) : Output Power(5-40 KW) , Efficiency (56.9-46.3%) • FCe™50 (150kW) : Output Power(5-50 KW) , Efficiency (56.9-46.3%) • FCe™80 (80kW) : Output Power(6-80 KW) , Efficiency (56.9-46.3%) • FCe™100 (100kW): Output Power(15-100 KW) , Efficiency (58.3-46%)

H2Truck™ H2Tug™ Fuel Cell Plug-In Hybrid Electric Range H2 and Battery : 320km/200 miles C-17 Tow Tractor Fuel cell system specification Fuel cell system specification Fuel Cell Supplier: US Fuel Cell PC80™ Fuel Cell Supplier: Hydrogenics Model and Type: FCe80™, PEM Fuel Cell Model and Type: HD30, Fuel Cell Voltage, Current, and Power : 140- Fuel cell Technology: PEM 300, 600A, 80kW Fuel Cell Voltage, Current, and Power: DC-DC Converter : 80kW rated, Integrated 60V-120V, 500A, 30kW Hydrogen Storage System Specifications Hydrogen Storage System Specifications Storage Capacity: >25kg of H2 Storage Capacity: 10kg of H2 (2 x 5kg tanks) Max Pressure- Min Pressure: 350 BAR/5076 Max Pressure- Min Pressure: 350 BAR/5076 PSI - 13.8 BAR/200 PSI PSI - 13.8 BAR/200 PSI Energy Storage Specifications Energy Storage Specifications Li-Ion Battery , Voltage: 390V Nominal Li-Ion Battery , Voltage: 390V Nominal Battery Max Power: 300kW Battery Max Power: 240kW Battery Energy: >30kWhr Battery Energy: 22kWhr

H2Ride™ (30 & 32) H2Cargo™ Range H2 and Battery : 320km/200 miles Range H2 and Battery : 200km/125 miles Fuel cell system specification Fuel cell system specification Fuel Cell Supplier: Hydrogenics Fuel Cell Supplier: Hydrogenics Model and Type: HD30, Model and Type: HD30, PEM Fuel Cell Voltage, Current, and Power : PEM Fuel Cell Voltage, Current, and Power : 60-120VDC, 500A, 30kW 60-120VDC, 500A, 30kW DC-DC Converter : 35kW rated, CV35 DC-DC Converter : 35kW rated, CV35 Hydrogen Storage System Specifications Hydrogen Storage System Specifications Storage Capacity: 10kg of H2 (2 x 5kg tanks) Storage Capacity: 10kg of H2 (2 x 5kg tanks) Max Pressure- Min Pressure: 350 BAR/5076 Max Pressure- Min Pressure: 350 BAR/5076 PSI - 13.8 BAR/200 PSI PSI - 13.8 BAR/200 PSI Energy Storage Specifications Energy Storage Specifications Li-Ion Battery , Voltage: 390V Nominal Li-Ion Battery , Voltage: 390V Nominal Battery Max Power: 240kW Battery Max Power: 240kW Battery Energy: 22kWhr Battery Energy: 22kWhr

33 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Emerging startup: Hyzon Motors Hyzon Motors is a new fuel cell heavy-duty truck manufacturer founded on March 2020

• Hyzon Motors was launched by Horizon Fuel Cell Group, to develop heavy-duty FCEVs and fuel cell stacks exceeding 100kW. Business • Under the Hyzon brand, Horizon launched its first fuel-cell electric vehicles in strategies January 2020, with semi-prototype trucks for Australian consumers. • The company has signaled its ambitions of providing fuel cells for a wide range of vehicles

 Hyzon motors develops world’s first 150kw Fuel Cell Trucks. The vehicle line will include trucks from 15 tons to 40 tons, powered by fuel cell stacks between 100kW and 200kW.  The company claims that fuel efficiency can vary between 3 and 12 km/kg, with its standard range of trucks expected to offer 500 km of range with 48 kg of hydrogen, up to 2000km with 192kg.  Next year the company aims to add other light commercial vehicles[5] and types on the van Technology platform.

Power Systems • 150 kW Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric (40t) • 200 kW Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric (40-60t) • 370 kW Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric (80t)

34 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Market analysis of fuel-cell heavy duty trucks: China, Europe, and the US • Pre-COVID predictions • COVID effects on heavy-duty market • Recovery strategies

Heavy-duty vehicles: Market development based on regions

Europe US China

35 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Global status of Commercial vehicle market The vast majority of annual sales are in China, while in the U.S. and Europe, most heavy-duty electric truck activity is in demonstration and customer trials.

