Cognitive and Memory Functions in Plant Immunity
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Recent Advances in Effector-Triggered Immunity in Plants: New Pieces in the Puzzle Create a Different Paradigm
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Recent Advances in Effector-Triggered Immunity in Plants: New Pieces in the Puzzle Create a Different Paradigm Quang-Minh Nguyen 1,† , Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto 1,† , Geon Hui Son 1 and Sang Hee Kim 1,2,* 1 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; [email protected] (Q.-M.N.); [email protected] (A.B.B.I.); [email protected] (G.H.S.) 2 Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)—the first layer of the immune response—is no longer effective as a result of pathogenic effectors, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often provides resistance. In ETI, host plants directly or indirectly perceive pathogen effectors via resistance proteins and launch a more robust and rapid defense response. Resistance proteins are typically found in the form of nucleotide- binding and leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors (NLRs). Upon effector recognition, an NLR undergoes structural change and associates with other NLRs. The dimerization or oligomerization of NLRs signals to downstream components, activates “helper” NLRs, and culminates in the ETI response. Originally, PTI was thought to contribute little to ETI. However, most recent studies revealed crosstalk and cooperation between ETI and PTI. Here, we summarize recent advancements Citation: Nguyen, Q.-M.; Iswanto, in our understanding of the ETI response and its components, as well as how these components A.B.B.; Son, G.H.; Kim, S.H. -
Myeloid and Tubular Epithelial Cells Shape Renal Innate Immunity
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304: F1243–F1251, 2013. First published March 20, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00101.2013. Review Sisters in arms: myeloid and tubular epithelial cells shape renal innate immunity Takashi Hato, Tarek M. El-Achkar, and Pierre C. Dagher Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana Submitted 19 February 2013; accepted in final form 13 March 2013 Hato T, El-Achkar TM, Dagher PC. Sisters in arms: myeloid and tubular epithelial cells shape renal innate immunity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304: F1243– F1251, 2013. First published March 20, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00101.2013.—The importance of innate immunity for survival is underscored by its presence at almost every level of the evolutionary tree of life. The task of “danger” recognition by the Downloaded from innate immune system is carried out by a broad class of pattern recognition receptors. These receptors are expressed in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoi- etic cells such as renal epithelial cells. Upon activation, pattern recognition receptors induce essentially two types of defensive responses: inflammation and phagocytosis. In this review, we highlight evidence that renal epithelial cells are endowed with such defensive capabilities and as such fully participate in renal innate immune responses. http://ajprenal.physiology.org/ epithelial cells; innate immunity; pattern recognition receptors; Toll-like receptor; endotoxin THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF THE innate immune system is to primarily focus on the less explored “innate immune cells”, initiate a quick response immediately after detecting “danger i.e., renal epithelial cells. signals” in the setting of infection (nonself) or tissue injury (self). -
Soybean Resistance Genes Specific for Different Pseudomonas Syringue Avirwlence Genes Are Auelic, Or Closely Linked, at the RPG1 Locus
Copyright 0 1995 by the Genetics Society of America Soybean Resistance Genes Specific for Different Pseudomonas syringue Avirwlence Genes are AUelic, or Closely Linked, at the RPG1 Locus Tom Ashfield,* Noel T. Keen,+ Richard I. Buzzell: and Roger W. Innes* *Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, $Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and fAgriculture & Agri-food Canada, Research Station, Harrow, Ontario NOR lG0, Canada Manuscript received July6, 1995 Accepted for publication September 11, 1995 ABSTRACT RPGl and RPMl are disease resistance genes in soybean and Arabidopsis, respectively, that confer resistance to Pseudomonas syringae strains expressing the avirulence gene awB. RPMl has recently been demonstrated to have a second specificity, also conferring resistance to P. syringae strains expressing [email protected] we show that alleles, or closely linked genes, exist at the RPGl locus in soybean that are specific for either awB or awR@ml and thus can distinguish between these two avirulence genes. ESISTANCE displayed by particular plant cultivars genes specific to avirulence genes of both the soybean R to specific races of a pathogen is often mediated pathogen Psgand the tomato pathogen Pst. The inabil- by single dominant resistance genes (R-genes). Typi- ity of Pstto cause disease in any soybean cultivarcan be cally, these R-genes interact with single dominant “avir- explained, atleast in part, by the presence of a battery of ulence” (aw) genes in the pathogen. Such specific in- resistance genes in soybean that correspond to one or teractions between races of pathogens and cultivars of more avirulence genes present in all Pst strains. -
