BMR Phytomedicine

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Review Article

PRESENT REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMISTRY, NEUTRACEUTICAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIDIABETIC, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERICTICS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LINN.

Ashwani Kumar1, Farha Naaz1, Akansha Kushwaha1, Priya Chaudhary1, Prachi Srivastav1 1Faculty of Biosciences, Shri Ram College Muzaffarnagar, UP-251001, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Ashwani Kumar

Received July 05, 2016; Accepted August 01, 2016; Published August 05, 2016;

Copyright: © 2016 Ashwani Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cite This Article: Kumar, A., Naaz, F., Kushwaha, A., Chaudhary, P., Srivastav, P.(2016). Present Review on Phytochemistry, Neutraceutical, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Biotechnological and Pharmacological Characterictics of Moringa oleifera Linn.. BMR Phytomedicine, 2(1).1-17

ABSTRACT

Nature has provided a complete store-house of remedies to cure all aliments of mankind. Records of pre-historic civilization in different parts of the world revealed considerable range of medicinal plants to cure human ailments. M. oleifera belongs to family Nyctaginaceae. M. oleifera has been extensively used in almost all folklore remedies around the world for treating a variety of conditions. It has been reported that indigenous Mexican population uses various decoctions and preparations of M. oleifera for muscular pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, and abdominal colic. The plant has been extensively studied for a variety of bioactive principles and screened for different pharmacological activities. The ethanolic extract of the leaves and the stem was found to have potent antinociceptive activity in experimental mice. The plant has also proved to possess antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant activity. This article briefly reviews the botany, pharmacology, biochemistry and therapeutic application of the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of M. oleifera and highlight the need for research and development.

KEYWORDS: M. oleifera, Drumstick, Phytochemical, Pharmacology, Phytophysiological.

INTRODUCTION also be used for water purification and hand washing, and is sometimes used in herbal medicine [2]. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family DESCRIPTION Moringaceae. English common names include: moringa Drumstick (The appearance of the long, slender, triangular M. oleifera is a fast-growing, deciduous tree [3]. It can reach a height of 10–12 m (32–40 ft) [4]. and the trunk can seed-pods), horseradish tree (The taste of the roots, which resembles horseradish), ben oil tree, or benzoil tree (The reach a diameter of 45 cm (1.5 ft) [5]. The bark has a oil which is derived from the seeds) [1]. It is a fast- whitish-grey colour and is surrounded by thick cork. 1 growing, drought-resistant tree, native to the southern Young shoots have purplish or greenish-white, hairy foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India, and bark.The tree has an open crown of drooping, fragile widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas where its branches and the leaves build upa feathery foliage of young seed pods and leaves are used as vegetables. It can tripinnate leaves.The flowers are fragrant and bisexual, surrounded by five unequal, thinly veined, yellowish-white PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine petals. The flowers are about 1.0 1.5 cm (1/2") long and Moringa seed oil also has potential for use as a biofuel [15]. 2.0 cm (3/4") broad. They grow on slender, hairy stalks in The roots are shredded and used as a condiment with sharp spreading or drooping later flower clusters which have a flavor qualities deriving from significant content of length of 10–25 cm [6]. Flowering begins within the first polyphenols [16]. six months after planting. In seasonally cool regions, flowering only occurs once a year between April and June. Figure 1: Seeds, Green Pods, Dry Pods, Flower, and In more constant seasonal temperatures and with constant branches of M. oleifera rainfall, flowering can happen twice or even all year-round [6]. The fruit is a hanging, three-sided brown capsule of 20–45 cm size which holds dark brown, globular seeds with a diameter around 1 cm. The seeds have three whitish papery wings and are dispersed by wind and water [7]. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1–2 m (3–6 ft) and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves remain within arm's reach.

BREEDING

In India, from where moringa most likely originated, the diversity of wild types is large [8] . This gives a good basis for breeding programs. In countries where moringa has been introduced, the diversity is usually much smaller among the cultivar types. Locally well-adapted wild types, though can be found in most regions.Because moringa is cultivated and used in different ways, there are different breeding aims. The breeding aims for an annual or a perennial plant are obviously different. The yield stability of fruits is an important breeding aim for the commercial cultivation in India, where moringa is cultivated as an annual. On less favorable locations, perennial cultivation has big advantages. Erosion is much smaller with perennial cultivation [8]. In Pakistan, varieties have been tested for their nutritional composition of the leaves on different locations [9]. The different breeding aims result in a different selection. India selects for a higher number of pods and dwarf or semidwarf varieties. Breeders in Tanzania, though, are selecting for higher oil content [10]. the leaves are the most nutritious part of the plant, being a significant source of B vitamins, vitamin C, provitamin A as beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and protein, among other essential nutrients.[3, 9,10] When compared with common foods particularly high in certain nutrients per 100 g fresh weight, cooked moringa leaves are considerable sources of these same nutrients. Some of the calcium in moringa leaves is bound as crystals of calcium oxalate [11]. The leaves are cooked and used like spinach and are commonly dried and crushed into a powder used in soups and sauces. The immature seed pods, called "drumsticks", are commonly consumed in South Asia. They are prepared by parboiling, and cooked in a curry until soft [12]. The seed pods/fruits, even when cooked by boiling, remain particularly high in vitamin C [13]. (Which may be degraded variably by cooking) and are also a good source of dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, and manganese [13].

The seeds, sometimes removed from more mature pods and eaten like peas or roasted like nuts, contain high levels 2 of vitamin C and moderate amounts of B vitamins and dietary minerals. Mature seeds yield 38–40% edible oil called ben oil from its high concentration of behenic acid. The refined oil is clear and odorless, and resistsrancidity. The seed cake remaining after oil extraction may be used as a fertilizer or as a flocculent to purify water [14]. PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine sauce. Moringa juice may be mixed with lemonsito juice to make ice candies or cold drinks. In Indonesia, the leaves are commonly eaten in a clear vegetable soup, often with corn, spinach and coconut milk.

WATER PURIFICATION

Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter water using flocculation to produce potable water for animal or human consumption [20, 21]. Moringa seeds contain dimericcationic proteins [22]. Which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to clump together, making the suspended particles easier to remove as sludge by either settling or filtration. Moringa seed cake removes most impurities from water. This use is of particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions where drinking water is affected by pollutants [21].

Ayurveda Treatment in 300 diseases has been reported from the drumstick

Malnutrition relief There is a legume tree that year in the south. It is inserted into the sambar. Once a year, while in the north it is the Moringa trees have been used to combat malnutrition, same pod. Once the flowers also make winter vegetable is especially among infants and nursing mothers [3.17] .Since eaten. Then the soft vegetable bean is created. Pruning of moringa thrives in arid and semiarid environments it may trees and will be after this abdominal diseases and kapha provide a versatile, nutritious food source throughout the diseases , arthritis and colic in a pod, leaf eye, sprains, year. Dunt-dalun chin-yei, Burmese drumstick sour soup Siatika, is useful in Ayurveda treatment in 300 diseases Moringa has numerous applications in cooking throughout have been reported from the drumstick . The pods, green its regional distribution. It may be preserved by canning leaves and dry leaves, carbohydrates, protein, calcium, but is often made into a variety of curry dishes by mixing potassium, iron, magnesium, vitamin A, C and B complex with coconut, poppy seeds, and mustard or boiled until the is found in plenty. - The flowers in the arthritis etc. Mix drumsticks are semisoft and consumed directly without honey in the bark of drumstick vata, kapha disease and any extra processing or cooking. It is used in curries, become calm. The leaf decoction of arthritis, Siatika, sambars, kormas, and dals, although it is also used to add stroke, air disorder early benefits. The decoction of its root flavor to cutlets and other recipes. in Siatika rapid velocity looks miraculous effects, - Sprains etc. drumstick leaf when making pulp and mustard oil and The fruit meat of drumsticks, including young seeds, is cook on low strain shortly benefit from putting in place of used for soup. Young leaves can either be fried with sounds shrimp or added as a topping in fish soup. Several traditional dishes use leaves (sluc) of the moringa tree Air drumstick eighty kinds of pain and 72 types of known as daum m'rum [19]. Such as korko (a mixed disorders have been reported suppressor. The vegetable vegetable soup). As it is a favorite vegetable, Cambodians from chronic arthritis, joint pain, accumulation of air, is traditionally grow moringa trees close to their residences. useful in rheumatic diseases.Fresh drumstick leaves juice Tender drumstick leaves, finely chopped, are used as in the ear pain is putting Kidney and urinary stones slip garnish for vegetable dishes and salads. The long moringa drumstick vegetable leaves.Extract of the root bark, add seed pods are cut into shorter lengths and stewed in curries rock salt and drink Hing is useful in the formation of and soups. Because they are fibrous, seed pods are often gallstones.The juice of the leaves removes children Kiden chewed to extract the juices and nutrients, with the stomach prevents diarrhea and vomiting.The juice is useful remaining fibrous material discarded. The flowers are in hypertension early evening drink.Intake of the juice of mixed with gram flour and other spices, then deep fried its leaves gradually decreases obesity. To rinse teeth into fritters to be served as snacks or added to curries.The decoction of the bark worms are destroyed and in pain green pods, leaves, and flowers are used in a variety of relief. - It eliminates constipation by eating greens soft Thai dishes, such as curries, stir-fries, soups, omelets, and leaves.Kade its root with the rock salt and Hing salads. A traditional dish is sour Thai curry made with Consumption benefits in epileptic seizures. Grind the drumstick pods and fish.Moringa leaves are commonly leaves from the wound and heal inflammation. It also has added to broth as a simple soup. The leaves may also be light eyes - Drumstick soup as you can drink the blood of 3 used as a typical ingredient in tinola, a traditional chicken the body is clean. Only then will the problems of dish consisting of chicken in a broth, moringa leaves, and Pimpalgaon will clean the blood from the inside. either green papaya or another vegetable or in the all vegetable dish known as utan. The leaves can also be processed with olive oil and salt for a pesto-like pasta

