Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Research RDMIC Bldg., Elliptical Rd

Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Research RDMIC Bldg., Elliptical Rd. Cor. Visayas Ave., Diliman, Q.C. 1104 Phone Nos.: (632) 928-8624 & 928-8505 • Fax: (632) 927-5691 Email: [email protected] • Website: http//www.bar.gov.ph

ANNUAL REPORT

A. BASIC INFORMATION

1. Title of the Project Mitigating banana Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 through a farmer-participatory approach of developing disease management strategies

2. Proponent Dr. Agustin B. Molina Jr. Regional Coordinator Bioversity International-Asia-Pacific Office 3/F Khush Hall, IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna (63) 49 536 0532; (63) 2 580 5600 Ext. 2874 (63) 49 536 0532 [email protected]

3. Implementing Agency 3.1. Lead Agency Bioversity International

3.2. Collaborating Agencies Dr. Lorna Herradura Agriculture Center Chief IV Bureau of Plant Industry-Davao National Crop Research and Development Center (BPI-DNCRDC)

Dr. Susan Razo Head Regional Crop Protection Centre Department of Agriculture (DA)

Dr. Lavernee Gueco University Researcher Institute of Plant Breeding Crop Science Centre, College of Agriculture University of the Philippines Los Baños 4031 College, Laguna

Farmer-co-operators

4. Project Duration 3 years (2012-2015)

5. Project Covered by September 2012 to September 2013 this Report

6. Project Location Davao Provinces (Region 11) and Compostela Valley

7. Total Approved Budget PhP 9,667,876 ($224,834.00)

B. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Annual Report covers the first year period of project implementation from September 2012 to September 2013. The overall goal of this project is to effectively address the problem of Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), that is severely devastating the Philippines banana industry, particularly in support of the small-scale banana growers who contribute 40% of the country’s total banana production.

Two projects namely, “Mitigating banana Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 through a farmer-participatory approach of developing disease management strategies” and “Enhancing capacities of farmers and extension agents and local researchers towards the effective management of Foc for small-scale Cavendish banana sector,” are being strategically implemented to address this problem. This summary refers to both projects, and the remaining sections to the first project. The capacity Building project is reported in a separate report.

The first component focuses on the mitigation of the threat and effects of Fusarium wilt disease through technical intervention by developing and adopting Foc-resistant varieties.

A resistant somaclone, giant Cavendish tissue culture variant (GCTCV) 219, is being piloted among 20 independent, small-scale banana growers who have voluntarily participated in the project because of severe Foc infestation affecting their farms. Between October 2012 and August 2013 34,400 GCTCV 219 seedlings were distributed to the 20 participating farms where they are being evaluated against a susceptible control variety, Grand Naine.

Preliminary results show that GCTCV 219 has been demonstrating significantly less disease infection compared with Grand Naine. Fruit yield and characteristics are also being recorded to develop appropriate post-harvest and marketing protocols for the export market. Preliminary taste tests confirmed earlier results that GCTCV 219 is sweeter than Grand Naine, a characteristic that gained favorable response from a potential export buyer. However, preliminary observations point to some inferior traits compared to Grand Naine, namely, splitting and tendency of hand malformation. As part of protocol optimization, some pre- and post-harvest protocols will have to be modified including the development of ripening and special packaging schemes. An equally important aspect of the project is to further improve the agronomic traits,

2 yield and fruit characteristics of GCTCV 219 through farmer-participatory selection of improved variant in the field to improve agronomic traits such as plant height, days to shooting, and bunch characteristics. Initial agronomic improvement activities have already started. The second project is an integral complementary element of the first project as it enhances the necessary capacities of project stakeholders to mitigate the threat of Fusarium wilt.

Capacity building is an essential part of this project for farmers’ education and training, particularly on disease diagnosis, eradication, and management, as well as field selection of promising Cavendish varieties. To enhance abilities to respond to farmers’ needs, a survey was conducted among the farmer-cooperators to gather baseline information covering the farmers’ and farm profile, farm management, knowledge of Fusarium wilt and training needs. The first of a series of training- workshops had also been conducted, applying effective learning tools such as lectures, focus group discussions and field visits. Growers and researchers were trained on what data needed to be collected and how these data are to be gathered and measured. The pilot farms have also been used as platforms for building the capacities of participating banana growers. Research and extension partners’ capacities have also been improved during this period through attendance of short term-training abroad and scientific workshops and symposia.

This project is a work-in-progress. Important activities are yet to be carried out in the remaining project period. It offers a great opportunity to further improve GCTCV 219 through expanded recurrent selection of improved variant in the subsequent plantings. Expanded project activities and funding are necessary to achieve such a goal. Preliminary outputs point to the great potential of Foc-resistant somaclonal variants as part of an approach in mitigating the threat of Fusarium wilt, thus addressing this serious disease problem facing small-scale and other banana growers in the Philippines.

1. Rationale

The recent Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense- (Foc)) disease outbreak in Cavendish plantations in the Philippines is a serious threat to the sustainability of the multi-million dollar (PhP 720 million per annum) Cavendish- based export industry and also to the important local cultivars grown by small- scale farmers. Currently, about 80,000 hectares are planted to Cavendish for the export market (PBGEA 2011). It is very important to note that almost 50% of this is grown by small-scale independent growers. These growers lack the infrastructure and technical capabilities of the big growers associated with multi-national companies. The farms of these independent growers are most severely and vulnerably affected by the disease. Recent surveys show many small-scale growers’ farms have been affected so severely by Foc TR4 epidemics that some farms have already been abandoned and planted to other lower income crop such as corn (Figure 1 and 2).

Developing resistant cultivars has been a long-term approach towards a sustainable management Foc.. However, breeding programs have failed to produce Cavendish varieties of equal or higher productivity combined with

disease-resistance and with quality that satisfies the discriminating standards of the global market. Some cultivars released by the breeding program of the Fundacion Hondurena de Investigacion Agricola (FHIA) are high yielding and resistant to Fusarium wilt, but remain commercially unacceptable for the export market. Similarly, despite huge financial investments in this crop improvement approach, genetic modification or genetic engineering programmes have not yielded successful outputs. Besides, genetically modified (GM)-bananas may not be accepted by existing markets.

The Taiwan Banana Research Institute (TBRI) has achieved some successes in the selection and use of Foc-disease-resistant somaclonal variants of Cavendish (i.e. GCTCV) as part of the integrated approach to sustain the banana export industry in their country. A number of these resistant cultivars were shared with Bioversity’s International Transit Centre1 (ITC) for inclusion in the International Musa Testing Programme2 (IMTP). Subsequently, these varieties were distributed through the Bioversity International’s National Repository Multiplication and Dissemination Centre (NRMDC) program in Asia for evaluation and adoption. In the Philippines, the DA-BAR signed a Memorandum of Agreement with Bioversity in 2002 for the establishment of NRMDCs at the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) in Davao City and the Institute of Plant Breeding in the University of the Philippines Los Baños.

Figure 1. Aerial view of a small-scale farm severely affected by Foc TR4. Note the general incidence of Foc TR 4 infected plants (with yellow leaves)

1 Musa germplasm cryobank hosted by KULeuven 2 Global Musa trials programme coordinated by Bioversity International

Figure 2. Aerial view of banana farm abandoned because of TR4, consequently planted to corn. Note the old structure of banana plantation such as drainage canals and cableways.