Genetic Engineering and Sustainable Crop Disease Management: Opportunities for Case-By-Case Decision-Making
sustainability Review Genetic Engineering and Sustainable Crop Disease Management: Opportunities for Case-by-Case Decision-Making Paul Vincelli Department of Plant Pathology, 207 Plant Science Building, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; [email protected] Academic Editor: Sean Clark Received: 22 March 2016; Accepted: 13 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: Genetic engineering (GE) offers an expanding array of strategies for enhancing disease resistance of crop plants in sustainable ways, including the potential for reduced pesticide usage. Certain GE applications involve transgenesis, in some cases creating a metabolic pathway novel to the GE crop. In other cases, only cisgenessis is employed. In yet other cases, engineered genetic changes can be so minimal as to be indistinguishable from natural mutations. Thus, GE crops vary substantially and should be evaluated for risks, benefits, and social considerations on a case-by-case basis. Deployment of GE traits should be with an eye towards long-term sustainability; several options are discussed. Selected risks and concerns of GE are also considered, along with genome editing, a technology that greatly expands the capacity of molecular biologists to make more precise and targeted genetic edits. While GE is merely a suite of tools to supplement other breeding techniques, if wisely used, certain GE tools and applications can contribute to sustainability goals. Keywords: biotechnology; GMO (genetically modified organism) 1. Introduction and Background Disease management practices can contribute to sustainability by protecting crop yields, maintaining and improving profitability for crop producers, reducing losses along the distribution chain, and reducing the negative environmental impacts of diseases and their management. -
Theory Revolution? Doubts About The
Cutting Edge Commentary: A Copernican Revolution? Doubts About the Danger Theory This information is current as Russell E. Vance of September 29, 2021. J Immunol 2000; 165:1725-1728; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.1725 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/4/1725 Downloaded from References This article cites 42 articles, 11 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/4/1725.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 29, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. ● Cutting Edge Commentary: A Copernican Revolution? Doubts About the Danger Theory1 Russell E. Vance2 What Is the Danger Theory? The immune system is often said to function by “self-nonself” Although the notion that the immune system has evolved to rec- discrimination. Recently, some have argued that it actually de- ognize (dangerous) pathogens is not new (15), recent discussions tects “danger” or “strangers.” There are problems with all of of “danger” have revolved around one particular characterization these points of view. -
Systemic Features of Immune Recognition
PhD degree in Foundations of the Life Sciences and their Ethical Consequences European School of Molecular Medicine (SEMM) and University of Milan Faculty of Medicine Settore disciplinare: FIL/2 SYSTEMIC FEATURES OF IMMUNE RECOGNITION Bartlomiej Swiatczak IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan Matricola n. R07404 Supervisor: Prof. Mark Bedau Visiting Professor IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan Anno accademico 2010-2011 1 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Mark Bedau for his invaluable encouragement and guidance. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and a mentor for my PhD. Without his constant support and patience I would never have finished this work. I owe many thanks to my second supervisor, Professor Irun Cohen for being a constant source of inspiration and for many useful discussions. I am also grateful to my laboratory supervisor, Doctor Maria Rescigno for support and useful criticisms during my PhD. I would also like to thank Professor John Dupré and Doctor Stefano Casola for their very constructive input in developing this thesis. I also extend my gratitude to the coordinators of the FOLSATEC program, Professor Giovanni Boniolo and Doctor Giuseppe Testa for their continuous encouragement throughout these years. 2 Table of contents List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………. 6 Figure index……………………………………………………………………………... 9 Author’s declaration…………………………………………………………………….. 10 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 12 Part 1. Immune recognition as an integrated activity of cells and molecules….…. 16 Single types of cells and molecules cannot distinguish between pathogenic 17 and non-pathogenic microbes………………………………………………… Single types of cells and molecules, in principle, cannot recognize pathogens………………………………..…………………………...……….. 24 Return to basics: What makes a pathogen a pathogen?.................................... -