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BMR Phytomedicine Phytochemical, biochemical, and pharmacological cord trauma.[28]Pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) analysis of M. oliefera is a "green" technology which can be usedfor the extraction of essential components in Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as Thebehaviour of three flavonols (myricetin, quercetin and natural antioxidants. Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum kaempferol) and totalphenolic content (TPC) in Moringa tenuiflorum L. are known for their wide applications in leaf powder were investigated at varioustemperatures using food and pharmaceutical industry. Various flavanoids and PHWE. Optimum extraction temperature for flavonols and Phenolics were identified by paper chromatography based DPPH radicalscavenging activity was found to be 100 °C. on their RF values and significant colors. From the above The TPC increased with temperatureuntil 150 °C and then study we concludethat Moringa and Ocimum are rich in decreased while the reducing activity increased.[29] natural antioxidants hence are potent source in pharmaceutical industry [23].Oxidative stress is a Metabolite extraction methods have been shown to be a physiological state associated with almost all biotic critical consideration for pharmacometabolomics studies andabiotic stresses in plants. This phenomenon occurs due and, as such, optimization and development of new toimbalances which resultfrom the overproduction of extraction methods are crucial. In the current study, an reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants, however, organic solvent-freemethod, namely, pressurised *hot havedeveloped sophisticated mechanisms to mitigate the water extraction (PHWE), was used to extract effect of ROS. Furthermore, the obtained data supports M. pharmacologically important metabolites from dried oleifera as a sourceof versatile andpharmacologically Moringa oleifera leaves. The use of MS in combination relevant metabolites that may be exploited forameliorating with PCA was furthermore shown to be an the oxidative damages imposed by several metabolic excellentapproach to evaluate the quality and content of disorders inhumans [24]. This study was designed to pharmacologically importantextracts [30].Moringa oleifera determine the antioxidant properties and inhibitoryeffects is a medicinal plant and an excellent dietary source of extract from Moringa oleifera leaves on angiotensin-I- ofmicronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and health- converting enzyme (ACE) and arginase activities in vitro. promoting phytochemicals (phenolic compounds, The phenolic contents, inhibition of ACE, arginase,and glucosinolates and isothiocyanates). Glucosinolates Fe(2+)-induced MDA production, and radical (OH, NO) andisothiocyanates are known to possess anti carcinogenic scavenging and Fe(2+)-chelating abilities could be some of and antioxidant effectsand have attracted great interest the possible mechanisms by which M.oleifera leaves could from both toxicological and pharmacological points of be used in the treatment and/or management of view, as they are able to induce phase 2 detoxification erectiledysfunction[25]. enzymes and to inhibit phase 1 activation enzymes. Second, LC-MS and LC-MS/MSqualitative and Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in quantitative methods were used for the identification bioactive compounds. Inthis manuscript, we review studies and/ordetermination of phenolics and glucosinolates in M. concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along oleifera [31].Fresh leaves of M. oleifera plants were with genetic diversity among different accessions and analysed for nutritionally importantphytoconstituents and populations. Different methods of propagation, feasible commercially used dehydration method establishment and cultivation are discussed. However, wereevaluated to preserve these in dehydrated leaves. The there are still toofew studies on humans to recommend product was evaluated using Quantitative Descriptive Moringa leaves as medication in the preventionor Analysis and was accepted with a high overall treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans qualityscore. The present investigation explores the are recommended [26].The influence of Moringa oleifera nutritional potential of M.oleifera leaves and suitable (MO) leaf extract as a dietary supplement onthe growth methods of drying that could be useful for processedfood performance and antioxidant parameters was evaluated on formulation [32]. broiler meatand the compounds responsible for the corresponding antioxidant activity wereidentified. 0.5%, Moringa oleifera, an important multipurpose crop, is rich 1.0%, and 1.5% w/v of MO leaf aqueous extracts (MOLE) in variousphytochemicals: flavonoids, antioxidants, wereprepared, and nutritional feed supplemented with 0%, vitamins, minerals and carotenes. Biochemical pathway 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w/w of MO leaf meal (MOLM) analysis revealed that 28 identifiedmetabolites were extracts were also prepared and analysed for their in interconnected with 36 different pathways as well as vitroantioxidant potential. Furthermore, the treated broiler related to different fatty acids and secondary metabolites groups (control (T1) and treatment (T2, T3, and T4)) were synthesis biochemical pathways.It is well known that evaluated for performance, meat quality, andantioxidant different tissues of M. oleifera have nutritional,medicinal, status [27].4(α-l-Rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate and therapeutic values; therefore, our main objective is to (glucomoringin isothiocyanate; GMG-ITC)is released from provide a publicly available M. oliefera tissue specific the precursor 4(α-l-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl metabolite database [33].Present investigation shows that glucosinolate(glucomoringin; GMG) by myrosinase (β- hydroethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera(MOHE) and its thioglucoside glucohydrolase; E.C.3.2.1.147) catalyzed isolated saponin (SM) attenuates DMBA induced renal 4 hydrolysis. Spinal cord trauma was induced in mice by the carcinogenesisin mice. Isolation of SM was achieved by applicationof vascular clips (force of 24g) for 1 min., via TLC and HPLC and characterization wasdone using IR and (1) HNMR. Animals were pre-treated with MOHE four-level T5-T8 after laminectomy. Therefore, the bioactive phytochemical GMG-ITC freshly produced (200 and 400 mg/kgbody weight; p.o), BHA as a standard before use by myrosinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of pure (0.5 and 1 %) and SM (50 mg/kg body weight) for GMG, could prove to be useful in the treatment of spinal 21 days prior to the administration of single dose of PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine DMBA (15 mg/kg bodyweight) [34].Moringa is a Lam. and Raphinus sativus Linn.Samples were prepared mycorrhizal crop cultivated in the tropics and subtropics by extracting the leaves of the M. oleifera and R.sativus by andappreciated for its nutritive and health-promoting value. cold-maceration technique using 90% ethanol. The lower As well as improvingplant mineral nutrition, arbuscular limit of quantitation achieved for QU, RU and KA was 5 mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can affect plantsynthesis of ng/mL and thelinearity was observed from 5 to 2 000 compounds bioactive against chronic diseases in humans. ng/mL. The correlation coefficients oflinear regression Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae were analysis were 0.994 6, 0.995 1 and 0.996 9 for QU, RU used in a full factorial experiment to investigate the impact and KA, respectively [40].Two new caffeoyl quinic acid α- of AMF on the accumulation of glucosinolates, flavonoids, glucosides, together with three known caffeoylquinic acids phenolic acids, carotenoids, and mineral elements in and five known flavonoid glucosides, were isolated from moringa leaves [35]. the leavesof Moringa oleifera Lam. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as4-O-(4'-O-α-D- The antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of the glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyl quinic acid (1) and 4-O-(3'-O-α- essential oil of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) grown in D-glucopyranosyl)-caffeoyl quinic acid (2) by Mozambique was investigated. The antimicrobial activity spectroscopic analyses.[41] Epidemiological studies have of the essential oil was assayed against two Gram-positive revealed that a diet rich in plant-derived foods hasa strains (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcusaureus), two protective effect on human health.Identifying bioactive Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas dietary constituentsis an active area of scientific aeruginosa), and five fungal strains of agro-food interest investigation that may lead to new drug discovery. This (Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium expansum, information may help understand the health benefits Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium digitatum, and ofkaempferol-containing plants and may contribute to Aspergillus nigerspp.). B. cereus and P. aeruginosa, as develop this flavonoid as apossible agent for the prevention well as the fungal strains were sensitive to the essential oil and treatment of some diseases [42]. [36]. The present study determined the chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) contentand antioxidant Antioxidant, Antiaging, Antifelgue, Antiflammetry capacity of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) or sunflower cake (SC) or grass hay The effects of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera on (GH). The meat from goatsupplemented with MOL had swimming performanceand related biochemical parameters higher concentrations of total phenolic content (10.62±0.27 were investigated in male Wistar rats (130-132 g). Four mg tannic acid equivalent E/g). The MOL significantly groups of rats (16 per group) were fed a standard scavenged2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic- laboratory diet and given distilled water, 100, 200, or acid (ABTS) radical to93.51±0.19% (93.51±0.19%) and 400 mg/kgof extract, respectively, for 28 days. On day 28, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical 8 rats from each group were subjected to the to58.95±0.3% than other supplements. The antioxidative forcedswimming test with tail load (10% of body weight). effect of MOL supplementedmeat on catalase (CAT), M. oleifera extract increased maximum swimming time, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) blood hemoglobin, blood glucose, andhepatic and muscle andlipid oxidation (LO) was significantly (P<0.05) higher glycogen reserves. In conclusion, the antifatigue properties than other meat from goat feed on grass hay or those of M. oleifera extract aredemonstrated by its ability to supplemented with sunflower seed cake [37].The purpose improve body energy stores and tissue antioxidant capacity of this study was to determine the effects of an extract from and to reduce the tissue build-up of lactic acid [43].High fat Moringa oleifera (MO) on the development of diet (HFD) prompts metabolic pattern inducing reactive monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonaryhypertension oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria thereby (PH) in Wistar rats. Chronic treatments with the MO triggering multitude of chronicdisorders in human. extract reversed the MCT-induced changes. Additionally, Antioxidants from plant sources may be an imperative the MCT group had a significant elevation in superoxide remedyagainst this disorder. However, it requires scientific dismutaseactivity when normalized by the MO extract validation. Swiss mice were fed with HFD to develop treatments. In conclusion, the MO extract successfully oxidative stress model (HFD group) [44].Moringa oleifera attenuated the development of PH via direct leaves are a well-known source of antioxidants and vasodilatationand a potential increase in antioxidant traditionally used for medicinal applications. In the present activity.[38] study, the protective action ofsoluble M. oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) against cadmium toxicity was Moringa oleifera, Lam. (Moringaceae) is grown world- investigatedin the model eukaryote Saccharomyces wide in the tropics andsub-tropics of Asia and Africa and cerevisiae. Ourfindings suggest the potential use of soluble contains abundant various nutrients. This study describes extract from M. oleifera leaves as a dietary supplement for the effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and protection against cadmium accumulation and oxidatives seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical tress [45].Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) possess compositions and antioxidant activity of M.oleifera grown highest concentration of antioxidant bioactive compounds in Taiwan. The Moringa extract showed strong hydrogen and is anticipated to be used as analternative medicine for peroxide scavenging activity and high Superoxide inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the 5 Dismutase (SOD) activity except the stalk part [39]. To anti-inflammatory activity of 80% hydroethanolic extract of develop a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography- M. oleifera flower onproinflammatory mediators and tandem massspectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to analyze cytokines produced in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced quercetin (QU), rutin (RU) andkaempferol (KA) RAW 264.7 macrophages.Materials and Methods. [46] simultaneously in the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera

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BMR Phytomedicine The exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UVR) is the key sacrificed 24h after CP injection. Biochemicalanalysis source of skin sunburn;it may produce harmful entities, showed significant elevation of malondialdhyde, while reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to aging.The skin reducedglutathione activity was significantly lowered. can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of From the results obtained in thiswork, we can say that ROS by using various pharmaceutical formulations, such Moringa leaves play an important role in ameliorating and as cream. Cream can be loaded withantioxidants to quench protecting the bladder from CP toxicity [53]. Moringa ROS leading to photo-protective effects. Of numerous oleifera is a tree belonging to Moringaceae family and its botanicals, the phenolic acids and flavonoids leaves andseeds are reported to have ameliorative effects appeareffective against UVR-induced damage; however the against metal toxicity. In the blood, delta-amino levulinic evidence-based studies fortheir anti-aging effects are still acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, RBC, WBC, needed [47].The preventive effect of Moringa oleifera hemoglobin, and hematocrit showed significant (p<0.05) polyphenolic fraction (MOPF) on cardiacdamage was decrease on lead exposure. However, administration of M. evaluated in isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiotoxicity oleifera restored all the parameters back to control, tissue- model ofWistar rats. Male rats in different groups were specifically, andalso showed improvement in restoration treated with MOPF orally at thedose of 50, 100 and 150 better than DMSA treatment, indicatingreduction of the mg/kg/day for 28 days and were subsequently administered negative effects of lead-induced oxidative stress.[54] (sc.) with ISO (85 mg/kg body weight) for the last two days. Additionally, scavenging potential to the hydroxyl The discovery of bioactive compounds in foods has radical of the fraction was measured byelectron changed the dietary lifestyle of many people The DPPH paramagnetic resonance (EPR) [48]. inhibition activity of the beverages prepared with germinated tigernut extracts was significantly higher than Menopause is a gradual three-stage process that concludes the DPPH inhibition activity of the beverages prepared with the end of periodsand reproductive life. The with fresh tigernut extract. The taste and antioxidant enzyme systemget affected inpostmenopause overallacceptability of drinks containing the roasted due to deficiency of estrogen, which has got antioxidant tigernut extract were preferred, while the color and properties. The objective of the present study was appearance of drinks with the germinated samples therefore, to analyze theeffect of supplementation of werepreferred. Roasting or germinating tigernuts before drumstick and amaranth leaves powder on blood levelsof extraction and addition ofMOE or HSE extracts is another antioxidant and marker of oxidative stress. The results way to add value and enhance the utilization oftigernuts indicated that these plants possess antioxidant property and [55].Anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, and have therapeutic potential for theprevention of antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera Lam. suggest complications during postmenopause [49].The leaves of that it might have beneficial effects on colitis.The present Moringa oleifera, collected in different provinces in study was performed to investigate the anticolitis effect of Thailand,were determined for the contents of total Moringa oleifera seeds hydro-alcoholic extract (MSHE) phenolics, total flavonoids, major components, and and its chloroform fraction (MCF) on acetic acid-induced antioxidant activity.Treatmentwith isoquercetin colitis in rats. Since the efficacy was evident even in significantly increased the mRNA expression levels lowdoses of MSHE, presence of active constituents with ofantioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, high potency in seeds ispersuasive [56]. A study was under catalase and heme oxygenase 1. These results confirm that taken to assess variation in antioxidant, antimicrobial M. oleifera leaves are good sources of naturalantioxidant andphytochemical properties of thirteen Moringa oleifera with isoquercetin as an active compound [50].Moringa cultivars obtained from different locations across the globe. oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a rich source of Standard antioxidant methods including the DPPH antioxidants.All parts of the plant are medicinally scavenging, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and β-carotene- important and have been used astraditional medicine for a linoleic acid model were used to evaluate the activity. variety of human ailments in India.Therapeutic efficacy of Theinformation offer an understanding on variations adjuvants with M. oleifera (MO) root extractwas between cultivars from different geographical locations and investigated against beryllium-induced oxidative stress. is important in the search for antioxidant supplementation Curcumin enhanced therapeutic efficacy of M. oleifera root and anti-ageing products [57]. extract and showed better antioxidant potential against beryllium toxicity [51]. Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is an edible plant used as both a food andmedicine throughout the tropics. A moringa Moringa oleifera Lam. is a fast-growing, tropical tree with concentrate (MC), made by extractingfresh leaves with various edible parts used as nutritious food and traditional water utilized naturally occurring myrosinase to convert medicine. This study describes anefficient preparatory four moringa glucosinolates into moringa isothiocyanates. strategy to extract and fractionate moringa leaves by fast These results suggest apotential for stable and concentrated centrifugal partition chromatography (FCPC) to produce moringa isothiocyanates, delivered in MC asa food-grade polyphenol andisothiocyanate (ITC) rich fractions. These product, to alleviate low-grade inflammation associated findings suggest that moringa leaves contain a potent with chronic diseases [58].The antioxidant and 6 mixture of direct and indirect antioxidants that can explain hepatoprotective activities of the extract of Moringa its various health-promoting effects [52]. oleifera leaves were investigated against CCl₄-induced Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating antineoplastic agent hepatotoxicity in rats.Hepatotoxic rats were treated with is widely used in thetreatment of solid tumors and B-cell ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera for aperiod of 60 days at malignant disease. It is known to causeurinary bladder the following three dose levels; 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg damage due to inducing oxidative stress. Rats were bodyweight/day, orally. Results suggest that the PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine antioxidant and hepato protectiveactivities of M. oleifera phytochemicals. The antibacterial assays showed that leaves are possibly related to the free radicals cavenging Moringa oleifera Lam., Limnophila aromatica (Lamk.), activity which might be due to the presence of total Merr terminali achebula Retz. And Phyllanthus emblica phenolics andflavonoids in the extract and/or the purified Linn.That were extracted using 80% ethanol as solvent compounds β-sitosterol, quercetinand kaempferol, which werefound to have antibacterial activities against were isolated from the ethanol extract of M. oleifera, Staphylococcus aureus, Straphylococcus epidermidis, leaves [59]. Free radicals trigger chain reaction and inflict Streptococcus pyogenes and Propioni bacterium acnes. The damage to the cells and itscomponents, which in turn results in this study may be useful for future application of ultimately interrupts their biological activities.High- edible plants that are native to Thailand to be used as performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) finger prints cosmetic or therapqutic products [65].The aim of the study of the 90% gradient extract visually showed few specific was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant properties peaks, which on further analysis, using HPLC-DAD-ESI- Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) extracts and its curative role MS, were identified as flavonoids and theirderivatives. in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxic liver injury in rats These findings might help researchers to further scrutinize caused by oxidative damage. The totalphenolic content and this high activity exhibiting gradient extract and its bio- antioxidant properties of hydroethanolic extracts of activecandidates for fruitful clinical/translational different MO edible parts were investigated by employing investigations [60].To evaluate and compare the an established in vitro biological assay. The results of this antioxidant potential andanti-inflammatory activity of study strongly indicate the therapeutic properties of MO ethanolic extract of flowers of Moringa oleifera (M. hydroethanolic extracts against acute liver injury and oleifera) grown in Oman.Flowers of M. oleifera were thereby scientificallysupport its traditional use [66]. collected in the month of December 2012 and identified by a botanist. The results of our study suggest that flowers of Consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) induces nonalcoholic M. oleifera possesspotent anti-inflammatory activity and fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may lead to multiple are also a good source of natural antioxidants. Further complications affecting human health. In thepresent study, study is needed to identify the chemical effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) in compoundsresponsible for their anti-inflammatory activity alleviating HFD induced liver injury in mice has been [61]. reported. Moreover, significant increase in endogenous antioxidant parameters and lower lipid peroxidation were African ethnomedicine is essentially based on the found in liver of all MoLE treatedgroups. Results of the traditional use of vegetal extracts. Since these natural drugs study indicated that MoLE has both preventive as have shown health giving properties, in thepresent study alsocurative hepatoprotective activity [67].The study we increased further the scientific basis supporting these investigated antioxidant potency of Moringa oleifera leaves data. These results, on the bioactivity and the biochemical indifferent in vitro systems using standard phytochemical characteristics of African plant extracts, may increase the methods. Theantioxidative effect on the activities of comprehension ofindigenous therapeutic practices and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lipid represent the first step for theindividuation of new peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were inexpensive and natural drugs able to prevent and investigatedin goats supplemented with M. oleifera (MOL) contrastcancer onset [62].Consumption of a high-fat diet or sunflower seed cake (SC). Lipidperoxidation was (HFD) promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly reduced by MOL. The present study suggests whichultimately trigger inflammation. The aim of this that M.oleifera could be a potential source of compounds study was to investigate therole of Moringa oleifera leaf with strong antioxidant potential [68].Moringa oleifera is extract (MoLE) and its active component quercetin in an important source of antioxidants, tools in nutritional preventing NF-κB-mediated inflammation raised by short- biochemistry that could be beneficial for human health; the term HFD. All these changes were reversed in the leaves and flowersare used by the population with great MoLE/quercetin-treatedgroups with significant nutritional importance. This workinvestigates the improvement of antioxidant activity compared to the HFD antioxidant activity of M. oleifera ethanolic (E1) and group. Thus, thepresent study concluded that short-term saline(E2) extracts from flowers (a), inflorescence rachis treatment with MoLE and its constituentquercetin prevent (b), seeds (c), leaf tissue (d), leaf rachis (e) and HFD-mediated inflammation in mice [63].The present fundamental tissues of stem (f). In conclusion, M. oleifera study was aimed to evaluate the retino protective effects of ethanolic and saline extracts containantioxidants that Moringa oleifera (MO) in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic support the use of the plant tissues as food sources rats.The study was continued for 24 weeks and evaluated [69].The antioxidant system of a plant comprises a group of for inflammatory(tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and chemicals that are highly diverse in their sources, effects interleukin [IL]-1β, angiogenic (vascularendothelial growth and uses. These antioxidants are capable ofcontracting and factor [VEGF] and protein kinase C [PKC]-β) and damaging free radicals. This investigation deals with a antioxidant(Glutathione, Superoxide dismutase, and screeningand comparison of the antioxidant activities of 20 Catalase) parameters.Transmission electron selected medicinal plants and their parts, individually and microscopywas done to determine basement membrane in combination with vitamins A, C or E, using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Moringa oleifera Lam and S. (BM) thickness. Our result suggests that MO may be 7 useful in preventing diabetesinduced retinal dysfunction album have also shown fairlysignificant AE in a vitamin [64]. combination dose of 0.001 mM concentration [70].

The vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Thailand The present study evaluated the hepato protective effect of have been suggested asrich sources of beneficial aqueous ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine against radiation-induced oxidative stress, which is treatment of various cancers in many African countries, assessed in terms of inflammation and lipid peroxidation. including Kenya. The present study involved the Swiss albinomice were administered MoLE (300 mg/kg of phytochemical analysesof the crude extracts of M.oleifera body weight) for 15 consecutive daysbefore exposing them andbiological activities (antioxidant, cytotoxicity and to a single dose of 5 Gy of ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation. Mice were induction of apoptosis in-vitro) of selected isolated sacrificed at 4 hours after irradiation. Liver was collected compounds.Apoptosis studies were carried out using the for immunoblotting and biochemical tests for the detection acridine orange/ethidium bromidedual staining method. of markers of hepatic oxidative stress.,CAT, GSH, and Comparatively both compounds showed muchlower FRAP were observed in the mice treated with MoLE prior cytotoxicity against the HEK293 cell line with IC50 values to irradiation.Therefore pretreatment with MoLE protected of 186 μg mL (-1) and 224 μg mL (-1), respectively [76]. against γ-radiation-induced liver damage [71].Studies have Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and demonstrated that the induction of oxidative stress may be preservatives has ledto the search for suitable essential oils. involved in oxidative DNA damage. The present study Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by examined and assessed the hydrogenperoxide (H2O2)- solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillation. Larva mediated DNA damage in human tumor KB cells and also lethality was different significantly (P<0.05) between HDE assessedthe ability of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts to and SME oils at different concentrations and incubation inhibit the oxidative damage. H2O2 imposed a stress on the periods. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the oils membrane lipids which was quantified by theextent of was >1000 mg/ml recommended as an index for non- thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formed toxicity, which gives the oil advantage over some [72].The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, therapeutic, and preservative efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaves against carbon chemicals [77]. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated liver slices in vitro.The study widely consumed in tropical andsubtropical regions for evaluated the antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera their valuable nutritional and medicinal characteristics. leaves against (CCl4)-induced oxidative damage in liver Recently, extensive research has been conducted on leaf slices.(CCl4) treatment significantly decreased the extracts of M. oleifera to evaluate their potential cytotoxic activities of antioxidantenzymes such as superoxide effects. Furthe rmore, the IC50 values obtained for MCF-7, dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,glutathione HeLa and HepG2 cells were 226.1, 422.8 and 751.9μg/mL reductase, and glutathione S-transferase and caused respectively. Conclusively, the present investigation decreasedglutathione content and increased the provides preliminary results which suggest that seed thiobarbituric acid reacting substances(TBARS). essential oil from M. oleifera has potentcytotoxic activities Ourfindings provide evidence to demonstrate that the against cancer cell lines [78]. possible mechanism of thisactivity may be due to the strong antioxidant property of the leaves [73]. The antidiabetic activity of two low doses of Moringa seed powder (50 and100 mg/kg body weight, in the diet) on Bioassay-guided isolation and purification of the ethyl streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes malerats was acetate extract of Moringa oleifera fruits yielded three new investigated. Forty r/ats were divided into four groups. The phenolic glycosides;4-[(2'-O acetyl-alpha-l-rhamnosyloxy) diabeticpositive control (STZ treated) group showed benzyl]isothiocyanate (1),4-[(3'-O-acetyl-alpha-l- increased lipid peroxide, increasedIL-6, and decreased rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate (2), a/nd S-methyl-N- antioxidant enzyme in the serum and kidney tissue {4 [(alpha-l-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]}thiocarbamate (3), homogenate compared with that of the negativecontrol together withfive known phenolic glycosides (4-8). In the group. Urineanalysis showed also glucosuria and increased concentration range of the IC(50) values, no significant potassium, sodium, creatinine, uricacid, and albumin levels cytotoxicity was noted. These data indicate compounds 1, [79]. Moringa oleifera Lam. contains many active 2, 4 and 5 are responsible for the reported NO-inhibitory ingredients with nutritional andmedicinal values. It is effect of Moringa oleiferafruits, and further studies are commonly used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic agent. warranted [74]. This study investigated the role of The present study was designed to investigate how an antioxidant enzyme system following crudehydroethanolic aqueous extract from theleaves of M. oleifera reveals extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MO) in acute hypoglycemia in diabetic rats. This study revealed that the paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity. The level of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves possesses potent glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione- hypoglycemic effectsthrough the normalization of elevated Stransferase(GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) was hepatic pyruvate carboxylase enzyme andregeneration of restored to near normal in groups thatwere pre-treated with damaged hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells via its MO. Histopathological studies have further confirmed antioxidantproperties [80]. Moringa oleifera has been thehepato protective activity of MO compared to group regarded as a food substance since ancient time andhas also treated with PCM only. Theresults obtained were used as a treatment for many diseases. Recently, comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg; p.o). The MO varioustherapeutic effects of M. oleifera such as extractwas found to have significantly protected the liver antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, against toxicity followingPCM intoxication by enhancing and antioxidant effects have been investigated; however, 8 the level of antioxidant enzyme activity [75]. most of these studies described only simple biological phenomena andtheir chemical compositions. These results Anticancer,Antibiotic, Antielser,Antistress suggest the potential therapeutic implications of the soluble extract from MOL in thetreatment of various types of Moringa oleifera, from the family Moringaceae, is used as cancers [81]. Medicinal plants attract growing interest in a source of vegetable and herbal medicine and in the the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus. Moringa PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine oleifera is a remarkably nutritious vegetable with several a widely cultivated species in India, is anexceptionally antioxidant properties. The histopathological damage of nutritious vegetable with a variety of potential uses in islet cells was also markedly reversed.Morphometrically, treatingrheumatism, venomous bites, and microbial M. oleifera significantly increased the areas of infections. Histologic examination of the pancreas from positivepurple modified Gomori stained β-cells (from 60% diabeticrats showed degenerative changes in β-cells; to 91%) and decreased the areapercentage of collagen MOMtE treatment significantly reversed the fibers (from 199% to 120%) compared to control histoarchitectural damage to the islets cells.In conclusion, values.Experimental findings clearly indicate the potential M. oleifera exerts protective effects againstSTZ-induced benefits of using theaqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves diabetes. The MOMtE exhibited significant antidiabetic as a potent antidiabetic treatment [82]. This study was andantioxidant activity and active constituents may be conducted to determine the mechanism underlying isolated from the extract forevaluation in future clinical thechemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa studies [88]. Dietary polyphenols are antioxidants that can oleifera leaf extract (MOLEE) against chromium-induced scavenge biological free radicals, and chemoprevent impairments of rat testes using biochemical methods. After diseases with biological oxidation as their main the blood sampleswere collected, the animals were etiologicalfactor. In this paper, we review our laboratory sacrificed to determine the testicularantioxidant status and data vis-ὰ-vis availableliterature on prostate cancer sperm parameters. However, concurrentadministration of chemopreventive substances in Nigerian foodstuffs. Thus, chromium and MOLEE significantly ameliorated the the high incidence of prostate cancer among males of chromiumeffects on the sperm parameters, local immunity, Africanextraction can be dramatically reduced, and the age inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymatic activities of onset drasticallyincreased, if the population at risk compared with rats exposed to chromium alone [83]. consumes the right kinds of foods in theright proportion, beginning early in life, especially as prostate cancer has In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of alatency period of about 50 years [89]. Moringa oleifera moringa (Moringaoleifera Lam.), a natural biologically Lamarck is commonly consumed for nutritional or active substance, by determining itsinhibitory effects on medicinal properties.Inhibitor of proteins such as pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and NOS arepotential stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells.resulting in lower antiinflammatory and cancer chemopreventive agents. levels of NF -κ Btransactivation. Collectively, the results of Majorupstream signaling pathways involved mitogen- this study demonstrate that moringa fruit extract reduces activated protein kinases andnuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including NO, IL- RBITC inhibited phosphorylation of extracellularsignal- 1β, TNF-α and IL-6 via the inhibition of NF -κ B activation regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase, as well in RAW264.7cells. These findings reveal, in part, the asubiquitin-dependent degradation of inhibitor κBα (IκBα). molecular basis underlying theanti-inflammatory properties These data suggestRBITC should be included in the dietary of moringa fruit extract [84]. The present study was aimed armamentarium of isothiocyanatespotentially capable of at evaluating the antiulcer activity of thepolyherbal mediating antiinflammatory or cancer formulation (PHF) containing the leaf extracts of Moringa chemopreventiveactivity [90]. Moringa oleifera Lam oleifera, Raphinus sativus, and Amaranthus tricolor in (horseradish tree; tender pod or fruits) is a majoringredient rats.he antiulcer activity of the polyherbal formulation in Thai cuisine and has some medicinal properties. The (PHF) was evaluatedusing different models of gastric PCNA index wasalso significantly decreased in Group 8 ulcers: ethanol-induced, indomethacin-inducedand whereas iNOS and COX-2 protein expressionwere ischemia reperfusion-induced gastric ulcers. Efficacy was significantly decreased in Groups 7 and 8. The findings assessed by determining the ulcer index. [85]. To evaluate suggest that M.oleifera Lam pod exerts suppressive effects the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Moringa in a colitis-related coloncarcinogenesis model induced by oleifera (M. oleifera) young leaves by in vivo as well as in AOM/DSS and could serve as a chemopreventiveagent vitro assays On the other hand, FRAP assay results of [91]. M.oleifera leaves was (85.00 ± 5.00) μM/g of extract powderThe significant antioxidant activities of M. oleifera Nutritional, Healt benifits leaves fromboth in vivo as well as in vitro studies suggest that the regular intake of its leaves through diet can Moringa oleifera is a plant that grows in tropical and protectnormal as well as diabetic patients against oxidative subtropical areas of theworld. Its leaves are rich of damage [86]. nutrients and bioactive compounds. However, severaldifferences are reported in the literature. Oxidative stress is a common mechanism contributing to Nevertheless, these leaves are agood and economical initiation and progressionof hepatic damage in a variety of source of nutrients for tropical and sub-tropical countries. liver disorders. Hence there is a great demand for the Furthermore, M. oleifera leaves are a source of flavonoids development of agents with potent antioxidant effect. and phenolic acids, among which salicylic and ferulic Pretreatment with the Moringa oleifera (200 and 400 acids, and therefore they could be used asnutraceutical and mg/kg) orally for 14 dayssignificantly reversed the DMBA functional ingredients [92].We evaluated the induced alterations in the liver tissue and offered almost physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of the 9 complete protection. The results from the present study oilextracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera during its indicatetha Moringa oleifera exhibits good refining process.Refining is accomplished in three stages: hepatoprotective and antioxidant potentialagainst DMBA neutralization, degumming, andbleaching. Nine fatty acids induced hepatocellular damage in mice that might be due weredetected in all four