Preliminary field trials conducted by Bioversity and the Lapanday Fruits Company3 in a field severely infested with Tropical Race 4 (TR4) showed very promising results. Two of the somaclonal varieties tested showed high levels of resistance to Foc TR4 (Molina et al, 2011). The fruits were also evaluated for qualities comparable to the export Cavendish variety. Results proved that the fruits could be accepted by the market and these have equal or better quality than fruit from existing commercial varieties.

While the two varieties have some relatively inferior traits compared with the commercial varieties (longer maturity period and smaller bunch size), they are highly resistant to TR4 and acceptable in the export market. Thus, they provide a viable alternative for small-scale growers who would otherwise have no option but to abandon their farms due to the epidemics of Foc TR4. There is now an opportunity to plant these varieties in farms that are severely affected by TR4, and to adapt a protocol to further select improved somaclones in the field. Since most of the currently affected farms are those of small Cavendish growers who cannot afford to abandon their farms, the use of resistant GCTCVs offers a promising alternative (Molina, 2012).

This project focuses on working with smallholder Cavendish banana growers who are most vulnerable to the detrimental impacts of Fusarium wilt. Unlike the big companies, such farmers do not have the technical organization and infrastructure to link R&D to their needs to mitigate this disease. This project would directly benefit small-scale farmers who are now suffering from the brunt of this disease but the whole banana Cavendish industry will likewise gain from its outputs and outcome.

3 a private export company of Cavendish bananas based in Davao

2. Objectives

This project covers two main objectives:

a. To provide smallholder farmers an immediate solution to mitigate the threat from Foc TR4 currently devastating their farms; and

b. To carry out a farmer-participatory selection of improved GCTCV genotype(s) with better yield and agronomic traits, disease resistance, fruit quality and marketability.

3. Methodology

a. Foc-resistant cultivar that was piloted

Two Cavendish somaclones, GCTCV 119 and 219 were earlier evaluated to be resistant to Foc TR4 in commercial field trials in Davao. GCTCV 119 was sourced from ITC-Bioversity which acquired this variety from TBRI through a material acquisition agreement. GCTCV 219 is a field selection, or an improvement from GCTCV 119. GCTCV 219 was chosen for this pilot study because it showed better plant type and fruit-bunch characteristic than GCTCV 119 b. Selection of pilot farms

Independent Cavendish growers whose farms are severely affected by TR4 were chosen as farmer-co-operators for this pilot study. During the first year of this study, 20 farmer-co-operators with highly Fusarium Wilt infected fields were engaged in this study. GCTCV 219 was compared with the traditional variety that the farmers are using (Grand Naine). The list of growers and respective number of seedlings provided to them are listed in Table 1.

c. Source of planting materials and field establishments

Foundation stocks of GCTCV 219 were sourced from IPB, to reduce the risk that mother plants are virus-infected. These were then mass-produced by a private tissue-culture company in Davao (Lapanday Food Corporation) (Annex Figure 1). In collaboration with the Regional Crop Protection Centre (DA-RCPC) and BPI- Davao, GCTCV seedlings were distributed for planting to the previously identified farmer-collaborators.

GCTCV 219 was planted side by side with Grand Naine (as the control variety) in collaborating Foc infected farms. Farmer-co-operators applied their usual commercial management practices for Cavendish. The practices of each farmer- co-operator were documented accordingly. It was agreed that responsibilities for fertilizers and other production inputs shall be shouldered by the farmer-co- operator. BPI-Davao and DA-RCPC shall coordinate and monitor the pilot farms.

6 d. Data collected

Disease incidence - field data on disease incidence (Foc) for both GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine were recorded every week by the farmer co-operator. Participating growers were trained on standard field diagnosis of Fusarium wilt symptoms. Identified infected plants were verified by checking on the pseudostem for vascular discoloration. Agronomic traits – The following agronomic traits were recorded: a) days from planting to flowering; b) days from bagging to harvest; c) plant height Yield and fruit characteristics - a) bunch weight; b) number and weight of hands; number of fingers per hand Fruit quality/characteristics – a) ripening characteristics b) pulp physical characteristics; c) sensory evaluation; d) chemical characteristics (brix (sugar content) and acidity); e) green-life

Table 1. Description of farm collaborators in Davao Provinces and Compostela Valley

Number of Seedlings Farmer Co-operator Location Date Planted GCTCV Grand 219 Naine 1 Phil. Fresh Fruits Corp Lasang, Davao City Oct. 4, 2012 3800 200 Talomo, Sto. Tomas, Dvo. Oct. 23-24, 2 Lapiz Farm 1800 200 Norte 2012 San Isidro, Bunawan, Dvo. Oct. 23-24, 3 LMH Agri. Dev't. Corp 2000 200 City 2012 Cuambogan, Tagum City, Oct. 23-24, 4 Bancud Farm 500 100 DN 2012 San Roque, New Corella, 5 GEA Farm Dec. 13, 2012 7500 200 DN San Nicolas, Panabo, Dvo. 6 Tindoc Farm Dec. 13, 2012 1500 200 Norte Mangakal, Carmen, Dvo. 7 CFARBEMCO Farm Dec. 18, 2012 700 200 Norte Tagnanan, Mabini, Comval 8 GADI Farm Dec. 19, 2012 300 100 Prov. Tagnanan, Mabini, Comval 9 TVPI Farm Dec. 19, 2012 1100 200 Prov. Camoning, Asuncion, Dvo. 10 SFARBEMCO Farm Jan. 9-10, 2013 700 300 Norte Jan. 14-15, 11 Lupiba Farm Tugbok, Davao City 1500 200 2013 12 Baer Farm Nanyo, Panabo City Feb. 16, 2013 500 none 13 Mauro Farm Calinan, Davao City Feb. 21, 2013 2000 200 Talomo, Sto. Tomas, Dvo. 14 Fabian Farm Feb. 28, 2013 2000 none Norte Cuambogan, Tagum City, 15 Rotersos Farm March 04, 2013 1000 none DN 16 Donal Farm Daliawon, Toril, Dvo. City March 8, 2013 500 none Sibulan, Sta. Cruz, Dvo. 17 Mejos Farm March 21, 2013 2000 none Sur 18 Matuguiña Farm Tugbok, Davao City April 25, 2013 1700 none

19 Musa Hamat Farms Calinan, Davao City Aug 5, 2013 1800 200 J JMA Agrodevelopers 20 Kiblawan, Davao del Sur July 22, 2013 1000 none Corp. TOTAL seedlings 34,400 2,500

e. Recurrent selection of improved GCTCV 219 lines (additional funding will be proposed to exploit full benefit from this approach)

Another important component of the project is the selection of improved somaclones from the GCTCV 219 plants that were planted in each of the farms based on their favourable agronomic traits. Improving the plant height (shorter), days to shooting and better bunch characteristics will be the main selection parameters for this study. Selected lines will be multiplied and verified for their resistance to Foc TR4 in disease nurseries, and planted in the field to confirm their improved agronomic traits. The farmers are very much involved in selecting desired plants in the field.