Pre-COVID predictions COVID-19 effects Recovery strategies

• Rise in environmental concern • Most countries endure severe lock-down of at least 3 • California regulators will consider plans to mandate months, restriction for transportation . major increases in deployment of zero-emissions • Government initiatives for development of hydrogen trucks. fuel cell infrastructure • Countries such as US, Brazil, India and Russia are worst hit by the pandemic • European climate regulations are expected to drive • High initial investment in infrastructure increased sale. • The crisis leads to immediate suspension of vehicle and • Advance in technology and future potential in hydrogen related component production • China is shifting towards electrification and broaden the fuel cell vehicle market adoption of fuel cell technology

• Players focus on technology optimization to meet the increasing demand • Governing bodies and related associations are announcing investment & grants • Recovery strategies' to improve adoption of zero-emission technologies in CVs

36 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS Pre COVID predictions: heavy-duty truck market analysis-Europe (2/3) The truck market is dominated by diesel, which accounts for 97.9% of the total number of new registrations in 2019. The registrations of electrically-chargeable vehicles (ECV) - battery-electric or plug-in hybrid - in the European Union plus EFTA last year amounted to 762.

7000 Electric and Alternate Fuel truck sales & market share in 2019 6371

6000

5000

Netherlands(76 units) 4000 3726 2018 2019 Germany(608 units) 3000

2000

France (24 units) 1000 747 357 305 272

0 ECV HEV Alternative Fuels

Pre COVID predictions: heavy-duty truck market analysis (Europe) The truck market is dominated by diesel, which accounts for 97.9% of the total number of new registrations in 2019.

Petrol 0.10%

HEV 0.10%

Diesel Petrol ECV 0.20% ECV HEV Alternative Fuels Alternate fuel 1.70%

• In 2019, EU adopted its first-ever CO2 standards for trucks, setting extremely challenging milestones on the road towards carbon neutrality: -15% CO2 by 2025 and -30% by 2030. • To deliver these steep reductions, Europe’s truck manufacturers are bringing a growing number of zero-emission trucks to the market. • New ECVs accounts 0.2% of market share. New HEV trucks are down to 10.8% compared to 2018 • Alternative Fuels vehicle registrations increased by 71% to 98%. Natural gas vehicles accounts major portion of AF vehicles

Source credits : European Automobile Manufacturers Association

38 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Pre COVID-19: Global status of Fuel-cell electric commercial vehicle development-US Fuel cell CVs are still in development stage. Players such as Nikola is improving the current status by introducing new models

600 US DOE: “National US DOE: US Department Unit sales Overall truck sale prediction Hydrogen Energy of Transportation - Production 451 469 Development 444 “Hydrogen Posture Plan” 406 422 408 Roadmap” 377 400 377 343 358 2003 322 278 Fuel cell CVs 2002 2006 200 US DOE: “Hydrogen DOE issued a funding Fuel Initiative” opportunity announcement for up to 0 $31 million 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2020 2013 40 Fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle 35-40% sales prediction 30 2019 US DOE: announced US DOE: H2USA - a public- $100M for to achieve large- private partnership with FCEV 20 scale hydrogen production OEMs, focusing on advancing and development of fuel hydrogen infrastructure and cells for heavy-duty vehicle enabling the large scale adoption 10 applications of FCEVs >1%

0 2020 2030 2050

• Several pilot and development projects for fuel cell trucks are currently underway. Fuel cell trucks could achieve more than 1% of annual sales in 2030. But it could thus reach mass market acceptability in late 2030’s, but account for 35% of overall truck sales or more than 40% of heavy-duty trucks in 2050. 39 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS COVID-19: Global status and effects Fuel-cell electric commercial vehicle sales The economic crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic may cause a significant delay in the adoption and commercial roll-out of electrification in commercial vehicle sector.

Actions taken by Governments to control the pandemic COVID effects on transport sector

• Most countries endure severe lock-down of at least 3 months, followed by strong restrictions to transport goods and services. This unprecedented crisis is hitting commercial vehicle sector.

Commercial vehicle sales

16 • Current world scenario proves that the economies lose momentum and at least an year is needed for the rebuild. US, Brazil, India, Russia, and UK are some of the worst hit countries among world*. 12 -29%

• The demand for vehicles as well as fuels, has decreased due to locked- 8 down restrictions implemented by governments across the world, to contain the pandemic.

4 • Light commercial vehicles are hit less by the pandemic, as deliveries are being run by e-commerce. But COVID is negatively affecting heavy-duty vehicles, as travel restrictions are extended in many countries. But it is 0 expected that the commercial vehicle sector will regain its momentum 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 faster than passenger vehicles, by 2021. Source credits: Bloomberg * based on July first week WHO data 40 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS

COVID-19: Global status of Fuel-cell electric commercial vehicle sales EV sales in 2020 is dropping due to the pandemic, but hold up better than combustion vehicles. China and Europe pull further ahead of the U.S.