samples, and there were no to decreasedfree radical generation [87]. Moringa oleifera, significant differences in their composition. Oleic acid was PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine found in the largest amount, followed by palmiticacid and majorbioactive compound Vicenin-2 was identified in the behenic acid. The crude, neutralized, and degummed oils bioactive aqueous fractionwhich was confirmed with showed highprimary oxidation stability, while the bleached standard Vicenin-2 using HPLC and UV oil had a low incidence ofsecondary oxidation [93]. spectroscopic.These findings suggest that bioactive fraction Moringa oleifera L. is a medicinal plant with potential of M. oleifera containingVicenin-2 compound may antioxidant property.This study was aimed at investigating enhance faster wound healing in vitro [99]. the chemoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOE) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular To date, the preventive strategy against dementia is still toxicity.Two-week-old male Swiss albino mice were essential due to therapid growth of its prevalence and the intraperitoneally injected withphosphate-buffered saline, limited therapeutic efficacy. Based on thecrucial role of 50 mg kg(-1) of CP and 25 mg kg(-1) of MOE. In oxidative stress in age-related dementia and the antioxidant conclusion, MOE may have potential benefit inreducing and nootropic activities of Moringa oleifera, the the loss of male gonadal function following chemotherapy enhancement of spatial memory andneuroprotection of M. [94].Aphrodisiacs are required to improve male sexual oleifera leaves extract in animal model of age- function under stressful conditions. Due to the effects of relateddementia was determined. Therefore, our data oxidative stress and dopamine on male sexualfunction, we suggest that M. Oleifera leaves extract is the potential hypothesized that Moringa oleifera leaves might improve cognitive enhancer and neuroprotectant. The possible male sexual dysfunction induced by stress. The increased mechanism might occur partly via the decreased oxidative sexual performanceduring the intromission phase might stress and the enhanced cholinergic function. However, have been due to the suppression of MAO-B andPDE-5 further explorations concerning activeingredient(s) are still activities and increased testosterone. Therefore, M. oleifera required [100].The protection against ischemic stroke is is apotential aphrodisiac, but further research concerning still required due to the limitation oftherapeutic efficacy. the precise underlyingmechanisms is still needed [95]. Based on the role of oxidative stress in strokepathophysiology, we determined whether Moringa Phytomedicines are believed to have benefits over oleifera, a plant possessingpotent antioxidant activity, conventional drugs and areregaining interest in current protected against brain damage and oxidative stress in research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purposeherbal plant animal model of focal stroke. The protective effect of used as human food and an alternative for medicinal medium and low doses of extract inall areas occurred purposesworldwide. An important factor that accounts for mainly via the decreased oxidative stress. The the medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera is its very wide protectiveeffect of the high dose extract in striatum and range ofvital antioxidants, antibiotics and nutrients hippocampus occurred via the samemechanism, whereas including vitamins and minerals. Almost all parts from other mechanisms might play a crucial role in cortex. The Moringa can be used as a source for nutrition with detailed mechanism required further exploration [101]. otheruseful values. This mini-review elaborate on details While anti-oxidant effects of Moringa oleifera in much its health benefits [96].Medicinal plants are believed to be oxidative stress relateddiseases have been well reported, a precious natural reservoir as they areassumed to have cryptorchidism on the other hand has been shownto cause paranormal effects for the mankind. Moringa oleifera oxidative stress. MEMO had nosignificant effect on growsthroughout most of the tropics and has numerous testicular weight and MDA concentration, while industrial and medicinal uses. It has an enormous itsignificantly increased sperm count, germ cell count, nutritional worth due to existence of vitamins and proteins. testicular SOD and totalprotein in the cryptorchid rats. The M. oleifera leaves, gums, roots,flowers as well as kernels present study suggests that MEMO have been unanimously utilized for managing amelioratescryptorchidism associated germ cell loss and tissuetenderness, cardiovascular and liver maladies, oxidative stress [102]. normalize blood glucose andcholesterol. It has also profound antimicrobial, hypoglycemic and anti-tubercular Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree, cultivated in the activities [97]. Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) has been tropics andsub-tropics for its nutritional and therapeutic reported to harbor anti-oxidation andanti-inflammatory properties. Owing to these adverse factors, the effect of activity and useful in the treatment of inflammatory soakingthe seeds for 30 min and then compounding it as diseases.An ethyl acetate fraction of MO (MOEF) feeds was done.Its effect ongrowth rate and the level of wasprepared from fresh leaves extract of Moringa and some biochemical parameters on rat wereinvestigated. The shown to consist of high levelsof phenolic and antioxidant Wistar albino rats were fed for 21 days and their activities. The findings highlight the ability of MOEF to weightsmeasured at 2 days interval. Aspartate and Alanine inhibit cytokines (IL-8) whichpromote the infiltration of transaminases, Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin neutrophils into the lungs and others (TNF, IL-6) which levels were assayed using Automated Vitros 350 [103]. mediate tissue disease and damage [98]. Moringa oleifera The unknown protective effect of N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl Lam. (M. oleifera) from the monogeneric family vincosamide (VR),isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves in Moringaceae isfound in tropical and subtropical countries. isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiactoxicity was evaluated The present study was aimed atexploring the in vitro in rats. A reduction in myocardial necrosis was 10 wound healing potential of M. oleifera and identification of furtherevidenced by the tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride active compounds that may be responsible for its wound (TTC) stain in isolated testdrug pretreated rats. These healing action. The study included cell viability, findings suggest the cardio-protective potential ofthe proliferation, and wound scratch test assays. The HPLC isolated alkaloid and possibly the beneficial action is and LC-MS/MS studies revealedkaempferol and quercetin mediated through its free radical scavenging property compounds in the crude methanolic extract and a [104]. To investigate the potential of hydroethanolic extract PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine of Moringaoleifera (MOHE) against 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastative anthracene (DMBA)-induced toxicityin male Swiss albino neurodegenerative disorder which needs adequate studies mice.Experimental mice were respectively pretreated with on effective treatment options. The extracts of plants and 200 and 400 mg/kg ofMOHE, and 0.5% and 1% of theireffect on the amelioration of AD symptoms have been butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) for two weeks prior tothe extensively studied. Thispaper summarizes the administration of 15 mg/kg of DMBA, respectively [105]. mechanisms like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, Fruit pods contain various beneficial compounds that have modification of monoamines, antiamyloid aggregation biological activitiesand can be used as a source of effect, and antioxidantactivity which are actively entailed pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.Although pods in the process of amelioration of ADsymptoms [113]. or pericarps are usually discarded when consuming the Oxidative stress due to abnormal production of reactive edible parts of fruits, they contain some compounds that oxygen species has beenimplicated in the nephrotoxicity exhibit biological activities afterextraction. [106]. Moringa induced by gentamicin. At the end of the experiment, the oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a rich source of kidneys of rabbits were excisedfor histological essentialminerals and antioxidants; it has been used in examinations and determination of lipid peroxidation human and animal nutrition. Theleaves and flowers are levelsOn histological examinations, kidney ofintoxicated being used by the population with great dietaryimportance. rabbits groups which received M. oleifera extract showed These results indicated the possible therapeuticaction of reparativetendencies. The present study indicates flower and leaf extract from MO in protecting liver damage thataqueous-ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves in ratsgiven an over dosage of APAP [108]. attenuates renal injury inrabbits treated with gentamicin, possibly by inhibiting lipid peroxidation [114]. Alzheimer's Nutritional, Health benifits disease (AD) is a devastative neurodegenerative disorder which needs adequate studies on effective treatment In the present study, in vitro antioxidant, antioxidative options. The extracts of plants and theireffect on the stress andhepato protective activity of Moringa oleifera amelioration of AD symptoms have been extensively Lam. seed oil (Ben oil; BO) wasevaluated against carbon studied. These effects are induced by extracts of a few tetrachloride (CCl4) induced lipid peroxidation andhepatic plants of differentorigin like Yizhi Jiannao, Moringa damage in rats. The oil at 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat was oleifera (Drumstick tree), Ginkgo Biloba administered orally for21 consecutive days. In vitro DPPH (Ginkgo/Maidenhair tree), Cassia obtisufolia (Sicklepod), radical scavenging and β-carotene-linolic acid assaytests of Desmodium gangeticum(Sal Leaved Desmodium), Melissa the BO exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity in both officinalis (Lemon Balm), and Salvia officinalis (Garden tests used. Thepossible mechanism(s) of the liver sage, common sage) [115]. protective activity of Ben oil activity may bedue to free radical scavenging potential caused by the presence of Others antioxidantcomponent(s) in the oil. Consequently, BO can be used as a therapeutic regime in treatment of some Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hepatic disorders [109]. Protective effect of Moringa addition of differentlevels of Moringa oleifera leaves oleifera leaf extract (MoLE) againstradiation-induced lipid extract (MLE) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in raw peroxidation has been investigated. Phytochemical analysis and cooked pork patties during refrigerated showed that MoLE possess variousphytochemicals such as storage.However, the results of published studies to date ascorbic acid, phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, ferulicacid, involving M.oleifera are very promising. Additional human ellagic acid, myricetin) etc., which may play the key role studies using standardizedextracts are highly desirable in prevention ofhepatic lipid peroxidation by scavenging [116]. In Thai traditional medicine, Moringa oleifera is radiation induced free radicals [110]. The purpose of this used for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. study was to determine the effects of an extract from Oxidative stress plays a major role in thepathogenesis of Moringa oleifera (MO) on the development of many degenerative diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonaryhypertension diabetesmellitus, and cardiovascular disease. We evaluated (PH) in Wistar rats. Chronic treatments with the MO the antioxidant effect of M.oleifera extract (MOE) for extract reversed the MCT-induced changes. Additionally, reduction of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) the MCT group had a significant elevation in superoxide formation, cell viability, oxidative stress, and lipid dismutaseactivity when normalized by the MO extract metabolism gene expressionin HepG2 cells. Moreover, M. treatments. In conclusion, the MOextract successfully oleifera may reducecholesterol and lipid synthesis by attenuated the development of PH via direct suppression of HMG-CoAR, PPARα1, and PPARγgene vasodilatationand a potential increase in antioxidant expression, thereby maintaining lipid homeostasis [117]. activity [111]. Oxidative stress due to abnormal production Phaseolus vulgaris plants were grown in the presence of of reactive oxygen species has been implicated in the NaCl and/or CdCl2 beginning from the second week, nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. The sprayed twice with moringa leaf extract (MLE) at 21 and nephroprotectiveeffect of aqueous-ethanolic extract of 28 days after sowing (DAS), and were sampled at 35 DAS Moringa oleifera leaves (150 and 300mg/kg) was evaluated for growth andchemical analyses and yielded at the end of against gentamicin-induced (80 mg/kg) renal injury experiment. However, the foliar application of MLE in 11 inrabbits. The present study indicates thataqueous- theabsence of the stress improved the MSI and RWC and ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves attenuates renal minimized plant Cd (2+) content but could not affect EL injury inrabbits treated with gentamicin, possibly by and lipid peroxidation. Proline content and the activity of inhibiting lipid peroxidation [112]. antioxidant enzymes showed a significant increase in response to MLE as wellas to NaCl and/or CdCl2 stress