For a farm of 0.5 to 1 hectare planted with GCTCV 219, a total of 60 somaclones will be selected initially based on their time of shooting (early, middle and late shooting). The plant number of each selected plant will be recorded and will be used as the unique soma-clone ID. A total of 20 plants will be selected at the early shooting stage, 20 plants at the mid-shooting stage and 20 plants at the late shooting stage. From each of the three sets of 20 selections, further selection will be made based on the bunch weight, hand formation and fruit characteristics. Data generated from GCTCVs will be compared with the commercial variety (Grand Naine). From the three sets of selection, 10 best somaclones will be selected and will further be multiplied in vitro for re-planting and re-evaluation in the field. The technical team will consolidate and submit all experimental data to the Project Leader for reporting, analyses and recommendations.

4. Some Complementary Activities Undertaken

a. Farm Collaborators

A farmers’ orientation was held at Tagum City in October 2012 which was attended by banana growers from Davao del Norte. These farmers indicated interest to participate in the project. While the farmers’ names and contact details were obtained, they were also informed that participation would depend on evaluation results based on set criteria for farmer selection.

Farm visits and field planting were conducted from October 2012 to August 2013 over the three Davao provinces (Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao City) and Compostela Valley Province. Farms were evaluated and qualified based on the severity of Foc infection. Initially, two farms from the town of Compostela in ComVal Province were identified to participate in the project. However, the two farms identified were devastated by the typhoon ‘Pablo’ in December 2012. The farmers withdrew from the collaboration due to the months required to recover from the calamity. Figures 3 and 4 show the sites of the planned farm collaborators in Compostela Valley.

A total of 20 farmer-co-operators - all growing banana as monoculture, from Davao City, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur and Compostela Valley- have been identified and farmers agreed to participate in the study. Table 1 provides the summarized list of pilot farms with necessary information on the number of

9 seedlings of GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine provided to the farmers and the date when these were planted. An initial survey was conducted among the farmer co- operators to gather baseline information on the farm characteristics, farm practices, farm inputs and the training needs of the farmers. Annex Table 1 and 2 presents the data gathered from 17 farmers only. Information from remaining 3 farmer co-operators will still have to be collected. Survey results, specially the farm management/ inputs part, will be verified with the farmer co-operators again to make sure the data collected were correct. After the survey has been completed, an overall discussion of the possible relationships and interactions between the farm management practices, farm inputs, ground cover and soil type, and the Fusarium wilt incidence for each of the farms will be made.

Based on the survey conducted, 13 of the 17 farmers own the land where the banana plantation is established, and 4 of the farms are cooperatives. Farm cooperatives were formed as consolidated farms of numerous land reform beneficiaries. These farm cooperatives were SFARBEMCO in Asuncion, Davao del Norte, CFARBEMCO in Carmen, Davao del Norte and MCB and TCBC in Mabini, ComVal Province. Farm size of the collaborators ranged from 3 to 17 hectares for individual small banana growers, 23 to 74 hectares for medium independent banana growers, and 80 to 500 hectares for cooperatives and large independent banana growers.

In 2006, Fusarium wilt infections has been observed in Mabini, ComVal Province and from 2008 – 2009 Fusarium wilt on Cavendish was observed in Calinan farms and Tagum City. In 2010, farms in New Corella and Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte have observed Fusarium wilt in their farms. Before 2012, based on the survey, highest Fusarium wilt incidence was observed in as much as 8 hectares of banana plantation in Bunawan, Davao City, 14 hectares in New Corella, Davao del Norte and 24 hectares in Sta Cruz, Davao del Sur. To manage the disease, all 17 farms use 20-60 bags of rice hull to burn the infected mats. The rice hull burning practice was adopted from the farmers’ management of moko disease.

For areas where the infection was widespread, crop rotation and fallow period was applied. The banana plantations were for a time, planted with corn, sorghum or vegetables to augment the farmers’ income. Nine of the farmers used crop rotation, and three of the farmers gave the infected area a fallow period to manage the disease. All of the farms applied disinfectants on tools and other farm implements to prevent further spread of the pathogen. However, it was observed during the initial farm visits that the use of foot baths and tools disinfectants was not properly employed. Only after a series of farm visits and discussion with the farmers did they give attention to the foot baths at the entrance of their farms with Fusarium wilt infections. Until now, some farms still do not have any foot baths at the entrance of their farms.

All 17 farms use tissue-cultured seedlings of Cavendish from commercial nurseries around the Davao Region. Farm implements were not usually shared, having 11 farms mentioned that their farm machinery was not shared with other farms. Of the respondents, six farms use shared land cultivating tools and machineries (spray) for sigatoka control. Four of the 17 farms solely use herbicide to control weeds in their plantations, and the rest of the farms use hand weeding (ring weeding) together with the herbicide to manage the weeds. The majority of

10 the farms (12) uses organic fertilizers, usually chicken manure - especially as basal fertilizer for new plantings and synthetic fertilizers during the vegetative stage to fruiting stage of the banana plant. The remaining five farms use synthetic fertilizers alone as farm input. Common diseases observed from the farms were Moko (bacterial wilt), Bunchy top, Sigatoka, Bract mosaic and Fusarium wilt. Based on the survey, according to importance, the farmers view Sigatoka as a more important disease than Fusarium wilt as of now because of Sigatoka’s direct effect on the fruit ripening of the banana produce. However, Fusarium wilt, if not managed in the banana plantations will eventually be causing more damage than any of the above mentioned diseases because the fungus will just spread and will make the banana field not suitable for growing Cavendish bananas.

Figure 3. Freshmaxx farm in Compostela valley devastated by the recent typhoon ‘Pablo’ at 110 kph to 140kph

Figure 4. Cabiling Farm located at Compostela Valley province

b. Field Establishment of GCTCV 219

Between October 2012 and August 2013, a total of 29,400 GCTCV 219 and 2,500 Grand Naine seedlings (Table 1) were distributed and planted in 20 collaborating farms around Davao province and ComVal province. More seedlings of GCTCV 219 were given to collaborating farms with larger farm areas infected with Foc TR4. These independent farms signified their participation in the project by agreeing/ committing to manage the farms planted with GCTCV 219 according to their commercial management protocol for Cavendish bananas. No financial support was provided to collaborating farmers for field inputs (fertilizer, pesticides) and field management until harvesting of these varieties.

Farm collaborators were from the districts of Davao City (Toril, Calinan and Tugbok), municipalities of Davao del Norte (Panabo, Tagum, Asuncion, Sto Tomas, Carmen, New Corella), Davao del Sur (Sta. Cruz and Kiblawan) and Compostela Valley Province (Mabini).

Figure 5 shows a map locating the 20 field experiments that were established. Field planting of GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine in each of the 20 farms were monitored and documented (Annex Figure 2).

Figure 5. Location map of the 20 established field experiments for the evaluation GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine

In February 2013, the Davao Region was devastated by typhoon ‘Bopha’. The two collaborating farms located at Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte were flooded. Lapiz Farm planted with GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine was severely flooded, and the experimental plants (4-months old) which were planted in October 2012 were completely submerged. Planting during the week of the typhoon in Fabian Farm was postponed and re-scheduled the following week due to flooding (Figure 6). Experimental plants of GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine planted in Lapiz farm survived despite the flooding.