140 35 HCV FCV Sales MCV FCV Sales 120 30

100 25

80 Rest of world 20 Rest of South Korea world South Korea 60 Japan 15 U.S. Japan Europe 40 10 China Europe

20 5

0 0 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Source credits: Bloomberg 5 4 % Share of fleet % FCV share of HCV fleet % share of fleets China 4 % FCV share of MCV fleet 3 Europe China U.S. 3 Europe Japan U.S. 2 South Korea 2 Japan

South Korea Rest of world 1 1 Rest of world

0 0 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 41 Industry2020 Pulse | Q2 20202025 2030 2035 2040 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS COVID-19 : Global status of player activities on Fuel-cell electric commercial vehicle development Global truck sales have fallen due to pandemic hit, and the industry is hitting back with new developments in the sector of commercial vehicles. Fuel cell is getting traction in CVs. Europe Australia US Major OEM’s

Major Suppliers

Activities: Activities: Activities:

• Horizon fuel cell technology • Nikola became first publicly traded • Daimler Truck AG established Startups launched Hyzon Motors which will rig company. Company merged new company for Group's fuel develop and manufacture fuel cell with publicly listed acquisition cell activities, Daimler Truck heavy-duty truck. company Vector IQ. Fuel Cell GmbH & Co. The • H2X which will develop and Daimler-Volvo JV is producing manufacture a range of vehicles • Nikola has placed an order worth FC heavy-duty vehicles. including fuel cell heavy-duty over 30 million dollars with Nel • Quantron announced its fuel trucks. Hydrogen for the supply of cell HD truck for 2021. • Hydrogen Direct Injection’s (HYDI) electrolysers. • Hyundai Motor shipped the systems is on the verge of • Hyundai unveiled HDC-6 Neptune, first 10 units of the Hyundai commercialization of on-board a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty XCIENT fuel cell heavy-duty hydrogen electrolysis unit. truck . It is expected to launch truck, to Switzerland. within 3-4 years in market.

42 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Lessons from China’s COVID-19 experience: Resumption of work China, world’s largest auto market is recovering from coronavirus lockdowns, auto wholesales in June rose for the third straight month to 2.3 million units.

COVID 19- Major impacts, Strategies taken to overcome the impact

. Pandemic spread was at peak in February. China’s large population and high population density ease the spread . Chinese OEMs remain optimistic for the future and maintain the planned schedule. They continued the production and operation to generate revenue for both OEMs and suppliers even in the middle of lock down. Strategies . China accounts for about 30% of global new vehicle sales. But May ’20 . Enhance the construction of supplier risk prevention NEV sales data shows a decline of 23.5% to 82,000 units, due to the system and build ecosystem to resist risk together. pandemic.

Major impacts in . Innovative companies which form the backbone of the technology . Suppliers are resuming work earlier than OEMs. automotive providers are likely to suffer a major shortage of liquidity due to a steep . Chinese suppliers who mainly sell products to local sector drop in revenues which will result in staff cuts or even bankruptcy OEMs are recovering at a faster pace compared to Strategies those who heavily rely on exporting.

. Revised NEV policy as a plan-of action to support the . Large companies which were planning major investments in clean recovery. Overall auto sales growth also was helped by technology are likely to abandon or severely scale-down these plans supportive local government

Strategies . Various plans have been initiated to encourage electric vehicle production which include providing financial support . China’s auto sales are expected to fall by 10%-20% for the year as a whole due to their earlier collapse, from over 25 million units sold in • Daily sanitization and medical care: for plants and office 2019(according to CAAM). • Newly added isolation area and medical area Strategies

43 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Lessons from China’s COVID-19 experience: Fuel cell CV resumption China’s decisive and coordinated action addressing the negative impact of pandemic. Transition of fossil fuel powered CVs to hydrogen powered solutions is gaining attention as the country is moving towards zero-emission mobility. Player activities Government incentive policies

• New energy vehicle credit score program for 2021-23. The credit scheme has designed to encourage EV manufacturers and reduce the number of vehicles running on fossil fuels. • Exemption on purchasing tax extended for two years till 2022

Financial cooperation for enterprises post resumption of work • Toyota partnered with Chinese OEMs for fuel-cell systems for heavy- duty vehicles. • OEM’s and suppliers increased collaborations and partnerships for increasing the funding. New joint ventures are focused on zero- emission mobility, especially fuel cell based solutions. • Ballard receives $7.7M MEA order from Synergy JV in China

Safety production support

• Toyota started JV with Beiqi Foton to develop a 100KW hydrogen fuel cell engine for heavy-duty vehicles. Beiqi Foton Motor published a plan • Daily sanitization and medical care: for plants and office to produce 2000,000 new energy vehicles by 2025 • Newly added isolation area and medical area • Closed-production area

44 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge COVID-19 recovery strategies : Europe The European Commission (EC) has unveiled a “major recovery plan” to help Europe recover from the Covid-19 pandemic, with several long-term commitments to improving the continent’s energy infrastructure.

• It has proposed a €750 billion package that looks to balance economic recovery with EU commitments for carbon neutrality by 2050. • The majority of the countries in the EU, along with the EU Commission, are pushing to commit to net zero emissions by 2050. • With oil prices low, this is a ripe moment to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies in favor of Read more in our May 2020 AF Bulletin renewables. • A healthy and safe COVID-19 recovery Activities: requires that countries fully commit to Mar 2020 | EU countries committed to work together, forging a general investing and rebuilding for a sustainable agreement to align coronavirus economic recovery efforts with progress on future. climate change • Just Transition Fund (JFT): Budgeted at €7.5 billion, basically helps regions and Apr 2020 | Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Portugal, Latvia and Luxembourg - urged the EU to adopt a “green” communities working in the fossil fuel recovery plan sector transition to green energy jobs. • The Commission has proposed €500 billion May 2020 | Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia are demanding to include Natural gas in grants and €250 billion in loans to the projects in “Green Recovery Plans” member states.

