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Powrót Do Idei Sprzed Lat: Idea Swobodnego Przepływu Informacji Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych mgr Michał Olędzki Udział wyszukiwarek internetowych w realizacji idei swobodnego przepływu informacji. Analiza działalności wyszukiwarki Google Rozprawa doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. dr. hab. Wiesława Władyki Warszawa 2016 Ten utwór jest dostępny na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 3.0 Polska (CC-BY) Spis treści Wprowadzenie ..................................................................................................................... 4 Rozdział 1. Idea swobodnego przepływu informacji ...................................................... 15 1.1. Historia koncepcji swobodnego przepływu informacji .............................................. 15 1.1.1. Początki idei swobodnego przepływu informacji .......................................... 17 1.1.2. Idea zrównoważonego przepływu informacji – kontrpropozycja krajów Trzeciego Świata i państw bloku sowieckiego .............................................. 19 1.1.3. Współczesna koncepcja swobodnego przepływu informacji ........................ 22 1.2. Swobodny przepływ informacji w dobie Internetu .................................................... 28 1.2.1. Formy realizacji idei swobodnego przepływu informacji w dobie Internetu 35 1.2.2. Ruchy społeczne na rzecz realizowania idei swobodnego przepływu informacji na świecie ..................................................................................... 41 1.2.3. Przeszkody w realizacji idei swobodnego przepływu informacji na świecie za pomocą Internetu....................................................................................... 50 1.2.4. Rekapitulacja ................................................................................................. 53 Rozdział 2. Reglamentacja dostępu do Internetu ........................................................... 61 2.1. Różnice w dostępie do Internetu na świecie .............................................................. 61 2.1.1. Rozwój Internetu na świecie.......................................................................... 62 2.1.2. „Czarne punkty” w dostępie do Internetu na świecie .................................... 71 2.2. Ograniczenia udziału w komunikacji internetowej .................................................... 76 2.2.1. Indeks wolnego Internetu na świecie............................................................. 77 2.2.2. Raport Specjalnego Sprawozdawcy UNESCO ............................................. 85 2.2.3. Przeciwdziałania barierom ............................................................................ 95 2.3. Przyszłość wolnego Internetu ................................................................................... 101 Rozdział 3. Wyszukiwarki internetowe ........................................................................ 106 3.1. Największe wyszukiwarki internetowe .................................................................... 106 3.1.1. Historia wyszukiwarek internetowych ........................................................ 107 3.1.2. Sposób działania wyszukiwarek internetowych .......................................... 109 3.1.3. Wyszukiwarki na świecie (Google, Yahoo!, Yandex, Baidu, Bing) ........... 116 3.2. Wyszukiwarka Google ............................................................................................. 122 3.2.1. Historia i misja Google ................................................................................ 124 3.2.2. Algorytm wyszukiwarki Google ................................................................. 128 3.2.3. Popularność wyszukiwarki Google ............................................................. 131 2 Rozdział 4. Polityka Google wobec idei swobodnego przepływu informacji ............. 136 4.1. Przepływ informacji w służbie biznesu .................................................................... 136 4.2. Przykłady cenzurowania Google .............................................................................. 140 4.3. „Raport przejrzystości” Google ............................................................................... 144 4.4. Prawo do zapomnienia ............................................................................................. 149 Rozdział 5. Neutralność informacji dostarczanych przez Google – wyniki badań .. 157 5.1. Metodologia badania ................................................................................................ 159 5.2. Wyniki eksperymentu............................................................................................... 163 5.3. Kolejność odpowiedzi .............................................................................................. 