Figure 6. (A) Flooded Fusarium wilt infested farm at 4 months after planting GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine (Lapiz Farm); (B) completely submerged Fabian Farm; both farms located at Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte.

c. Fusarium wilt incidence

The Philippine Fresh Fruits Corporation was the first farm planted with GCTCV 219 in October 2013. A total of 3,800 seedlings of GCTCV 219 and 200 seedlings of Grand Nain were planted in their highly Foc-infected farm in Lasang, Davao City. GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine seedlings were planted in alternate rows. Three months after planting, first symptoms of Fusarium Wilt were observed on Grand Naine (Figure 7). Five months after planting, 105 Grand Naine plants were already infected with Foc TR4 (Figure 8). To date, 11 months after planting, 166 Grand Naine plants (83%) have already been infected. For GCTCV 219, out of 3,800 plants, 3 plants were infected with Foc, 0.1% infection.

Bancud Farm located in Tagum City, Davao del Norte also was planted early in the project (October 23, 2012). First symptoms of Fusarium wilt infection was observed on Grand Naine 4 months after planting (Figure 9). To date, 11-months after planting, 88% of the total Grand Naine experimental plants were already infected with Foc. As for GCTCV 219, out of 500 plants in the experimental plot, none yet was found infected with Foc.

Grand Naine GCTCV 219

Figure 7. Observed Foc TR4 incidence (3 months after planting) on Philippine Fresh Fruit farm planted with GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine

GCTCV 219 Grand Naine

Figure 8. Observed Foc TR4 incidence (5 months after planting) in Philippine Fresh Fruit farm planted with GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine

Grand Naine GCTCV 219

Figure 9. Observed Foc TR4 incidence (10 months after planting) in Philippine Fresh Fruit farm planted with GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine

Earliest Fusarium wilt symptom appeared on Grand Naine at just 1.5 months after planting in GEA Farm located at New Corella, Davao del Norte and at 2 months after planting in Phil Fresh Fruits Corp farm in Lasang, Davao City. For GCTCV 219, earliest Fusarium wilt symptom was observed at 5 months after planting on just one plant in Phil Fresh Fruits Corp farm in Lasang and at 6 months after planting on also just one plant in LMH Agri Dev’t Corp in Bunawan, Davao City.

Table 2 indicates the latest observed Foc TR4 infection on Grand Naine and GCTCV 219 from the 20 collaborating farms all over the Davao region. Highest Fusarium wilt incidence observed on Grand Naine was 83% to 88% (Bancud farm and Phil Fresh Fruits) at 10 months after planting. To date, out of 20 experimental farms, only four were observed with GCTCV 219 plants infected with Foc. The farms with Fusarium wilt incidence on GCTCV 219 were namely: SFARBEMCO (Asuncion, Davao del Norte), Lupiba Farm (Tugbok, Davao City), LMH Agri Dev’t Corp (Bunawan, Davao City) and Phil Fresh Fruits Corp (Lasang, Davao City). Based on the field experiment being conducted, Fusarium wilt infection on GCTCV 219 on the same field was relatively very low compared to Grand Naine. Foc incidence for GCTCV 219 only ranged from 0.1 to 2.3%, so this evaluation only shows that the variety has resistance to Foc TR4. The rest of the 16 farms planted with GCTCV 219 has not yet shown Fusarium wilt disease incidence in the field. More photos of the established field experiments are shown in the attached Annexes.

d. Agronomic Traits Evaluation of GCTCV 219

Other than the disease incidence data for the GCTCV 219 somaclones, superior agronomic traits of the individual plants were also recorded. Plants with the shortest days to shooting were tagged and pre-selected for further evaluation based on bunch weight, average hand weight, average number of hands per bunch, average number of fingers per hand and TSS of fruits.

Earliest shooting of GCTCV 219 somaclones were observed from the Phil Fresh Fruits Corp farm at approximately 260 days after planting and from GEA Farm at approximately 240 days after planting (Figure 10). First set of bunches of GCTCV 219 were harvested last September 2013 (Figure 11 and 12). To date, four farms (Bancud Farm, Tindoc Farm, GEA Farm and Phil Fresh Fruits) have reported shooting of GCTCV 219 plants. Shooting was observed at 10 – 11 months after planting.

Table 2. Observed Foc TR4 incidence on pilot farms planted with GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine

Grand Naine GCTCV 219 Date Farmer Co-operator Planted Total # of % Disease Total # of % Disease plants Incidence plants Incidence 1 Phil. Fresh Fruits Corp Oct 2012 200 83 3800 0.1 2 Lapiz Farm Oct. 2012 200 2.5 1800 0 3 LMH Agri. Dev't. Corp Oct. 2012 200 5 2000 0.2 4 Bancud Farm Oct. 2012 100 88 500 0 5 GEA Farm Dec 2012 200 16 7500 0 6 Tindoc Farm Dec 2012 200 45.5 1500 0 7 CFARBEMCO Farm Dec 2012 200 15.5 700 0 8 GADI Farm Dec 2012 100 0 300 0 9 TVPI Farm Dec 2012 200 54.5 1100 0 10 SFARBEMCO Farm Jan 2013 300 7.7 700 2.3 11 Lupiba Farm Jan. 2013 200 19.5 1500 0.3 12 Baer Farm Feb 2013 none - 500 0 13 Mauro Farm Feb 2013 200 9 2000 0 14 Fabian Farm Feb 2013 none - 2000 0 15 Rotersos Farm Mar 2013 None - 1000 0

16 Donal Farm Mar 2013 None - 500 0 17 Mejos Farm Mar 2013 None - 2000 3

18 Matuguiña Farm Apr 2013 None - 1700 0 19 Musa Hamat Farms Aug 2013 200 0 1800 0 J JMA Agrodevelopers July 2013 None - 1000 0 20 Corp.

A B

Figure 10. First bunches of GCTCV 219 in experimental farms of (A) Phil Fresh Fruits Corp at 260 days after planting and (B) GEA Farm at 240 days after planting.

Table 3 shows the initial agronomic data collected from the first batch of GCTCV 219 harvest. Bunches were harvested from the field at 78 days after shooting. Bunch and fruit data were collected and harvested hands were packed in a box for ripening and post harvest data gathering later (Figure 11 and 12).

Table 3. Agronomic data of the first harvested GCTCV 219 bunches from Phil Fresh Fruits Corp farm located at Lasang, Davao City

Fxnl P-stem Plant Date of P-stem Date of Fxnl leaves Bunch No. of leaves at girth No. shooting ht (cm) harvest at harvest wt (kg) hands shooting (cm) 101 6/26/13 11 255 50 9/13/2013 5 22.4 7 123 6/28/13 12 270 68 9/13/2013 6 25 9 124 6/26/13 10 258 60 9/13/2013 7 24.7 7 196 6/26/13 11 267 66 9/13/2013 5 29.9 9 275 6/26/13 12 262 60 9/13/2013 7 19.6 7

Figure 11. First bunch harvests from Phil Fresh Fruits Corp in Lasang, Davao City. Data on bunch and hand characteristics were taken in the field before packing.