PM 13|Volume 2|Issue 1|2016

BMR Phytomedicine [118]. The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides to REFERENCES control Aedes aegypti has ledto emergence of resistant populations. Moringa oleifera seeds contain the 1. Olson, M. E. (2010). Flora of North Americaial lectinsWSMoL and cMoL. WSMoL has larvicidal activity Committee, ed. Moringaceae: Drumstick on fourth-stage of A.In conclusion, Rockefeller and Rec- Family.Flora of North America North of Mexico Rlarvae were distinctly affected by M. oleifera lectins, and 7.New York and Oxford. pp. 167–169. larvicidal mechanism of WSMoL on Rockefeller L4 may 2. "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". involve deregulation of digestive enzymes.cMo Linterfered 3. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. pp. 978– mainly on SOD activity and thus it can be investigated as 3. ISBN 978-3-527-32141-4. asynergistic agent for controlling populations whose 4. "Horseradish tree". Encyclopedia Britannica. resistance is linked to anincreased detoxifying process Retrieved 2015-04-25. mediated by this enzyme [119]. The main objective of this 5. Parotta, John A. (1993).Moringa oleifera Lam. study was to assess whether recurring water Reseda, horseradish tree. Moringaceae.Horse stressoccurring from seed germination to young plants of radish tree family."(PDF).USDA Forest Service, Moringa oleifera Lam. are ableto mitigate the drought International Institute of Tropical Forestry. stress effects. Young plants wereused 50 days after Retrieved 2013-11-20. germination under three osmotic potentials (0.0, -0.3 and - 6. de Saint Saveur, A.; Broin, M. (2010). "Growing 0.4 MPa). There was rapid recovery of the photosynthetic and processing moringa leaves" (PDF). Moringa rate during the rehydration period. Thestressed plants from news/Moringa Association of Ghana. Retrieved the -0.3 and -0.4 MPa treatments showed higher 2013-11-25. tolerancecompared to the control plants. The results 7. Raja, S.; Bagle, B. G.; More, T. A. (August suggest that seeds of M. Oleifera subjected to mild water 2013).Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) deficit have had increased the ability for droughttolerance improvement for semiarid and arid ecosystem: when young plant [120]. Analysis of environmental stability for yield". Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science 5 (8): CONCLUSION 164–70. 8. Iqbal, Shahid; Bhanger, M.I. (2006). "Effect of Major thrust by whole of the pharmaceutical industry is season and production location on antioxidant focused towards design and development of new plant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in based drugs through investigation of leads from traditional Pakistan". Journal of Food Composition and system of medicines. In the study of M.Olifera .L alcoholic Analysis 19 (6–7): 544. extracts of roots, leaves and flowers gives different 9. C. Gopalan; B. V. Rama Sastri; S. C. pharmacological activities like antileprosy, anti- Balasubramanian (1989). Nutritive Value of inflammatory, antihelmintic, antispasmodic, antifungal, Indian Foods. National Institute of Nutrition, diuretic, anti microbial and antihyperlipidemic. Many Indian Council of Medical Research. important phytoconstituents responsible for the activity 10. "Horseradish-tree, leafy tips, cooked, boiled, were isolated. The scientific research on M.oliferaL drained, without salt". Nutritiondata.com. Condé suggests a huge biological potential of this plant. Author Nast. 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013. also have various review and research articles on medicinal 11. K.V. Peter (2008). Underutilized and and Ayurvedic systems of plants, such as Tribulus Underexploited Horticultural Crops: Volume 4. terrestris, Oxalis corniculata, Cuscuta reflexa and Solanum New India Publishing 112. ISBN 81-89422-90-1. nigrum [75.76.77].. These articles also have been provided 12. Olson, M. E.; Carlquist, S. (2001). "Stem and root very keen interest to students and researchers to make anatomical correlations with life form diversity, great achievements in medicinal plants research. It is also ecology, and systematics in Moringa strongly believed that detailed information as presented in (Moringaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean this review might provide detailed evidence for the use of Society 135 (4): 315. this plant in different medicines. At the same time, the 13. Elizabeth Schneider (2001). Vegetables from organic and aqueous extracts of M.olifera .L could be Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference. further exploited in the future as a source of useful Harper Collins. 318. ISBN 0-688-15260-0. phytochemical compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. 14. "Horseradish-tree, pods, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt.". Nutritiondata.com. Condé Nast. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013. 15. Lea, Michael (2010). "Bioremediation of Turbid We take this opportunity to acknowledge my sincere Surface Water Using Seed Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree". Current thanks to our respected Dr. S.C Kulshrestha, Chaiman, Protocols in Microbiology. Shri Ram Group Of Colleges Muzaffarnagar and Dr. B. K. Tyagi, Executive Director, Shri Ram Group of Colleges 16. Rashid, Umer; Anwar, Farooq; Moser, Bryan R.; Knothe, Gerhard (2008). "Moringa oleifera oil: A Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, for providing possible source of biodiesel". Bioresource necessary facilities and tools to carry out the research 12 Technology 99 (17): 8175–9. project work for Post graduate students of M.Sc. 17. Atawodi, S. E.; Atawodi, J. C.; Idakwo, G. A.; Biotechnology. Pfundstein, B; Haubner, R; Wurtele, G; Bartsch, H; Owen, R. W. (2010). "Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of