177 5.4. Treść linków i opisów .............................................................................................. 180 5.5. Reklama .................................................................................................................... 182 5.6. Usługi Google .......................................................................................................... 185 5.7. Wnioski .................................................................................................................... 188 Zakończenie ...................................................................................................................... 192 Bibliografia ....................................................................................................................... 198 Spis rysunków .................................................................................................................. 218 Spis tabel ........................................................................................................................... 218 Aneks ................................................................................................................................ 220 Załącznik 1. Indeks czynników wpływających na sukces danej strony w rankingach wyszukiwarek wraz z punktacją i opisem w formie pytania ..................... 221 Załącznik 2. Przykłady typów danych, jakie Google może ujawnić organom rządowym ................................................................................................... 224 Załącznik 3. Przykładowe tabele z opracowanymi wynikami badania ........................... 226 3 Wprowadzenie Internet (czy inaczej WWW, Web albo Sieć1) stał się bardzo ważną częścią naszego życia. Znaczny odsetek społeczeństwa widzi jednak w Internecie źródło swoich problemów i podejmuje różne środki, aby się od niego „uniezależnić”. Stąd modne zrobiły się ostatnio na przykład wyjazdy wakacyjne pod hasłem digital detox czy też coraz częstsze przypadki wysyłania swoich dzieci do psychologów specjalizujących się w uzależnieniach od Internetu. Spójrzmy, jak wygląda życie w dobie Internetu. Jeżeli student na zajęciach usłyszy od profesora ciekawą informację, może w każdej chwili, korzystając z laptopa lub smartfona, wejść na stronę wyszukiwarki informacji typu Google i sprawdzić, co w tej kwestii zostało napisane w Internecie, albo raczej co wyszukiwarka „uzna” za najważniejsze informacje. Gdy dotknie nas lub kogoś z naszych bliskich rzadko spotykana choroba, można dowiedzieć się co o symptomach i sposobach leczenia piszą lekarze na specjalistycznych portalach, a nawet poprosić społeczność internetową o pomoc w sfinansowaniu drogiej operacji za granicą. Gdy zaintryguje nas jakiś obrazek bez podpisu, wystarczy zrobić jego kopię i przesłać do którejś z wyszukiwarek rozpoznających obrazy (np. tineye.com) – jeśli grafika była wystarczająco popularna, to na pewno otrzymamy informację, kto jest jej autorem i kiedy została stworzona. Jadąc samochodem, często można usłyszeć w radiu utwór, który nam się podoba. Redaktor prowadzący audycję podpowiada, że wystarczy wejść na stronę internetową radiostacji, aby zobaczyć listę nadawanych utworów i dowiedzieć się, kto śpiewa i jaki tytuł ma piosenka. Skoro już to wiemy, można wpisać tytuł w wyszukiwarce YouTube i odtworzyć go razem z teledyskiem tyle razy, ile nam się podoba. Zawsze można chcieć posłuchać utworu bez dostępu do Internetu – wystarczy go wtedy wcześniej ściągnąć. Sumieniu ściągającego i obowiązującemu prawu pozostawiamy odpowiedź na pytanie, czy zapłacił za to, czy nie. To samo dotyczy filmów i seriali – każdy użytkownik Internetu może obejrzeć na swoim urządzeniu film lub najnowszy odcinek ulubionego serialu, którego akurat żadna telewizja w Polsce nie emituje. Jeżeli jednak seriale te trafiają na polski rynek, to wątpliwą przyjemnością jest oglądanie odcinków, gdy już wszyscy na świecie wiedzą, kogo tym razem producent uśmiercił. 1 Wyrazy Internet i Sieć są pisane dużą literą, stosując się do rozstrzygnięcia Rady Języka Polskiego. Źródło: http://www.rjp.pan.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=961:internet-&catid=44:porady- jzykowe&Itemid=58 [dostęp: 20.02.2016]. 4 Internet, zważywszy na swoją istotę i ciągły rozwój staje się przydatnym i potężnym instrumentem pozyskiwania wiedzy. Gdy ludzie poszukują informacji, zwracają się w pierwszej kolejności do Sieci2 internetowej. Daje to podstawę do myślenia, że dzięki internetowi, a w szczególności wyszukiwarkom, nabywamy większej wiedzy; problem w tym, że jednocześnie dostęp do informacji nie jest jednakowy dla wszystkich. Popularne wyszukiwarki, takie jak Google czy Yahoo!, spełniają dziś rolę dominujących agencji informacyjnych – produkują, organizują, dystrybuują, dostosowują, a nawet manipulują3 informacją online, tym samym
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