A B

C D

Figure 12. (A) Hands of GCTCV 219 washed and ready for packing; (B) Ripened fruits of GCTCV 219 for fruit quality evaluation; (C and D) GCTCV 219 hands harvested and packed at 10 weeks after bagging

e. Post harvest fruit evaluation of GCTCV 219

At the time of writing, only the Philippine Fresh Fruits Farm has reached the early harvesting period for the GCTCV 219 variety. First caliper was done at 10 weeks after bagging, 2nd caliper reading was done at 11 weeks after bagging, and sweep at 12 weeks after. Fruit characteristics such as hand formation, hand class, fruit ripening characteristics and fruit pulp sweetness will be recorded for the selected mats.

Early results show that the fruit appearance of GCTCV 219 was comparable with the fruit of Grand Naine when ripened, gased at 15°C for 5 days (Figure 13). The fruits of GCTCV 219 were processed just like the Grand Naine fruits (i.e. dehanding, clustering and packaging). Based on preliminary observations, GCTCV 219 has non-uniform hand formation, thus one of the initial market strategy of Phil Fresh Fruits farms was to develop a market for single fingers of the variety. This would then remove the disadvantage of GCTCV 219’s non- uniform hands.

The fruits will also be evaluated based on total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruit pulp. While the TSS data is still not available, it was noted through taste test that the fruits of GCTCV 219 is sweeter than the Grand Naine based on earlier collaborative studies by Lapanday and Bioversity International. For this reason, we are trying to develop a special market through single finger clustering.

During the first harvests of GCTCV 219 , an important observation was the occurrence of finger peel splitting of ripened fruits (Figure 14); especially on 11 and 12 week-old bunches. This indicates a more advance physiological maturity of GCTCV 219 compared to Grand Naine at 10 weeks after bagging. As part of the protocol development for post-harvest handling of this variety, harvest protocols were modified by reducing the hanging weeks of the bunches to 9 weeks instead of the 10-week standard for Grand Naine (Figure 15). Participatory approaches with growers allowed us to make adjustments of the protocol as we proceeded with the experiment.

Figure 13. Ripe fruits of GCTCV 219 gassed at 15°C for 5 days

Figure 14. Ripe fruits of GCTCV 219 with peel splitting

Figure 15. Boxed fruits of GCTCV 219 with adjusted hanging weeks of the bunch for evaluation on its effect on finger peel splitting

5. Accomplishments and Major Findings

During the 12 months of project implementation, a total of 20 farms planted with GCTCV 219 and with Grand Naine as the control variety were established all over the Davao Region (Region 11). Each of the independent Cavendish banana farms agreed to collaborate with the project without any financial assistance for the management of the experimental plots. Farm experiments for evaluation of disease resistance and agronomic traits of GCTCV 219 against Grand Naine were established in the following locations: Davao City – Calinan, Toril, Bunawan, Lasang; Davao del Norte – Panabo, Tagum, Asuncion, New Corella, Carmen; Davao del Sur – Sta Cruz and Kiblawan.

While this trial is very much a work in progress, preliminary results show that GCTCV 219 is significantly more resistant to Foc TR4 than Grand Naine as indicated by disease symptom incidence. First appearances of disease symptoms of Fusarium wilt on Grand Naine were observed on plants in the field 1.5 – 2 months after planting, observed in GEA Farm at New Corella. Other farms have disease incidence appearing at 3 months to 4 months after

planting. To date, the highest disease incidence level was observed at 88% (11 months after planting). For the GCTCV 219 plants, the first symptom of infection appeared at 5 months after planting on just one plant at Phil Fresh Fruits Corp in Lasang, Davao City. To date, disease incidence for the resistant variety is from 0.1 to 2.3% (8 months after planting).

Collaborating farms planted with GCTCV 219 in the month of October 2012 are now at the shooting and bunching stage. In September 2013 one farm in Lasang, Davao City already harvested the first bunches of GCTCV 219, approximately 10 -11 months after planting. Bunches of the variety were evaluated and characterized based on the weight of bunch, hand formation, number of fingers per hand, hand class etc. Other plant agronomic traits were also recorded. Data generated from these will be used as basis for selection of the superior GCTCV 219 somaclone from among the GCTCV 219 population in the field.

6. Problems Encountered

The selection and timely establishments of pilot farms were delayed and even revised as the effect of the strong typhoon and flooding as described in the report. Although there were some delays, the first year’s implementation was in general very satisfactory.

Some issues also developed in terms of pilot-farm selection and inclusion. One farm collaborator in Asuncion, Davao del Norte was excluded for the project. This is was because the owner of the farm was not cooperating during our visit, and he also admitted that they no longer have sufficient funds for inputs and management of the plantation. A total of 2000 GCTCV 219 seedlings were provided to the farmer.

The same problem on inputs was expressed by another farmer co-operator in Bunawan, Davao City. But the farm manager is still willing to cooperate with us and is doing the best he can to request for more inputs for the experimental plots of GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine.

7. Action Plan for the Coming Year (BAR/QSF-B.01.03a)

With the GCTCV 219 plants now starting to bunch up, the general plan for YEAR 2 of the project will be:

a. Fusarium wilt disease incidences of the primary crop as well as the ratoon crops will be collected for both GCTCV 219 and Grand Naine; b. Agronomic traits and fruit data will be collected in farms where GCTCV 219 plants have started to shoot; and c. On farms where GCTCV 219 fruits have been harvested, plants with superior bunch and hand characteristics will be selected, and suckers of these plants will be mass produced in vitro for further evaluation (high density planting and field planting) and selection.

C. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Justification for continued implementation

The project is planned to be implemented for three years to collect sufficient data for primary crop as well as the ratoon crops. The field trials in various farms were established in different months, thus crop stages vary among growers. Much of the data even for the primary crops are yet to be collected. The following data are to be collected and analyzed during the three year period:.

• Disease incidence in the ratoon crops: Disease incidence data will be collected going to the ratoon crops to determine durability of field resistance of the test cultivar.

• Yield and other agronomic traits: Crop maturity, fruit and bunch characteristics will be collected not only in the primary crop but in the ratoon crops. These are essential parameters for a perennial cropping system like the Cavendish export crop. An equally essential parameter to address is post-harvest and market acceptability of GCTCV 219 compared to Grand Naine. Harvesting and post-harvest protocols have to be optimized for GCTCV 219, vis a vis market quality requirements. As highlighted in the results, some fruit-quality traits such ripening and “fruit splitting”, may be affected by some pre- and post-harvest protocols and thus may need to be harmonized and optimized.

• The pilot farms are strategic resources to gain operational and technical experiences in managing this dreaded disease by not only the participating growers but other growers in the region.

One strategically important element of this project is the opportunity to improve GCTCV 219 through recurrent selection taking advantage of somaclonal variation associated with tissue culture. It aims to select an improved GCTCV 219 with better agronomic traits, yield and fruit quality maintaining its resistance to Foc TR4. This will require more supplementary funding as anticipated and indicated in the original proposal. An addendum project proposal should be developed to achieve this objective.

