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Phytotoxicity of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa), Dragonhead

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Phytotoxicity of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa), Dragonhead 3059 Phytotoxicity of black cumin (Nigella sativa), dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica), dill (Anethum graveolens), and soybean (Glycin max) residues on emergence and establishment of wheat Sian Fallah1*, Zahra Alimohammadi1, Zohrab Adavi2 and Mojtaba Karimi1 1. Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 2. College of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran _______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Allelopathic effects of plant residues is an important research avenue regarding optimization of rotation systems in agronomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic effects of four plant residues, namely, black cumin, dragonhead, dill, and soybean on the germination and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in different cropping systems. Results showed that application of organic manure for previous crops reduced the residue phytotoxicity and consequently alleviated the adverse effect of plant residues on the leaf area, length, and dry weight of the wheat root, affecting chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids of wheat seedling leaves. In the presence of plant residue, the length and dry weight of the wheat roots were more negatively affected in comparison with shoots. The greatest allelopathic inhibition was observed for the wheat cultivated in the residue of black cumin, but soybean, dill, and dragonhead residues also potentially showed inhibition effects. It can be concluded that agroecosystems in which autumn wheat is in the rotation should be avoided where there are residues of soybean, black cumin, dragonhead, and dill. The tillage system in the same condition may not be agronomically suitable because of the allelopathic effects of previous crops. Keywords: allelopathy; medicinal plant; photosynthetic pigment; phytotoxicity Fallah, S., Z. Alimohammadi, Z. Adavi and M. Karimi. 2019. 'Phytotoxicity of black cumin (Nigella sativa), dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica), dill (Anethum graveolens), and soybean (Glycin max) residues on emergence and establishment of wheat'. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10 (1), 3059-3071. ________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ecosystems and also for protecting these supplies about 20% of the daily caloric intake and ecosystems for current and future generations 21% of daily protein intake of humans (17) and it (Altieri and Nicholls, 2017). An increase in is a staple of the world's population diet, which biodiversity through crop rotation can increase includes poorest and low-income countries sustainability in agriculture. Rotation systems and (Macias et al., 2007). Sustainability is a major allelopathic interactions between plants-plants aspect of production of food crops in agricultural would be important to exploit allelopathy in order to optimize the production of rotation systems (Li *Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] et al., 2010). Received: May, 2019 Allelopathic compounds such as phenolic Accepted: November, 2019 acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, tannins, 3060 Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol (10), No (1) terpenes, steroids and quinones directly or membrane integrity and elevated antioxidant indirectly affect the natural cycle of plant growth enzyme levels (Rostaei, et al., 2018b). Azirak and (Singh et al., 2006). The inhibitory or stimulatory Karaman (2008) reported that thymol, carvacrol, effects of allelopathic compounds depend on the and carvone showed a high inhibitory effect concentrations available to the succeeding plants against weed seeds, even at low concentrations. and the sensitivity of the recipient plants The essential oils of Chenopodium (Mirtorabi et al., 2011). Additionally, the activity of ambrosioides L., i.e. Alpha-terpinene, γ-terpinene, allelochemicals in agroecosystems is highly p-cymene, limonene, and ascaridole (1-methyl-4 dependent on their soil persistence (Fallah, et al., (1-methylethyl) -2-3-dioxibicyclo (2.2.2) oct-5- 2018). The mode of action of allelopathic ene), inhibited the germination of Amaranthus materials may differ according to the plant hypochondriacus by 50%, while the hypocotyl species. The major effects of these materials on growth of the previously germinated seeds of the plants include the prevention of seed germination, same species was inhibited by 50% (0.509 µl/petri damage to the root and other parts of the dish) (Anaya, 1999). meristems, prevention of the growth of emerging The presence of β-phellandrene (51.2%), buds, prevention of the ATP biosynthesis due to δ-2-carene (43.4%), dihydrotagetone (0.4%), and the lack of oxygen in the chloroplast, and severe propyl butyrate (0.3%) in the aerial parts and prohibition of mitochondrial activity and cellular phenylacetaldehyde (39.2%), δ-3-carene (31.7%), respiration (Rostaei et al., 2018a). 