Exodus in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Exodus in the Dead Sea Scrolls Sidnie White Crawford The book of Exodus is a very important text among the Dead Sea Scrolls, especially in the collection found in the eleven caves in the vicinity of Khirbet Qumran (“the Qumran collection”). Because of the variety of texts and the fragmentary nature of the manuscripts, each text (or group of texts) will be treated individually. At the end of this essay, I will draw some conclusions concerning the status and use of Exodus in the Qumran collection. 1 Exodus Manuscripts Eighteen fragmentary manuscripts of the book of Exodus itself were found in caves 1, 2, and 4 at Qumran.1 The oldest, 4QExod-Levf, dates paleographi- cally to c. 250bce, while the latest, 4QExodk, dates between 30–135ce.2 The eighteen manuscripts between them cover parts of all the chapters of Exodus, beginning with 1:1–6 (4QExodb, 4QpaleoGen-Exodl) and ending with 40:8–27 1 D. Barthélemy, “Exode,” in Qumran Cave i (ed. D. Barthélemy and J.T. Milik; djd 1; Oxford: Clarendon, 1955), 50–51; M. Baillet, “Exode (i),” in Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran (ed. M. Bail- let, J.T. Milik, R. de Vaux; djd 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 49–52; M. Baillet, “Exode (ii),” in Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran (ed. M. Baillet, J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux; djd 3; Oxford: Claren- don, 1962), 52–55; M. Baillet, “Exode (iii),” in Les ‘Petites Grottes’ de Qumran (ed. M. Baillet, J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux; djd 3; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 56; James R.
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