ANNEXES

Annex 1. Seedlings nursery for GCTCV 219 of Lapanday Food Corp in Farming Town, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Annex 2. Field plantings in selected cooperating farms located in the Davao Provinces

Lapiz Farm (Sto Tomas, Davao del Norte)

Tindoc Farm (Panabo City Davao del Norte)

Mejos Farm (Sta Cruz, Davao del Sur)

GEA Farm (New Corella, Davao del Norte)

Mauro Farm (Calinan, Davao City)

Musa Hamat Farm (Lamanan, Calinan, Davao City)

Annex 3. Newly planted seedlings of GCTCV 219 in (A) CFARBEMCO Farm at Carmen, Davao del Norte (2 MAP); (B) SFARBEMCO at Asuncion, Davao del Norte (1 MAP); (C) GEA Farm at New Corella, Davao del Norte (2 MAP); (D) Phil Fresh Fruits at Lasang Davao City (3 MAP); (E) Lapiz Farm at Sto Tomas, Davao del Norte (4 MAP); (F) TVPI at Mabini, ComVal Province (1 MAP)

A B

D C

E F

Annex 4. Field disease incidences observed during the field visits in the experimental plots (A) Bancud E Farm at 3MAP; (B) Phil Fresh Fruits Farm at 3 MAP and 5 MAP; (C) TVPI at 3MAP

Grand Naine GCTCV 219 Grand Naine GCTCV 219

GCTCV 219 Grand Naine GCTCV 219 Grand Naine

Annex 5. The experimental plots of GCTCV 219 (A) Fabian Farm no Foc infection observed at 5MAP; (B) E Fabian Farm inter cropped the other GCTCV 219 with corn 3 MAP; (C) Mauro Farm no Foc infection observed at 6 MAP; (D) TVPI no Foc infection at 8 MAP; (E) Bancud Farm no Foc infection at 10 MAP

A B

C GCTCV 219 Grand Naine GCTCV 219

D Grand Naine GCTCV 219

Annex Table 1. Farm Co-operators Information Farm name Contact farmer Farm Address Land Farmers' main What is the major Importance of banana ownership occupation source of income production

Philippine Fresh Fruits Luciano L. Puyod Licanan, Lasang, Owned Business Banana Very important (main source Corporation Davao City of livelihood) LMH Agricultural Development Christopher Labor San Isidro, Bunawan, Owned Farming Banana Very important (main source Corporation Davao City of livelihood)

Geralde Farm Rowel A. Geralde San Vicente, Owned Farming Banana Very important (main source Asuncion, Davao Norte of livelihood)

Bancud ADB Farm / DJ Farm Alex D. Bancud Purok San Antonio Owned Business, Farming & Banana Very important (main source Cuambogan, Tagum Contractor of livelihood) City

Lapiz Farm Samuel Lapiz Talomo, Sto. Tomas, Owned Farming Banana & Rice Very important (main source Davao del Norte of livelihood)

George Emily Asea Farm GEA Farm San Roque, New Owned Business & Farming Banana Very important (main source Corella, Davao Norte of livelihood)

Tindoc Farm Edwin D. Tindoc San Nicolas, Panabo Owned Farming Banana Very important (main source City of livelihood)

Checkered Farm Agrian CFARBEMCO Mangalcal, Carmen , Cooperative Business Banana Very important (main source Beneficiaries Multi Purpose Davao del Norte of livelihood) Cooperative

Soriano Fruits Agran Reform SFARBEMCO Purok Mahayahay Cooperative Business Banana Very important (main source Beneficiares Cooperative Camuning, Asuncion, of livelihood) Davao Norte

Tagnanan Crap Beneficiaries TCBC Tagnanan, Mabini, Cooperative Business & Farming Banana Very important (main source Cooperative (TCBC) Compostela Valley of livelihood) Province

Mampising Carp Benefeciaries MCBMPC Farm Mampising, Mabini, Cooperative Business & Farming Banana Very important (main source Multi Purposed Cooperative Compostela Valley of livelihood) Province

Farm name Contact farmer Farm Address Land Farmers' main What is the major Importance of banana ownership occupation source of income production

Lupida Farm George Lupida Guinga, Tugbok Owned Business Banana & Cacao Very important (main source District , Davao city of livelihood)

Mauro Farm V.P. Mauro & Sons Purok 2 Upper Lacson, - Farming Farming Very important (main source Agricultural Development Calinan, Davao City of livelihood) Corp. Fabian Farm Fabian Flor R. Talomo, Sto. Tomas, Owned Farming Banana Very important (main source Davao del Norte of livelihood)

JC Mejos Farm Jules C. Mejos Sibulan, Santa Cruz, Owned Business Banana Very important (main source Davao del sur of livelihood)

MDR/LIM Farm Manuel D. Rotersos 1083 Purok Dela Cruz, Owned Farming & Agri. Banana Very important (main source Mankilam Tagum City Supply Dealer of livelihood)

Matuguina Farm Mamerto Matuguina Guinga, Tugbok Owned Business Banana Very important (main source District, Davao City of livelihood)

Annex Table 2. Farm management information Farm name Farm Planting Date of Planting size of Foc Irrigation Farm cropping other crops other observed banana size distance (m) infected description system planted banana diseases (ha) area (ha) with varieties in banana the area

Philippine Fresh Fruits 74 Has 2x2.5m 04-Oct-12 3 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None Moko, Fusarium Corporation monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, & Sigatoka LMH Agricultural 17 Has 2.2x2m 25-Oct-12 8 Has / Rainfed Flat Banana None None - Development moko monoculture Corporation Geralde Farm 6 Has 2x1.8m October 23-24, 6 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None - 2012 monoculture Bancud ADB Farm / DJ 13.5 Has 1.8x2.2m 24-Oct-12 3 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None Moko, Fusarium Farm monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, & Sigatoka Lapiz Farm 3 Has 2.0X2.0m October 23-24, 2.0 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None Moko, Fusarium 2012 monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, & Sigatoka George Emily Asea 80 Has 2.0x2.0m bet. 13-Dec-12 14 Has Rainfed Hilly Banana None None - Farm Hill & monoculture 2.5x2.5m bet. Row Tindoc Farm 2.7 Has - 13-Dec-12 Almost 2 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None - monoculture Checkered Farm 23 Has 2.0x2.0m 18-Dec-12 2,500 sq.m Rainfed Flat Banana None None Moko, Fusarium Agrian Beneficiaries monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, Multi Purpose Sigatoka & Heart rot Cooperative Soriano Fruits Agran 106 Has 2.23x2.23m January 9-10, 2013 0.50 Ha Rainfed Flat Banana None None - Reform Beneficiares monoculture Cooperative Tagnanan Crap 545 Has 2.25x2.1m 19-Dec-12 0.50 Ha Rainfed Hilly Banana None None Moko, Fusarium Beneficiaries monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, Cooperative (TCBC) Sigatoka, Heart rot, Bract mosaic, & Prickles Mampising Carp 353 Has 2.24x.5m 19-Dec-12 2 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None Moko, Fusarium Benefeciaries Multi monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, Purposed Cooperative Heart rot, Sigatoka,Brack mosaic, & Prickles

Farm name Farm Planting Date of Planting size of Foc Irrigation Farm cropping other crops other observed banana size distance (m) infected description system planted banana diseases (ha) area (ha) with varieties in banana the area