45 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge COVID-19 recovery strategies : US COVID-19 is badly hitting the oil and gas industry and thereby Alternate fuels.

• Policymakers are announcing future economic stimulus packages as part of a COVID-19 recovery plan, such as investments/grants and suspension of taxes. • Associations such as the USDA USDA announces $100 million in competitive Diesel Technology Forum is planning to suspend and Diesel forum are executing federal excise tax (FET) for new heavy-duty truck grants for American Biofuels Infrastructure the plan of action to recover from the impacts that Corona caused As a result of lockdowns, road transport has US is going to suspend the federal excise tax in the US. dropped between 50-75 per cent with the (FET) through 2021 for new heavy-duty average global road transport activity falling to commercial truck purchases 50 per cent • According to a report published

The decision is to encourage truckers to invest by IEA renewable hydrogen and Grant would help US bio crop farmers and fuel in technologies that are commercially available manufacturers to overcome the loss caused batteries could power an and deliver economic and environmental due to the Coronavirus pandemic benefits economic recovery from COVID- 19 by spurring global GDP gains According to IEA, Global energy demand for Diesel engines are the workhorse of the of almost $100tn (£80tn) between the first quarter of this year fell by 3.8% trucking industry and power over 95 percent of compared to last year the largest tractor trailer trucks now and 2050.

Read more in our May 2020 AF Bulletin

• Researchers are approaching fuel cell solutions with the goal of developing a clean and efficient alternative to IC engines. • The challenges around cost and performance remain, and considerable improvements are still required for hydrogen to become truly competitive. • But such competitiveness in the medium-term future no longer seems an unrealistic prospect, as more research work is taking place in this area to address the challenges. Fuel cell heavy- duty trucks: Universities and other research departments working on Fuel cells Research focus

47 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Emerging trends in Fuel cell powered Commercial vehicles Researchers are focusing on enhancing the fuel saving and reducing the emission by using new bio-based fuels in fuel-cells powered CVs.

Fuel saving analysis on Research on Emission Life cycle analysis of HDV Fuel-cell auxiliary analysis of HDV

power units (APU)

Life cycle assessment of Fuel consumption and emissions Development of thermally hydrogen and diesel dual-fuel analysis on SOFC APU >> driven refrigeration systems class 8 heavy duty trucks >> along with SOFC >>

Factors affecting the

purchasing & operation of Simulation analysis on H2 H2 consumption emission alternative fuel-powered heavy- saving >> analysis >> duty trucks >>

Life-cycle implications of Bio-fuel options for solid oxide hydrogen fuel cell electric Battery-fuel cell hybrid auxiliary fuel cells and emission power unit for trucks >> vehicle technology for medium- analysis >> and heavy-duty trucks >>

Researchers are analyzing the overall Researchers are finding ways to enhance fuel Fuel cell powered heavy-duty vehicles can environmental footprint and energy demand of savings. APUs will meet the power demand for significantly reduce green house gas emissions. hydrogen powered heavy duty trucks. essential services other than propulsion. Scientists are developing new biofuel options that can work with fuel-cells to reduce emissions further.

48 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Research focus: Fuel cell powered Commercial vehicles Research focus is on Hydrogen fuel cell. More number of paper published in this particular area.

Paper published by topic Paper published by type of powertrain

12 Solid oxide fuel cell 2

8 Methanol fuel cell 1

4 Hybrid 8

0 Hydrogen fiuel cell 30 Emission analysis Life cycle analysis Auxiliary power unit Others

12 Paper published by year 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

10 FutureBridge Analysis

8 • From our analysis, it is found that more papers are published on lifecycle and emission analysis of heavy duty vehicles. 6 • Researchers are inclined towards Hydrogen fuel cell rather than 10 other types. The availability of fuel, refueling facilities available and 4 commercialized models are some of the reasons for the traction. • Hydrogen fuel cell and IC Engine combination is also on the top of 6 5 the list, which shows the research focus on advancements in 2 4 3 3 3 existing models to save fuel and reduce emissions 2 2 1 • Solid Oxide fuel cell are will emerge as a reliable power source for 0 automotive in future. 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 >2010

Research papers: Fuel cell auxiliary power units (APU) Auxiliary power units (APUs) are used in trucking, aviation, and other applications to provide power for essential services other than propulsion.

Battery-fuel cell hybrid auxiliary power unit for trucks Institute for Automotive Engineering, 2016 Fuel-cell powered APUs can benefit • The idling operation of engines in heavy duty vehicles to cover electricity transport refrigeration units (TRU), demand during layovers entails significant fuel consumption and corresponding emissions. which are attached to semi-trailer • Hybrid systems could offer enormous fuel savings and constitute a sizeable trucks to ensure cold food is step on the path toward energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly heavy duty transported safely in a climate- vehicles that does not necessitate a fuel switch. controlled environment.