Prrs and NB-Lrrs: from Signal Perception to Activation of Plant Innate Immunity
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review PRRs and NB-LRRs: From Signal Perception to Activation of Plant Innate Immunity Ali Noman 1,2,* , Muhammad Aqeel 3 and Yonggen Lou 1,* 1 Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 2 Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan 3 State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-571-889-8622 (Y.L.) Received: 18 February 2019; Accepted: 10 April 2019; Published: 16 April 2019 Abstract: To ward off pathogens and pests, plants use a sophisticated immune system. They use pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), as well as nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) domains, for detecting nonindigenous molecular signatures from pathogens. Plant PRRs induce local and systemic immunity. Plasma-membrane-localized PRRs are the main components of multiprotein complexes having additional transmembrane and cytosolic kinases. Topical research involving proteins and their interactive partners, along with transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, has extended our understanding of R-gene-mediated plant immunity. The unique LRR domain conformation helps in the best utilization of a surface area and essentially mediates protein–protein interactions. Genome-wide analyses of inter- and intraspecies PRRs and NB-LRRs offer innovative information about their working and evolution. We reviewed plant immune responses with relevance to PRRs and NB-LRRs. This article focuses on the significant functional diversity, pathogen-recognition mechanisms, and subcellular compartmentalization of plant PRRs and NB-LRRs. -
A Review on Role of Breeding for Rust Disease Resistance in Soybean
OPEN ACCESS Freely available online l Scienc ra e a ltu n u d F ic r o g o d A f R o e l s a e a n Journal of r r u c h o J ISSN: 2593-9173 Agricultural Science and Food Research Review Article A Review on Role of Breeding for Rust Disease Resistance in Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) Asmamaw Amogne Mekonen* Department of Plant Science and Crop Breeding, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Pawe Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia ABSTRACT This review has been checked on in 2018 at Pawe Agricultural Research Center to analyze or to evaluate what reproducing activities those are really not regular in Ethiopia, direct for rust ailment opposition. The survey was explored by assessing various diaries which have been composed for Asian Soybean Rust that is getting to be normal and cut off even in Ethiopia. Soybean rust brought about by P. pachyrhizi likewise called Asian soybean rust (ASR). Hot and damp condition is a perfect condition that can cause soybean rust infection which prompts decreased photosynthetic region on the leaves and untimely defoliation, favors illness occurrence. Rearing systems for opposition are progressively appropriate to manageable horticulture, lessens the requirement for synthetic applications and subsequently, natural harm. Diverse reproducing strategies has been applying to create opposition assortment and to control Asian Soybean Rust. Among those, screening or recognize germplasms having obstruction quality to fuse it into rust defenseless genotypes, create opposition quality trough hybridization, Resistance quality pyramiding, wide hybridization and quality quieting are the significant techniques of reproducing for advancement imperviousness to rust soybean material. -
Balint-Kurti, PJ and GS Johal. 2009. Maize Disease Resistance. In
Maize Disease Resistance Peter J. Balint-Kurti and Gurmukh S. Johal Abstract This chapter presents a selective view of maize disease resistance to fungal diseases, highlighting some aspects of the subject that are currently of sig- nificant interest or that we feel have been under-investigated. These include: ● The significant historical contributions to disease resistance genetics resulting from research in maize. ● The current state of knowledge of the genetics of resistance to significant dis- eases in maize. ● Systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance in maize. ● The prospects for the future, particularly for transgenically-derived disease resistance and for the elucidation of quantitative disease resistance. ● The suitability of maize as a system for disease resistance studies. 1 Introduction Worldwide losses in maize due to disease (not including insects or viruses) were estimated to be about 9% in 2001–3 (Oerke, 2005) . This varied significantly by region with estimates of 4% in northern Europe and 14% in West Africa and South Asia ( http://www.cabicompendium.org/cpc/economic.asp ). Losses have tended to be effectively controlled in high-intensity agricultural systems where it has been economical to invest in resistant germplasm and (in some cases) pesticide applica- tions. However, in areas like Southeast Asia, hot, humid conditions have favored disease development while economic constraints prevent the deployment of effec- tive protective measures. This chapter, rather than being a comprehensive overview of maize disease resistance, highlights some aspects of the subject that are currently of significant interest or that we feel have been under-investigated. We outline some major con- tributions to disease resistance genetics that have come out of studies in maize and discuss maize as a model system for disease resistance studies. -