Lupida Farm 3.7 Has 2.5X2.5m January 14-15, 3 Has Rainfed Sloping Mixed cropping Corn, Durian, None Moko, Fusarium 2013 Sorghum & wilt, Bunchy top, & sweet Potato Sigatoka Mauro Farm 16.0 Has - - - Deep well Slightly rolling Banana None None Sigatoka, Bunchy monoculture top, Moko & Fusarium wilt Fabian Farm 34.75 2.25x1.8m February 28-March 2 Has Rainfed Flat Banana None None Sigatoka, Bunchy Has 1, 2013 monoculture top, Moko & Fusarium wilt JC Mejos Farm 24 Has 2x1x4m 21-Mar-13 24 Has Rainfed Sloping Banana None None Moko, Fusarium monoculture wilt, Bunchy top, Sigatoka & Bract mosaic, MDR/LIM Farm 70 Has 2x2m 0.5has Rainfed Flat Banana None None Sigatoka, Bunchy monoculture top, Moko & Fusarium wilt Matuguina Farm 4 Has 2.8x3m 2 Has Rainfed Sloping Banana None None Sigatoka, Bunchy monoculture top, Moko & Fusarium wilt

Annex Table 2. Farm management information (continued) Farm name Year when Planting supplier of farm what weed predominant nutrition fertilizer schedule Foc was materials planting implements/ implements control weed species mngt first used materials machineries are shared observed Philippine Fresh Fruits Late 2009 Tissue Commercial Not shared None Hand/ring Eleusine indica Synthetic Every six week or 8 cycle /year Corporation culture supplier weeding & (chemical (Urea, Ammonium Sulfate, & seedlings & Herbicide fertilizer) potash) Sucker for Once a year for Zinc Sulphate & replanting Vigor Calphos. LMH Agricultural 2010 (midle) Tissue Commercial Shared Land Hand/ring Eleusine indica, Synthetic Monthly application / Quarterly Development culture supplier cultivating weeding & Cyperus (chemical (Financial problem) for Urea, Corporation seedlings & tools & Herbicide rotundus, & fertilizer) & Potash, ammonium sulfate & Sucker for Sigatoka Rottboellia Organic for Zinc sulphate replanting spraying tools cochinchinensis planting only Once a year for Calcium & Boron. Chicken dung 2kg/matt for planting. Geralde Farm - corm - Not shared None Hand/ring Eleusine indica & Synthetic Monthly application (urea, weeding & Cyperus rotundus (chemical potash & Ammonium Sulfate). Herbicide fertilizer) Bancud ADB Farm / DJ 2009 Tissue Commercial Not shared None Hand/ring Cyperus Organic & 6 cycle / year for Urea, Farm culture supplier weeding & rotundus, Synthetic Ammonium phosphate seedlings Herbicide Ipomea triloba, (chemical Nitrogen & 2kls / matt chicken & Ipomea fertilizer) dung. acquatica Lapiz Farm 2010 Tissue Commercial Not shared None Hand/ring Eleusine indica & Organic & Monthly application (urea, culture supplier weeding & Cyperus rotundus Synthetic potash & Ammonium Sulfate). seedlings Herbicide (chemical fertilizer) George Emily Asea Early 2010 Tissue Commercial Not shared None Hand/ring Eleusine indica Organic & Monthly application : Farm culture supplier weeding & Synthetic Jan-urea, potash, Dap & chicken seedlings Herbicide (chemical dung. fertilizer) Feb.-Ammosol & Zinc Sulphate. March-Urea ,Potash, Kieseriete, Dolomite Calci lime. April-Urea Borax. May-Ammosol, potash. June-Urea,Zinc sulphate,chicken dung. July- Urea, DAP, potash. Aug.-Ammosul,Calcic lime. Oct.-Urea, Zinc Sulphate. Nov-Ammosol, Potash. Dec- Urea

Farm name Year when Planting supplier of farm what weed predominant nutrition fertilizer schedule Foc was materials planting implements/ implements control weed species mngt first used materials machineries are shared observed Tindoc Farm 2010 Tissue Commercial Shared Harvesting Hand/ring Ipomea triloba, Organic & Monthly application ( Urea, culture supplier tools, Land weeding & Cyperus Synthetic complete, potash, ammosul Zinc seedlings cultivating Herbicide rotundus,Amara (chemical sulphate, Chicken dung & tools, Tillage nthus sp. & fertilizer) Vermicast) tools Tabilao Checkered Farm 1st Quarter Tissue Commercial Shared Land Herbicide Eleusine indica Synthetic Monthly bases application Agrian Beneficiaries 2011 culture supplier cultivating (chemical (Ammonium sulphate, potash, Multi Purpose seedlings tools & fertilizer) urea, DAP, Zinc sulphate) Cooperative Sigatoka spraying tools Soriano Fruits Agran Late 2011 Tissue Commercial Not shared None Herbicide Eleusine indica & Synthetic Monthly application for potash Reform Beneficiares culture supplier Ipomea triloba (chemical & interval for AS or Urea. Cooperative seedlings fertilizer) Quarterly for Ferrous. 2 times a year for Zinc Sulphate & DAP. Tagnanan Crap 2006 Tissue Commercial Shared & not Land Hand/ring Rottboellia Organic & Monthly application (urea, Beneficiaries (infection culture supplier shared cultivating weeding & cochinchinensis Synthetic potash, Ammosol, DAP,, Zinc Cooperative (TCBC) started) & seedlings & tools & Herbicide & Echinochloa (chemical sulphate, calcium, Boron & 2009 Sucker Sigatoka colona fertilizer) chicken dung). (confirmed spraying tools infection) Mampising Carp 2006 Tissue Commercial Shared & not Land Hand/ring Rottboellia Organic & Every 2-3 weeks Benefeciaries Multi (infection culture supplier shared cultivating weeding & cochinchinensis, Synthetic Purposed Cooperative started) & seedlings & tools & Herbicide Echinochloa (chemical 2009 Sucker Sigatoka colona, & fertilizer) (confirmed spraying tools Eleusine indica the infection) Lupida Farm Late 2010 Tissue Private Shared Sigatoka Hand/ring Rottboellia Organic & 8 cycle NPK every 45 days, DAP culture nursery spraying tools weeding & cochinchinensis, Synthetic every six month, & Chicken seedlings Herbicide Eleusine indica, (chemical dung- basal. Cyperus fertilizer) rotundus, &gabi- gabi Mauro Farm 2009 Tissue Sumifru Not shared None Herbicide - Organic & - culture Synthetic seedlings (chemical fertilizer) Fabian Farm 2011-2012 Tissue Commercial Not shared None Hand/ring Eleusine indica Synthetic Monthly application (Borax, culture supplier weeding & (chemical urea, DAP, Furadan, Potash, seedlings Herbicide fertilizer) Ammosol & Zinc sulphate)

Annex Table 2. Farm management information (continued)