Evaluation of fuel cell auxiliary power units for heavy-duty diesel trucks University of California, 2002 • The novelty of the approach is the simulation performed on realistic combination of city and urban road cycle. • The H2 consumption and size of hydrogen tank was estimated based on Nuvera Fuel Cells and Plug Power assumed 8-h daily drive. Finally, the migration of power supply for auxiliary units on commercial vehicle from internal combustion engine showed potential of fuel partnered with Pacific Northwest savings and CO2 reduction of up to 9% for a given case on this specific test National Laboratory (PNNL) and the cycle. heavy-duty trucking industry to develop hydrogen-powered fuel cell TRUs for Fuel consumption and emissions reductions from fuel cell auxiliary power units refrigerator trucks. Regulation of idling, University of California, 2007 noise, and emissions, as well as • The idling of heavy-duty trucks results in additional emissions, fuel consumption, incentives have increased interest in and cost. • A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) APU is particularly attractive, because in conjunction alternatives to fossil fuel-powered with a reformer, it could operate on widely available diesel fuel. TRUs and APUs for heavy-duty • SOFC APUs might be economically feasible for up to 15% of the long-haul truck trucking. population (60,000 trucks) in the United States in the 2015 time frame, resulting in a 30% reduction of heavy-duty truck fuel use during overnight idling and a 40% reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) produced during idling.

Research papers: Emission analysis of HDV Most heavy-duty vehicles are powered by diesel engines that emit high levels of particulates, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants. Based on their mileage and fuel consumption freight vehicles are among the highest contributors to GHG emissions and street level pollution.

Engine exhaust and fuel cell exhaust with vapor absorption The trucking industry is a major oil refrigeration/air conditioning systems consumer. The trucking industry in the US, University of Birmingham, 2020 the EU and China combined consumes 17M • Development of thermally driven refrigeration systems along with SOFC units for barrels of oil per day which is one-fifth of trucks could potentially be a game changer for the truck refrigeration industry. global oil demand. • Diesel engine can be completely be eliminated and the powertrain design will be Oil demand from road freight is projected to a combination of PEFCs and SOFCs. grow by 5 million barrels per day by 2050, or • Such a system will definitely increase vehicle efficiency, reduce emission and noise from these vehicles. around 40% of the projected increase in global oil demand in that period. This growth is expected to lead to a significant increase in carbon dioxide emissions of nearly 900 Life-cycle implications of hydrogen fuel cell – emission analysis million tonnes through 2050, or about the US Department of Energy, 2018 same level of emissions growth as from coal • Renewable hydrogen technology decreases life-cycle energy use and emissions. use in the power and the entire industry For urban and local operation, life-cycle benefits of fuel cell electric trucks are sector combined. robust. • The H2 consumption and size of hydrogen tank was estimated based on assumed 8-h daily drive. Finally, the migration of power supply for auxiliary units on commercial vehicle from internal combustion engine showed potential of fuel savings and CO2 reduction of up to 9% for a given case on this specific test cycle.

Emission assessment : bio-fuel options for solid oxide fuel cells Rochester Institute of Technology, 2012 • The methodology demonstrated in this work is an interdisciplinary combination of

environmental assessments and thermodynamics. Source>> • It not only allows for environmental impacts to be assessed during systematic process design, but also provides a possible path for LCA to overcome the Studies show that the fuel cell powered challenge of data acquisition for realistic operating conditions. heavy-duty vehicles can significantly reduce • The methodology and associated outcomes of this work can also be replicated for green house gas emissions. the waste feedstock and geographic parameters specific to any region, to provide the quantitative information required for decision makers to develop feasible local biofuel options for fuel cell-based energy systems. 51 Industry Pulse | Q2 2020 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge EXECUTIVE LENS INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES BENCHMARKING PLAYERS

Research papers: Life cycle analysis of HDV Life cycle assessment is conducted to evaluate the overall environmental and economic impacts of implementing hydrogen and diesel dual-fuel solutions in heavy-duty trucks. . Trucks are a major contributor to the growth Life cycle assessment of hydrogen and diesel dual-fuel class 8 in transport-fuel consumption, as well as heavy duty trucks rising carbon dioxide and air pollutant University of Birmingham, 2020 emissions. But the sector gets far less

attention and policy focus than passenger • The results from LCA show a significant reduction in emissions, proportionally to the diesel displacement ratio. vehicles. Only four countries have energy- • Waste hydrogen available at low cost can facilitate immediate emission efficiency standards for heavy trucks, reduction and operational cost savings for existing truck fleets. compared with about 40 countries with passenger-vehicle standards.

Factors affecting the purchasing decision and operation of alternative fuel-powered heavy-duty trucks Otto Beisheim School of Management, 2019

• The transport sector is the third-largest producer of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Germany. But the country aims to cut emissions from transport by at least 40% by 2030. • A truck’s reliability, an available fueling/charging infrastructure, the possibility to The life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the fuel enter low-emission zones as well as current and future fuel costs are key factors cell commercial vehicle determines the when purchasing and operating an alternative fuel-powered HDT. overall environmental footprint and energy • Subsidies are one promising way to spur the penetration of low emission HDTs. demand by studying all phases of the complete transportation system, including Life-cycle implications of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle technology for medium- and heavy- the hydrogen infrastructure, bus duty trucks manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life Argonne National Laboratory, 2018 disposal. Scenario analysis quantifies the • A comprehensive and up-to-date life-cycle comparison of hydrogen fuel cell improvements that can be expected in electric trucks (FCETs) and their conventional diesel counterparts in terms of future generations of fuel cell vehicles and energy use and air emissions. shows that a reduction of greater than 50% • For the centralized steam methane reforming (SMR) pathway, hydrogen FCETs is achievable in the greenhouse gas, reduce life-cycle or well-to-wheel (WTW) petroleum energy use by more than photochemical ozone creation and primary 98% compared to their diesel counterparts. energy demand impact categories.

Patents: Fuel cells for commercial vehicle applications

No of patents per year No. of patents per assignee

34 Air liquide 1

Daimler 1

8 7 5 5 3 Weichai Power 2

2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015

FAW 1 • More number of patents are filed by Toyota, followed by Hyundai and Weichai Power. • OEMs are mainly focusing on finding new ways to increase the efficiency of fuel cell system. Cooling system for fuel cell stacks and noise/vibration reduction for passenger comfort are some other Hyundai 2 concerns of assignees. • Patents also talks about methods of construction of fuel cells , fuel cell parts assembling , auxiliary power units, hydrogen supply, converters, fuel cell boosters etc., • Suppliers such as Air Liquide and BASF are focusing on different types of hydrogen production Toyota 6 methods and its utilization in a fuel cell.

IP activity scenario We have selected key patents from OEMs and suppliers that describes the role of fuel cells in CVs.

JP2019126132A Fuel cell system for industrial truck DE102011087912A1 Fuel cell system e.g. mobile fuel cell system, for use in commercial vehicle, has compression device for • The patent reference discusses about providing compressing cathode gas, provided in cathode gas guide, a fuel cell system for an industrial vehicle, which and selectively bypassed from cathode gas by bypass guide can reduce discomfort caused by noise vibration • The present invention relates to a fuel cell system comprising - a fuel cell with an anode and a cathode, an electrolyte being of a cooling fan used for cooling a fuel cell stack arranged between the anode and the cathode, - a cathode path to passengers of the industrial vehicle and with a cathode gas guide for supplying cathode gas to the humans around the industrial vehicle. cathode and a cathode exhaust gas guide for discharging Cathode exhaust gas from the cathode, - an anode path with an anode gas guide for supplying anode gas to the anode and an anode exhaust gas guide for discharging anode exhaust gas from the anode, wherein at least one first compression device for compressing cathode gas is provided in the cathode gas guide; and wherein the at least one first compression device can be bridged selectively by the cathode gas by means of a bypass guide.

CN108054411A Thermal management system for fuel cell of DE102010034271A1 Method for operating fuel cell e.g. solid-oxide fuel commercial vehicle cell of auxiliary power unit for e.g. lorry, involves using urea or aqueous urea solution as fuel on • The invention provides a commercial vehicle fuel anode side of fuel cell, where solution is conducted cell thermal management system, which accurately to anode side of cell over pump controls the reaction temperature of the hydrogen • The method involves using urea or aqueous urea fuel cell, improves the reaction efficiency of the solution as fuel on an anode side of a fuel cell. The hydrogen fuel cell, and solves the technical problem aqueous urea solution is provided with a urea content of slow heating after the vehicle low temperature of between 20 and 50 percent, in particular between 30 operating environment is started. and 40 percent. The urea or urea solution is conducted over an injection pump or a jet pump to the anode side of the fuel cell. Decentralized electricity is generated. A supply tank is provided for storing urea or urea solution and connected to the supply tank arranged at the anode side of the fuel cell. An independent claim is also included for a device for operating a fuel cell.

S.No Development Date Type URL

1 1. BMW's Upcoming Hydrogen SUV reaffirms 4-Apr-20 Announcement Link longer-term commitment to fuel cell technology 1. Fortescue and ATCO to explore the 6-Apr-20 Announcement Link deployment of hydrogen vehicle fueling infrastructure in W Australia; renewable H2 2 1. SWEG and Daimler sign LOI for first 2-Apr-20 Collaboration/Partnership Link Mercedes-Benz eCitaro REX with fuel cell range-extender 3 1. Griffith researchers enhance catalytic activity 7-Apr-20 Technology development Link Appendix for water splitting 4 1. Photocatalytic optical fibers convert water into 6-Apr-20 Technology development Link hydrogen 5 1. Mitsubishi Fuso to begin series production of 2-Apr-20 Technology development Link fuel-cell trucks by late 2020s; concept eCanter F-CELL 6 1. Volkswagen: Green fuels will save the 7-Apr-20 Technology development Link combustion engine 7 1. McLaren looks to synthetic fuels as potential 9-Apr-20 Announcement Link savior for internal-combustion engines 8 1. H2-Share hydrogen-powered heavy-duty rigid 13-Apr-20 Link truck starts trials in the Netherlands 9 1. BMW's Upcoming Hydrogen SUV reaffirms 4-Apr-20 Announcement Link longer-term commitment to fuel cell technology 10 1. Fortescue and ATCO to explore the 4-Apr-20 Announcement Link deployment of hydrogen vehicle fueling infrastructure in W Australia; renewable H2