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (16.4%), and α- Abu-Romman (2011) reported that phellandrene (12.6%) in the roots of Justicia the essential oil of A. biebersteinii, which was ancelliana induced a remarkable reduction in the found to be rich in ascaridol, p-cymene, carvenone growth of the roots, the apparition of yellow oxide, and camphor, showed inhibitory effects on leaves after two weeks of the treatment and the seed germination and seedling growth of several death of the Vigna unguiculata young plants weed species. Similarly, α-pinene was found to (Qasem, 1992). Essential oil of Thuja orientalis has have an inhibiting effect on the early root growth shown a high concentration of monoterpene of soybean, causing an oxidative damage in the hydrocarbons and the major constituents were α- root tissue through the enhanced generation of pinene (64.2 and 49.3%, respectively in cones and Table 1 Treatment descriptive of this experiment Plant type (Previous crop) Nutritional condition of previous crop Plant residue applied before wheat sowing (4 levels) (2 levels) (2 levels) Soybean CF + Soybean CF - Soybean OM + Soybean OM - Black cumin CF + Black cumin CF - Black cumin OM + Black cumin OM - Dill CF + Dill CF - Dill OM + Dill OM - dragonhead CF + dragonhead CF - dragonhead OM + dragonhead OM - CF and OM: represent chemical fertilizer and organic manure, respectively; + and - : with and without reside, respectively reactive oxygen species as indicated by increased needles), β-phellandrene (6.7-9.6%), and α-cedrol lipid peroxidation, and finally disrupting the (3.9 and 8.2%). This essential oil had a strong Phytotoxicity of medicinal plants on wheat growth 3061 inhibitory effect on all tested weeds following a plant residues on the germination and dose-dependent manner, an attribute that can be establishment of common wheat. employed in biocontrol and management of weeds (Amri, I2015). Materials and Methods Although a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation In this research, four crops (soybean appears to be a logical opportunity to use legume (Glycine max), black cumin (Nigella sativa), N as a sustainable grain production resource, the dragonhead (Dracocephalum ruyschiana), and dill experimental results suggested that soybean root (Anethum graveolens)) were grown under two exudates were responsible for the decrease in nutritional conditions (chemical and organic wheat and triticale growth and yield (Mamolos, fertilizers) in the agricultural research farm of and Kalburtji, 2001). The drought-stressed Shahrekord University (Latitude 32°21´ north and soybean leaf extracts were found more effective longitude 50° 49´ East, 2061 m above sea level) in in modulating the physiology of maize, indicating 2016. The average annual rainfall of the region the higher allelopathic potential of soybean was 319 mm and annual average temperature was (Ahmad, et al., 2016). 11.5 °C. Soybean was cultivated as an important In semi-arid regions, the cultivation of legume (control crop) and the other three plants medicinal plants has increased due to value added were selected as important medicinal plants in the of these plants and their increasing consumption. region and alternately with the wheat crop. Each A large percentage of medicinal plant residues is crop was cultivated in two independent plots on released into a field after harvesting in both 24 May 2016. One plot received the chemical conventional and organic agricultural systems. fertilizer while the other plot was fertilized with These plant residues may have allelopathic effects organic manure. Organic manure (broiler litter on wheat seed germination and establishment. manure) or chemical fertilizer (urea and Because there is no information about the superphosphate triplet) was mixed with the soil of response of wheat to the residue of black cumin, the res plots before sowing. Table 2 Effects of plant type, plant residue, and fertilization type on emergence rate, root and leaf length, and leaf area of common wheat (percentage compared to control) Residue density Plant type Emergence rate Root length Leaf length Leaf area (% control) (% control) (% control) (% control) Chemical fertilizer Soybean 92.9bcd 78.5bc 78.9de 83.7efg Black cumin 84.6bcd 50.1f 76.5def 87.0def Without residue Dragonhead 92.0abcd 74.3bcd 108b 98.4bcd Dill 93.1abc 67.0cd 134a 112b Soybean 63.0e 16.2bc 51.1gh 76.4fg Black cumin 42.8f 7.8i 29.6i 17.8i With residue Dragonhead 85.5bcd 53.2ef 73.4def 79.1fg Dill 61.5e 25.0gh 59.1fg 42.0h Organic fertilizer Soybean 81.1cd 79.8b 50.5cde 95.7cde Black cumin 94.0ab 33.5g 91.4bcd 102bc Without residue
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