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BMR Phytomedicine methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root (PHWE) for essential compounds from Moringa barks of Moringa oleifera Lam". Journal of oleifera leaf extracts. Food Chem, 1;172: 423-7. Medicinal Food 13 (3): 710–6. 30. Khoza BS, Chimuka L, Mukwevho E, Steenkamp 18. Kumar, H. D. (2004-01-01).Cooper, Edwin L.; PA, Madala NE. 2014: The Effect of Yamaguchi, Nobuo, eds. Management of Temperature on Pressurised Hot Water Extraction Nutritional and Health Needs of Malnourished of Pharmacologically Important Metabolites as and Vegetarian People in India.Advances in Analysed by UPLC-qTOF-MS and PCA. Evid Experimental Medicine and Biology.Springer US. Based Complement Alternat Med. pp. 311–321. 31. Maldini M, Maksoud SA, Natella F, Montoro P, 19. "Traditional Crop of the Month".FAO.Retrieved Petretto GL, Foddai M, De Nicola GR, Chessa M, 2015-04-25. Pintore G. 2014: 'Moringa oleifera: study of 20. Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA; Mali; Mehta phenolics and glucosinolates by mass (2007). "Protective effect of ethanolic extract of spectrometry'. J Mass Spectrom. 49(9): 900-10 seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. against 32. Saini RK, Shetty NP, Prakash M, Giridhar P. inflammation associated with development of 2014: Effect of dehydration methods on retention arthritis in rats". J Immunotoxicol 4 (1): 39–47. of carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and 21. Torondel, B.; Opare, D.; Brandberg, B.; Cobb, E.; antioxidant activity in Moringa oleifera leaves and Cairncross, S. (2014). "Efficacy of Moringa preparation of a RTE product. J Food Sci Technol, oleifera leaf powder as a hand- washing product: 51(9): 2176-82 A crossover controlled study among healthy 33. Mahmud I, Chowdhury K, Boroujerdi A. 2014: volunteers". BMC Complementary and Tissue-Specific Metabolic Profile Study of Alternative Medicine 14: 57. Moringa oleifera L. Using Nuclear Magnetic 22. Ndabigengesere, Anselme; Narasiah, K.Subba; Resonance Spectroscopy. Plant Tissue Cult Talbot, Brian G. (February 1995). "Active agents Biotechnol, 24(1): 77-86. and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters 34. Sharma V, Paliwal R. 2014: Potential using Moringa oleifera". Water Research 29 (2): Chemoprevention of 7, 12- 703–710. Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene Induced Renal 23. Sankhalkar S, Vernekar V. 2016: Quantitative and Carcinogenesis by Moringa oleifera Pods and Its Qualitative Analysis of PhenolicandFlavonoid Isolated Saponin. Indian J Clin Biochem, 29(2): Content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum 202-9. tenuiflorum L.Pharmacognosy Res, 8(1): 16-21. 35. Cosme M, Franken P, Mewis I, Baldermann S, 24. Ramabulana T, Mavunda RD, Steenkamp PA, Wurst S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect Piater LA, Dubery IA, Madala NE. 2016: glucosinolate and mineral element composition in Perturbation of pharmacologically relevant leaves of Moringa oleifera. Mycorrhiza, 24(7): polyphenolic compounds in Moringa oleifera 565-70. against photo-oxidative damages imposed by 36. Marrufo T, Nazzaro F, Mancini E, Fratianni F, gamma radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B, 156: Coppola R, De Martino L, Agostinho AB, De Feo 79-86 V. 2013: Chemical composition and biological 25. Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Ademosun AO, activity of the essential oil from leaves of Moringa Olasehinde TA, Oyeleye SI, Boligon AA, oleifera Lam. cultivated in Mozambique. Athayde ML. 2015 : Phenolic Extract from Molecules, 9; 18(9): 10989-1000. Moringa oleifera Leaves Inhibits Key Enzymes 37. Qwele K, Hugo A, Oyedemi SO, Moyo B, Linked to Erectile Dysfunction and Oxidative Masika PJ, Muchenje V. 2013: Chemical Stress in Rats' Penile Tissues. Biochem Res. composition, fatty acid content and antioxidant 26. Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, potential of meat from goats supplemented with Aristil J, Bertoli S. 2015: Cultivation, Genetic, Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, sunflower Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and cake and grass hay.Meat Sci. 93(3): 455-62. Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An 38. Wang HL, Wei JW. 2012: Effects of 2- Overview. Int J Mol Sci, 5:16 (6):12791-835. azafluorenones on phosphatidyl-inositol specific 27. Karthivashan G, Arulselvan P, Alimon AR, phospholipase C activation in c6 glioma cells. Safinar Ismail I, Fakurazi S. 2015: Competing role Chin J Physiol, 30; 55(2): 101-7. of bioactive constituents in Moringa oleifera 39. Shih MC, Chang CM, Kang SM, Tsai ML. 2011: extract and conventional nutrition feed on the Effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and performance of Cobb 500 broilers. Biomed Res seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical Int. compositions and antioxidant activity of Moringa 28. 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BMR Phytomedicine 41. Kashiwada Y, Ahmed FA, Kurimoto S, Kim SY, cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder Shibata H, Fujioka T, Takaishi Y. 2012: New α- toxicity in rats. Tissue Cell, 47(1): 94-104. glucosides of caffeoyl quinic acid from the leaves 54. Velaga MK, Daughtry LK, Jones AC, of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Nat Med, 66(1): 217- Yallapragada PR, Rajanna S, Rajanna B. 2014: 21. Attenuation of lead-induced oxidative stress in rat 42. Calderón-Montaño JM, Burgos-Morón E, Pérez- brain, liver, kidney and blood of male Wistar rats Guerrero C, López-Lázaro M. 2011: A review by Moringa oleifera seed powder. J Environ on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Mini Rev Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2014; 33(4): 323-37 Med Chem, 11(4): 298-344. 55. Badejo AA, Damilare A, Ojuade TD. 2015: 43. Lamou B, Taiwe GS, Hamadou A, Abene, Processing Effects on the Antioxidant Activities of Houlray J, Atour MM, Tan PV. 2016: Beverage Blends Developed from Cyperus Antioxidant and Antifatigue Properties of the esculentus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Moringa Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera in Rats oleifera Extracts. Prev Nutr Food Sci, 19(3): 227- Subjected to Forced Swimming Endurance Test, 33 Oxid Med Cell Longev. 56. Minaiyan M, Asghari G, Taheri D, Saeidi M, 44. Das N, Ganguli D, Dey S. Moringa oleifera Nasr-Esfahani S. 2014: Anti-inflammatory effect Lam.2015: seed extract prevents fat diet induced of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds on acetic acid- oxidative stress in mice and protects liver cell- induced acute colitis in rats. Avicenna J nuclei from hydroxyl radical mediateddamage. Phytomed, 4(2): 127-36. Indian J Exp Biol. 53(12):794-802. 57. Ndhlala AR, Mulaudzi R, Ncube B, Abdelgadir 45. Kerdsomboon K, Tatip S, Kosasih S, Auesukaree HA, du Plooy CP, Van Staden J. 2014: C. 2015: Soluble Moringa oleifera leaf extract Antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical reduces intracellular cadmium accumulation and variations in thirteen Moringa oleifera Lam. oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.J cultivars. Molecules. 18:19(7): 10480-94 Biosci Bioeng. 121(5): 543-9. 58. Waterman C, Cheng DM, Rojas-Silva P, Poulev 46. Tan WS, Arulselvan P, Karthivashan G, Fakurazi A, Dreifus J, Lila MA, Raskin I. 2014: Stable, S. 2015: Moringa oleifera Flower Extract water extractable isothiocyanates from Moringa Suppresses the Activation of Inflammatory oleifera leaves attenuate inflammation in vitro. Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Phytochemistry, 114-22. RAW 264.7 Macrophages via NF-κB Pathway 59. Singh D, Arya PV, Aggarwal VP, Gupta RS. Mediators Inflamm. 2014: Evaluation of Antioxidant and 47. Jadoon S, Karim S, Bin Asad MH, Akram MR, Hepatoprotective Activities of Moringa oleifera Khan AK, Malik A, Chen C, Murtaza G. 2015: Lam. Leaves in Carbon Tetrachloride-Intoxicated Anti-Aging Potential of Phytoextract Loaded- Rats. Antioxidants (Basel). 2; 3(3): 569-91. Pharmaceutical Creams for Human Skin Cell 60. Karthivashan G, Tangestani Fard M, Arulselvan Longetivity.Oxid Med Cell Longev. P, Abas F, Fakurazi S. 2013: Identification of 48. Panda S. 2015: Butanolic fraction of Moringa bioactive candidate compounds responsible for oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) attenuates is oxidative challenge from hydro-ethanolic extract oprotrenol-induced cardiac necrosis and oxidative of Moringa oleifera leaves. J Food Sci, 78(9): stress in rats: an EPR study, EXCLI J. 15;14: 64- C1368-75 74 61. Alhakmani F, Kumar S, Khan SA. 2013: 49. Kushwaha S, Chawla P, Kochhar A. 2014: Effect Estimation of total phenolic content, in-vitro of supplementation of drumstick (Moringa antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of oleifera) and amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) flowers of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac J Trop leaves powder on antioxidant profile and oxidative Biomed, 3(8):623-7; discussion 626-7 status among postmenopausal women. J Food Sci 62. Gismondi A, Canuti L, Impei S, Di Marco G, Technol, 51.(11) :3464-9. Kenzo M, Colizzi V, Canini A. 2013: 50. Vongsak B, Mangmool S, Gritsanapan W. 2015: Antioxidant extracts of African medicinal plants Antioxidant Activity and Induction of mRNA induce cell cycle arrest and differentiation in Expressions of Antioxidant Enzymes in HEK-293 B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Oncol, 43(3): 956- Cells of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract. Planta 64. Med, 81(12-13) : 1084-9 63. Das N, Sikder K, Bhattacharjee S, Majumdar SB, 51. Agrawal ND, Nirala SK, Shukla S, Mathur R. Ghosh S, Majumdar S, Dey S. 2013: Quercetin 2015: Co-administration of adjuvants along with alleviates inflammation after short-term treatment Moringa oleifera attenuates beryllium-induced in high-fat-fed mice. Food Funct, 2(6): 889-98. oxidative stress and histopathological alterations 64. Kumar Gupta S, Kumar B, Srinivasan BP, Nag in rats, Pharm Biol. 53 (10): 1465-73 TC, Srivastava S, Saxena R, Aggarwal A. 52. Tumer TB, Rojas-Silva P, Poulev A, Raskin I, Retinoprotective effects of M.oleifera via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti- 14 Waterman C. 2015: Direct and indirect antioxidant activity of polyphenol- and angiogenic mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced isothiocyanate-enriched fractions from Moringa diabetic rats.J Ocul Pharmacol Ther : 419-26. oleifera. J Agric Food Chem, 11; 63(5): 1505-13. 65. Rattanasena P. 2012: Antioxidant and 53. Taha NR, Amin HA, Sultan AA. 2015: The antibacterial activities of vegetables and fruits protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves against