S.No Development Date Type URL

11 TU Dresden chemists develop noble metal aerogels for electrochemical 10-Apr-20 Technology development Link hydrogen production 12 Biofuel producers face continued economic hardship from COVID-19 7-Apr-20 Link

13 Daimler and Volvo Trucks in joint venture fuel cell systems 21-Apr-20 Collaboration/Partnership Link

14 ARENA opens $70 million funding round to fast track renewables for 15-Apr-20 Announcement Link hydrogen 15 Gas storage method could help next-generation clean energy vehicles 16-Apr-20 Technology development Link

16 Daimler will end development of fuel cell cars 22-Apr-20 Collaboration/Partnership Link

17 INL researchers develop high-performance oxygen electrode for PCEC 22-Apr-20 Technology development Link cell; high-temperature electrolysis 18 French biodiesel plants close temporarily as demand slows 22-Apr-20 Technology development Link

19 Germany bets on green hydrogen in quest for climate neutrality 27-Apr-20 Announcement Link

20 Ethanol production in Germany fell 12.88% last year from 2018; market 22-Apr-20 Announcement Link share of E10 up 1 percentage point

21 NASA tests newly developed green fuel 24-Apr-20 Technology development Link

22 KIST develops high-performance ceramic fuel cell that operates on butane 27-Apr-20 Technology development Link gas

23 Arcola Energy and Optare launch Metrodecker H2 hydrogen fuel cell 1-May-20 Technology development Link double-deck bus

S.No Development Date Type URL KIST team develops low-temperature high-performance solid-oxide fuel 28-Apr-20 Link 24 cell that operates on butane gas; possible EV applications Technology development Researchers develop new composite membrane for direct ethanol fuel 5-May-20 Link cells 25 Technology development IEA touts hydrogen and batteries as key to COVID-19 recovery 4-May-20 Link 26 Announcement USDA announces $100 million in competitive grants for American Biofuels 4-May-20 Link 27 Infrastructure Investment BMW hydrogen fuel cell investment confirms commitment to EVs 7-May-20 Link 28 Investment Hyundai Motor to jointly establish hydrogen refuelling station for fuel cell 12-May-20 Link electric buses at Incheon Airport Announcement 29 30 Hyzon Motors compete in hydrogen heavy-duty vehicles 18-May-20 Product launch Link Rice University’s artificial leaf creating breakthrough in hydrogen fuel 15-May-20 Link production 31 Technology development Scientists discover new polymer glass to boost support for hydrogen fuel 18-May-20 Link cells 32 Technology development Air Products and Topsoe sign global alliance agreement for collaboration 16-May-20 Link on large-scale Ammonia, Methanol, DME projects 33 Technology development HyPower to use Honeywell’s technology for Hydrogen fuel cells 21-May-20 Link 34 Partnership/Collaboration Liquid Fuels Trade Association adds to the Government’s E10 debate 20-May-20 Link 35 Regualion 36 H2OzBus project to deploy 100 fuel cell buses across Australia 23-May-20 Link Announcement

S.No Development Date Type URL

37 Rolls-Royce and Daimler Truck AG plan cooperation on fuel cell system 27-May-20 Link 38 Nikola orders electrolysers from Nel 4-Jun-20 Announcement Link

39 Alstom and Snam to develop hydrogen trains in Italy 5-Jun-20 Announcement Link

40 Michelin joins MissionH24 project for development of fuel cell in 12-Jun-20 Announcement Link motorsport 41 Australian Startup H2X to Manufacture Hydrogen Vehicles 15-Jun-20 Announcement Link

42 Australian company introducing on-board hydrogen electrolysis unit to 12-Jun-20 Technology Development Link reduce diesel consumption and emissions

43 Daimler Truck AG establishes new company for Group's fuel cell activities 9-Jun-20 Announcement Link 44 Toyota partners with Chinese OEMs for fuel-cell systems 10-Jun-20 Link

45 China revising NEV credit scheme for 2021-23 22-Jun-20 Link

46 Quantron announces heavy fuel cell truck for 2021 18-Jun-20 Announcement Link

47 Ballard receives follow-on orders for 15 fuel cell modules from Wrightbus 19-Jun-20 Link to power UK buses 48 Researchers develop new fuel cells with twice operating voltage as 18-Jun-20 Technology development Link hydrogen

S.No Research paper title URL Factors affecting the purchasing decision and operation of alternative fuel-powered heavy-duty trucks Link 1 in Germany – A Delphi study Preferences for autonomous and alternative fuel-powered heavy-duty trucks in Germany Link 2 Coupling of engine exhaust and fuel cell exhaust with vapour absorption refrigeration/air conditioning Link 3 systems for transport applications: A review 4 Techno-economic analysis of fuel cell auxiliary power units as alternative to idling Link Supply system of cryo-compressed hydrogen for fuel cell stacks on heavy duty trucks Link 5 Life-cycle implications of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle technology for medium- and heavy-duty Link 6 trucks 7 Designing hydrogen fuel cell electric trucks in a diverse medium and heavy duty market Link Clean commercial transportation: Medium and heavy duty fuel cell electric trucks Link 8 A battery-fuel cell hybrid auxiliary power unit for trucks: Analysis of direct and indirect hybrid Link 9 configurations Analysis of potential fuel consumption and emissions reductions from fuel cell auxiliary power units Link 10 (APUs) in long-haul trucks A model-based approach to battery selection for truck onboard fuel cell-based APU in an anti-idling Link 11 application Demonstration of the First European SOFC APU on a Heavy Duty Truck Link 12 Evaluation of fuel cell auxiliary power units for heavy-duty diesel trucks Link 13