Farm name other source of animal farmer other crops common Rank pests/ where did they what were agrichem organic waste training planted in pests and diseases learn about the applied used materials needs the area 3- diseases in (ranked in FW and it's control 5yrs ago the area importance) cause measures Philippine Fresh Herbicides & - - Pest diseases Coconut Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt Private Burning of Fruits Corporation Fungicides management & Moko, 2. Moko institution infected mat Organic farming Fusarium wilt, 3.Bunchy top facilitated forum (rice hull ), & Sigatoka 4. Sigatoka Following, Disinfecting tools, & Foot baths LMH Agricultural Herbicides & Animal Chicken Banana Coconut Bunchy top, 1. Sigatoka Private Burning of Development Fungicides waste & production & Moko, 2. Bunchy top institution infected Corporation vermicast Pest diseases Fusarium wilt, 3.Moko facilitated forum mat(rice hull ), management Sigatoka & 4. Fusarium wilt Change of Bract mosaic 5.Bract mosaic cultivar virus 6.Borers Following, Crop 7.nematodes rotation, Disinfecting tools, & Foot baths Geralde Farm Herbicides & - - - Rice Bunchy top, 1. Sigatoka Personal Disinfecting Fungicides Fusarium wilt, 2.Fusarium wilt communications tools & & Sigatoka 3.Bunchy top Vampire (bamboo stick soak w/ glyphosate). Bancud ADB Farm / Herbicides, Animal Chicken Banana Lacatan banana Fusarium wilt, 1. Sigatoka Personal Burning of DJ Farm Fungicides & waste production & & Sigatoka 2.Fusarium wilt communications infected insecticide Pest diseases 3.Moko 4. mat(rice hull ) management Bunchy top 40-60 bags, , Crop rotation with corn, Disinfecting tools, & Foot baths Lapiz Farm Herbicides, - - Banana Coconut Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt DA facilitated Burning of Fungicides & production & Moko, 2. Sigatoka farmer's forum & infected insecticide Pest diseases Fusarium wilt, 3.Bunchy top 4. Private mat(rice hull ) management & Sigatoka Moko institution 20 bags/ matt, facilitated forum Disinfecting tools & Foot baths

Farm name other source of animal farmer other crops common Rank pests/ where did they what were agrichem organic waste training planted in pests and diseases learn about the applied used materials needs the area 3- diseases in (ranked in FW and it's control 5yrs ago the area importance) cause measures George Emily Asea Herbicides, Animal Chicken Pest diseases Coconut Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt DA facilitated Burning of Farm Fungicides, waste management Moko, 2. Moko farmer's forum infected Nematicides Fusarium wilt, 3.Bunchy top mat(rice hull ) & insecticide & Sigatoka 4. Sigatoka 40-60 bags, , Crop rotation with corn, Disinfecting tools, & Foot baths Tindoc Farm Herbicides, Animal Chicken Banana Coconut Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt - Following, Crop Fungicides & waste production & Moko, 2. Sigatoka rotation with insecticide Pest diseases Fusarium wilt, 3.Bunchy top 4. corn / management Sigatoka, & Moko vegetable, Bract mosaic Disinfecting virus tools, & Foot baths Checkered Farm Herbicides & Animal Chicken Banana Coconut, Bunchy top, 1. Sigatoka 2. Private Burning of Agrian Beneficiaries Fungicides waste production, Lacatan, Moko, Moko institution infected Multi Purpose Pest diseases cardava, cacao, Fusarium wilt, 3.Fusarium wilt facilitated forum mat(rice hull ), Cooperative management & & Lazones Sigatoka, & Following, Post harvest Nematodes Disinfecting handling tools, & Foot baths Soriano Fruits Agran Herbicides, - - Pest diseases Banana Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt DA facilitated Burning of Reform Beneficiares Fungicides & management, Cavendish Moko, & moko farmer's forum & infected Cooperative insecticide Post harvest Fusarium wilt, 2.Sigatoka Private mat(rice hull ) handling & & Sigatoka 3.Bunchy top institution 30 bags/cases, Operational, 4.Nematodes facilitated forum Following, & Banana Disinfecting production tools Lupida Farm Herbicides & Animal Chicken Pest diseases Cacao & Bunchy top, - - - Fungicides waste management Coconut Moko, & Fusarium wilt

Farm name other source of animal farmer other crops common Rank pests/ where did they what were agrichem organic waste training planted in pests and diseases learn about the applied used materials needs the area 3- diseases in (ranked in FW and it's control 5yrs ago the area importance) cause measures Tagnanan Crap Herbicides & Animal Chicken Pest diseases Coconut Bunchy top, 1.Sigatoka & Private Burning of Beneficiaries Fungicides waste management, Moko, bunchy top institution infected Cooperative (TCBC) Advance Fusarium wilt, 2.Moko & facilitated forum mat(rice hull ), Technology & Sigatoka, Fusarium wilt Disinfecting nutritional Nematodes, 3.Nematodes tools & Foot management. Borers, Bract 4.Borers & Bract baths mosaic virus & mosaic virus scale insects Mampising Carp Herbicides & Animal Chicken Pest diseases Banana Bunchy top, 1.Sigatoka & Private Burning of Benefeciaries Multi Fungicides waste management & Moko, bunchy top institution infected Purposed Nutritional Fusarium wilt, 2.Moko & facilitated forum mat(rice hull ), Cooperative management Sigatoka, Fusarium wilt Disinfecting Nematodes, 3.Nematodes tools & Foot Bract mosaic baths virus & scale insects Mauro Farm Herbicides & Animal Chicken Pest diseases banana only Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt Personal Burning of Fungicides waste management Moko, 2. Moko communications infected Fusarium wilt, 3.Sigatoka & Personal mat(rice hull ), & Sigatoka 4.Bunchy top research/ Crop rotation reading with Sorghum, Disinfecting tools & Foot baths Fabian Farm Herbicides, - - Banana Lacatan & Bunchy top, 1. Sigatoka DA facilitated Burning of Fungicides & production & Cardava Moko, 2. Moko farmer's forum & infected insecticide Pest diseases banana Fusarium wilt, 3.Fusarium wilt Private mat(rice hull ) management & Sigatoka 4. Bunchy top institution 20 bags /matt, facilitated forum Disinfecting tools & Foot baths

MDR/LIM Farm Herbicides, Animal Chicken Banana Rice, Cococnut bunchy top 1.Bunchy top Private Burning of Fungicides & waste production & & Cardava 2.Sigatoka institution infected insecticide Pest diseases 3.Moko facilitated forum mat(rice hull ) management 4.Bunchy 30-35 bags/matt, Disinfecting tools & Foot baths

Matuguina Farm Herbicides & - - Pest diseases Coconut, Bunchy top, 1. Fusarium wilt - Burning of Fungicides management Coffee, Durian, Moko, 2. Moko infected & Mango Fusarium wilt, 3.Bunchy top 4. mat(rice hull ), & Sigatoka Sigatoka Crop rotation with corn, & Disinfecting tools

Annex Table 3. Data Sheet used to monitor Fusarium wilt disease incidence in the pilot plots

No. Name of Farm Location Date of No.of No. of plants infected Total # of plants % Disease Planting seedlings (Month) infected incidence Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Grand Naine GCTCV 219

Annex Table 4. Data Sheet used to monitor fusarium wilt disease incidence in the pilot plots

functional functional total no. Plant Date of P-stem P-stem Date Bunch No. of box/ Fruit Quality leaves leaves of hand stem at Ht. Girth Wt fingers/ class starch sugar No. Shooting Harvested at harvest hands ration TSS (brix) shooting (cm) (cm) (kg) bunch content content