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BMR Phytomedicine commonly consumed in Thailand. Pak J Biol Sci, 79. Al-Malki AL, El Rabey HA. 2015: The 15; 15(18): 877-82. antidiabetic effect of low doses of Moringa 66. Fakurazi S, Sharifudin SA, Arulselvan P. 2012: oleifera Lam. seeds on streptozotocin induced Moringa oleifera hydroethanolic extracts diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in male rats. effectively alleviate acetaminophen-induced 80. Abd El Latif A, El Bialy Bel S, Mahboub HD, hepatotoxicity in experimental rats through their Abd Eldaim MA. 2015: Moringa oleifera leaf antioxidant nature. Molecules, 10; 17(7): 8334-50. extract ameliorates alloxan-induced diabetes in 67. Das N, Sikder K, Ghosh S, Fromenty B, Dey S. rats by regeneration of β cells and reduction of 2012: Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf extract pyruvate carboxylase expression. Biochem Cell prevents early liver injury and restores antioxidant Biol, 92(5): 413-9. status in mice fed with high-fat diet. Indian J Exp 81. Jung IL. Soluble extract from Moringa oleifera Biol, 50(6): 404-12. leaves with a new anticancer activity. PLoS One. 68. Moyo B, Oyedemi S, Masika PJ, Muchenje V. 18: 9(4): 2012: Polyphenolic content and antioxidant 82. Yassa HD, Tohamy AF. 2014: Extract of Moringa properties of M. oleifera leaf extracts and oleifera leaves ameliorates streptozotocin-induced enzymatic activity of liver from goats Diabetes mellitus in adult rats. Acta Histochem, supplemented with Moringa oleifera 116(5): 844-54. leaves/sunflower seed cake. Meat Sci. 91(4): 441- 83. Sadek KM. 2014: Chemotherapeutic efficacy of 7. an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract against 69. Santos AF, Argolo AC, Paiva PM, Coelho LC. chromium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. 2012: Antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera Andrologia, 46(9): 1047-54. tissue extracts. Phytother Res, 26(9): 1366-70 84. Lee HJ, Jeong YJ, Lee TS, Park YY, Chae WG, 70. Kamal R, Yadav S, Mathur M, Katariya P. 2012: Chung IK, Chang HW, Kim CH, Choi YH, Kim Antiradical efficiency of 20 selected medicinal WJ, Moon SK, Chang YC. 2013: Moringa fruit plants. Nat Prod Res, 26 (11): 1054-62.: inhibits LPS-induced NO/iNOSexpression 71. Sinha M, Das DK, Bhattacharjee S, Majumdar S, through suppressing the NF-κ B activation in Dey S. 2011: Leaf extract of Moringa oleifera RAW264.7 cells.Am J Chin Med, 41(5): 1109-23. prevents ionizing radiation-induced oxidative 85. Devaraj VC, Krishna BG. 2013: Antiulcer stress in mice. J Med Food, 14(10): 1167-72. activity of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) from 72. Sreelatha S, Padma PR. 2011: Modulatory Indian medicinal plants. Chin J Nat Med, 11(2): effects of Moringa oleifera extracts against 145-8 hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and 86. Jaiswal D, Rai PK, Mehta S, Chatterji S, Shukla oxidative damage. Hum Exp Toxicol, 30(9): 1359- S, Rai DK, Sharma G, SharmaB, Khair S, Watal 68. 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Uma N Jr, Fakurazi S, Hairuszah I. 2010: Chanda D. 2012: Experimental Assessment of Moringa oleifera Enhances Liver Antioxidant Moringa oleifera Leaf and Fruit for Its Antistress, Status via Elevation of Antioxidant Enzymes Antioxidant, and Scavenging Potential Using Activity and Counteracts Paracetamol-induced Invitro and In Vivo Assays. Evid Based Hepatotoxicity. Malays J Nutr, 16(2): 293-307. Complement Alternat Med. 76. Maiyo FC, Moodley R, Singh M. 89. Gupta R, Mathur M, Bajaj VK, Katariya P, Yadav 2016:Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Apoptosis S, Kamal R, Gupta RS. 2012: Evaluation of Studies of Quercetin-3-O Glucoside and 4-(β-D- antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Moringa Glucopyranosyl-1→4-α-L-Rhamnopyranosyloxy)- oleifera in experimental diabetes. J Diabetes. 4(2): Benzyl Isothiocyanate from Moringa oleifera. 164-71. Anticancer Agents Med Chem, (5): 648-56. 90. Atawodi SE. 2011: Nigerian foodstuffs with 77. Kayode RM, Afolayan AJ. 2015: Cytotoxicity prostate cancer chemopreventive polyphenols. and effect of extraction methods on the chemical Infect Agent Cancer. composition of essential oils of Moringa oleifera 91. Park EJ, Cheenpracha S, Chang LC, Kondratyuk seeds. J Zhejiang UnivSci B. 16(8):680-9. TP, Pezzuto JM.2011:Inhibition of 78. Elsayed EA, Sharaf-Eldin MA, Wadaan M. 2015: lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and In vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by 4- 15 Essential Oil from Moringa oleifera Seeds on [(2'OacetylαLrhamnosyloxy)sbenzyl]isothiocyanat HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, CACO-2 and L929 Cell e from Moringa oleifera. Nutr Cancer, 63(6): 971- Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16(11): 4671-5. 82.

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BMR Phytomedicine 92. Budda S, Butryee C, Tuntipopipat S, Rungsipipat 104.Igwilo IO, Ogoke TJ, Ogbu DO, Igwilo SN, Obi A, Wangnaithum S, Lee JS, Kupradinun P. 2011: E, Abdulsalami MS. 2014: Effect of soaked Suppressive effects of Moringa oleifera Lam pod Moringa oleifera seeds on growth rates and the against mouse colon carcinogenesis induced by levels of some biochemical parameters in albino azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. Asian rats. Pak J Biol Sci, 16(1): 48-50. Pac J Cancer 12 (12): 3221-8 105.Panda S, Kar A, Sharma P, Sharma A. 2013: 93. Leone A, Fiorillo G, Criscuoli F, Ravasenghi S, Cardioprotective potential of Nα-L- Santagostini L, Fico G, Spadafranca A, Battezzati rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide, an indole alkaloid, A, Schiraldi A, Pozzi F, di Lello S, Filippini S, isolated from the leaves of Moringa oleifera in Bertoli S. 2015: Nutritional Characterization and isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats: in vivo and Phenolic Profiling of Moringa oleifera Leaves in vitro studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 15:23(4): Grown in Chad, Sahrawi Refugee Camps, and 959-62 Haiti. Int J Mol Sci, 12:16 (8): 18923-37. 106.Sharma V, Paliwal R, Janmeda P, Sharma S. 94. Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Núñez- 2012: Renoprotective effects of Moringa oleifera Gastélum JA, Servín de la Mora-López G, pods in 7.12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene-exposed López-Hernández J, Paseiro-Losada P. 2015: mice.Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 10(10): 1171- Effect of the refining process on Moringa oleifera 8 seed oil quality.Food Chem, 15. 187: 53-7. 107.Karim AA, Azlan A. 2012: Fruit pod extracts as a 95. 95: Nayak G, Vadinkar A, Nair S, Kalthur SG, source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. D'Souza AS, Shetty PK, Mutalik S, Shetty MM, Molecules, 10:17(10): 11931-46 Kalthur G, Adiga SK. 2016: Sperm 108.Sharifudin SA, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, abnormalities induced by pre-pubertal exposure to Hairuszah I, Moklas MA, Arulselvan P. 2013: cyclophosphamide are effectively mitigated by Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera extracts Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Andrologia 48(2): against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in 125-36 rats. Pharm Biol, (3): 279-88 96. Prabsattroo T, Wattanathorn J, Iamsaard S, 109.Al-Said MS, Mothana RA, Al-Yahya MA, Al- Somsapt P, Sritragool O, Thukhummee W, Blowi AS, Al-Sohaibani M, Ahmed AF, Muchimapura S. 2015: Moringa oleifera extract Rafatullah S. 2012: Edible oils for liver enhances sexual performance in stressed rats. J protection: hepatoprotective potentiality of Zhejiang Univ Sci B 16(3): 179-90 Moringa oleifera seed oil against chemical- 97. Abdull Razis AF, Ibrahim MD, Kntayya SB.2014: induced hepatitis in rats. J Food Sci, 77(7): T124- Health benefits of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pac J 30. Cancer Prev, 15(20): 8571-6. 110.Sinha M, Das DK, Datta S, Ghosh S, Dey S. 98. Hussain S, Malik F, Mahmood S. 2014: Review: 2012: Amelioration of ionizing radiation induced an exposition of medicinal preponderance of lipid peroxidation in mouse liver by Moringa Moringa oleifera (Lank.), Pak J Pharm Sci 27(2): oleifera Lam. leaf extract. Indian J Exp Biol, 397-403. 50(3): 209-15. 99. Kooltheat N, Sranujit RP, Chumark P, Potup P, 111.Chen KH, Chen YJ, Yang CH, Liu KW, Chang Laytragoon-Lewin N, Usuwanthim K. 2014: An JL, Pan SF, Lin TB, Chen MJ. 2012: Attenuation ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. of the extract from Moringa oleifera on Inhibits human macrophage cytokine production monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension induced by cigarette smoke. Nutrients, in rats. Chin J Physiol. 29; 55(1):22-30. 18:6(2):697-710 112.Ouédraogo M, Lamien-Sanou A, Ramdé N, 100.Muhammad AA, Pauzi NA, Arulselvan P, Abas Ouédraogo AS, Ouédraogo M, Zongo SP, F, Fakurazi S. 2014: In vitro wound healing Goumbri O, Duez P, Guissou PI. 2013: potential and identification of bioactive Protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves against compounds from Moringa oleifera Lam. Biomed gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Exp Res Int. Toxicol Pathol, 65(3): 335-9. 101.Sutalangka C, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, 113.Obulesu M, Rao DM. 2011: Effect of plant Thukham-mee W. 2013: Moringa oleifera extracts on Alzheimer's disease: An insight into mitigates memory impairment and therapeutic avenues.J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2(1): neurodegeneration in animal model of age-related 56-61. dementia. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 114.Promkum C, Kupradinun P, Tuntipopipat S, 102.Kirisattayakul W, Wattanathorn J, Tong-Un T, Butryee C. 2010: Nutritive evaluation and effect Muchimapura S, Wannanon P, Jittiwat J. 2013: of Moringa oleifera pod on clastogenic potential in Cerebroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera the mouse. Asian Pac J Cancer 11 (3): 627-32. against focal ischemic stroke induced by middle 115.Sasikala V, Rooban BN, Priya SG, Sahasranamam cerebral artery occlusion.Oxid Med Cell Longev. V, Abraham A. 2010: Moringa oleifera prevents 103.Afolabi AO, Aderoju HA, Alagbonsi IA. 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BMR Phytomedicine hepatocellular degeneration in female albino rats. Biol Trace Elem Res, 142 ;(2): 200-12 117.Muthukumar M, Naveena BM, Vaithiyanathan S, Sen AR, Sureshkumar K. 2014: Effect of incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on quality of ground pork patties. J Food Sci Technol, 51(11): 3172-80. 118.Stohs SJ, Hartman MJ. 2015: Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytother Res, 29(6): 796-804. 119.Sangkitikomol W, Rocejanasaroj A, Tencomnao T. 2014: Effect of Moringa oleifera on advanced glycation end-product formation and lipid metabolism gene expression in HepG2 cells. Genet Mol Res, 29:13(1): 723-35 120.Howladar SM. 2014: A novel Moringa oleifera leaf extract can mitigate the stress effects of salinity and cadmium in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 100: 69-75. `

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