S.No Research paper title URL Economic analysis of a high-pressure urban pipeline concept (HyLine) for delivering hydrogen to retail Link 14 fueling stations Coordination control strategy for the air management of heavy vehicle fuel cell engine Link 15 The impact of fuel cell vehicle deployment on road transport greenhouse gas emissions: The China case Link 16 17 Commercial vehicle auxiliary loads powered by PEM fuel cell Link Analysis of the market for diesel PEM fuel cell auxiliary power units onboard long-haul trucks and of its Link 18 implications for the large-scale adoption of PEM FCs Performance simulation and analysis of a fuel cell/battery hybrid forklift truck Link 19 20 Fuel cell electric vehicles: An option to decarbonize heavy-duty transport? Results from a Swiss case-study Link Fuel cell systems with reforming of petroleum-based and synthetic-based diesel and kerosene fuels for APU Link 21 applications Model study of a fuel cell range extender for a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV) Link 24 Life cycle assessment integrated with thermodynamic analysis of bio-fuel options for solid oxide fuel cells Link 25 Supercritical cryo-compressed hydrogen storage for fuel cell electric buses Link 26 Rapid refill, high uptime: running forklifts with fuel cells Link 27 Demonstrations and marketing strategies of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China Link 28

S.No Research paper title URL Hydrodesulfurization process with pre-saturation using reformate for application in a 5 kW fuel cell Link 29 system Fuel cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle anticipatory and real-time blended-mode energy management Link 30 for battery life preservation Diesel fuel reformer for automotive fuel cell applications Link 31 32 Electrical start-up for diesel fuel processing in a fuel-cell-based auxiliary power unit Link Battery electric propulsion: An option for heavy-duty vehicles? Results from a Swiss case-study Link 33 Direct methanol fuel cell systems for backup power – Influence of the standby procedure on the Link 34 lifetime 35 The huge potential of fuel cells is in the hands of the consumer Link Experimental Investigation of H2 Generator and PEM Fuel Cell as a Remote Area Back-Up Power Link 36 Fuel processing for fuel cell systems in transportation and portable power applications Link 37 Life Cycle Assessment of hydrogen transport and distribution options Link 38 Progress in the US DOE fuel cell subprogram efforts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells Link 39 Guidelines and recommendations for indoor use of fuel cells and hydrogen systems Link 40 Impact of hydrogen onboard storage technologies on the performance of hydrogen fuelled vehicles: A Link 41 techno-economic well-to-wheel assessment

61 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge Appendix- Policies related to EV in selected regions . * Indicates that the policy is only Canada China EU India Japan USA implemented at a state/province/local level. . ** Standards for chargers are a Regulations ZEV mandate ✓* ✓ ✓* fundamental prerequisite for the (vehicles) development of EV supply equipment. All regions listed here have developed Fuel economy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ standards standards for chargers. Some (China, European Union, India) are mandating Incentives Fiscal incentives ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ (vehicles) specific standards as a minimum requirement; others (Canada, Japan, Targets ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓* (vehicles) United States) are not. Industrial policies Subsidy ✓ ✓ ✓ . Check mark (✓) indicates that the policy is set at national level. Regulations Hardware ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ (chargers) standards** . Building regulations refer to an Building ✓* ✓* ✓ ✓ ✓* obligation to install chargers (or regulations conduits to facilitate their future Incentives Fiscal incentives ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓* installation) in new and renovated (chargers) buildings. Targets ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓* . (chargers) Incentives for chargers include direct investment and purchase incentives for both public and private charging. 62 A FutureBridge Initiative. Copyright © 2020 by FutureBridge North America Thank you 55 Madison Ave, Suite 400 Latest deliverable to read Morristown, NJ 07960 USA T: +1 212 835 1590 June 2020 Bulletin AF Europe 328-334 Graadt van Roggenweg What’s new in Bulletin ? 4th Floor, Utrecht, 3531 AH Netherlands 1. Detailed analysis on Policies to support hydrogen heavy duty trucks T: +31 30 298 2108

2. Startup highlights: Hyliion and US Hybrid United Kingdom 5 Chancery Lane London EC4A 1BL Upcoming deliverable United Kingdom T: +44 207 406 7548

Asia Pacific H1 2020 TDD– AF Millennium Business Park Sector 3, Building # 4, Mahape Navi Mumbai 400 710 India T: +91 22 6772 5700

[email protected] Do you need customized, actionable insights aligned with your priorities? Submit a BO futurebridge.com