A Comprehensive Collection of Experimentally Validated Plant Nlrs
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.08.193961; this version posted January 31, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. RefPlantNLR: a comprehensive collection of experimentally validated plant NLRs Jiorgos Kourelis, Toshiyuki Sakai, Hiroaki Adachi, and Sophien Kamoun* The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK *Correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT Reference datasets are critical in computational biology. They help define canonical biological features and are essential for benchmarking studies. Here, we describe a comprehensive reference dataset of experimentally validated plant NLR immune receptors. RefPlantNLR consists of 442 NLRs from 31 genera belonging to 11 orders of flowering plants. This reference dataset has several applications. We used RefPlantNLR to determine the canonical features of functionally validated plant NLRs and to benchmark the five most popular NLR annotation tools. This revealed that although NLR annotation tools tend to retrieve the majority of NLRs, they frequently produce domain architectures that are inconsistent with the RefPlantNLR annotation. Guided by this analysis, we developed a new pipeline, NLRtracker, which extracts and annotates NLRs based on the core features found in the RefPlantNLR dataset. The RefPlantNLR dataset should also prove useful for guiding comparative analyses of NLRs across the wide spectrum of plant diversity and identifying under-studied taxa. We hope that the RefPlantNLR resource will contribute to moving the field beyond a uniform view of NLR structure and function. -
Concepts in Plant Disease Resistance
REVISÃO / REVIEW CONCEPTS IN PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE FRANCISCO XAVIER RIBEIRO DO VALE1, J. E. PARLEVLIET2 & LAÉRCIO ZAMBOLIM1 1Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Plant Breeding (IVP), Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands (Aceito para publicação em 13/08/2001) Autor para correspondência: Francisco Xavier Ribeiro do Vale RIBEIRO DO VALE, F.X., PARLEVLIET, J.E. & ZAMBOLIM, L. Concepts in plant disease resistance. Fitopatologia Brasileira 26:577- 589. 2001. ABSTRACT Resistance to nearly all pathogens occurs abundantly Race-specificity is not the cause of elusive resistance but the in our crops. Much of the resistance exploited by breeders is consequence of it. Understanding acquired resistance may of the major gene type. Polygenic resistance, although used open interesting approaches to control pathogens. This is even much less, is even more abundantly available. Many types of truer for molecular techniques, which already represent an resistance are highly elusive, the pathogen apparently adapting enourmously wide range of possibilities. Resistance obtained very easily them. Other types of resistance, the so-called through transformation is often of the quantitative type and durable resistance, remain effective much longer. The elusive may be durable in most cases. resistance is invariably of the monogenic type and usually of Key words: types of resistance; genetics of resistance; the hypersensitive type directed against specialised pathogens. acquired resistance. RESUMO Conceitos em resistência de plantas a doenças Na natureza a resistência à maioria das doenças ocorre tência durável. A resistência temporária é invariavelmente nas culturas. -
Timeline of Immunology
TIMELINE OF IMMUNOLOGY 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (variolation) occurs in Wan Quan's (1499–1582) 1718 – Smallpox inoculation in Ottoman Empire realized by West. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children. 1796 – First demonstration of smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner) 1837 – Description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann) 1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour) 1840 – Proposal of the germ theory of disease (Jakob Henle) 1850 – Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz Semmelweis) 1857–1870 – Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis Pasteur) 1862 – Phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel) 1867 – Aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid (Joseph Lister) 1876 – Demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch) 1877 – Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich) 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) 1880 – 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur) 1883 – 1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff) 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux). 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin) 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George Nuttall) 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins.