VIRTUAL IMPETUS? EXPLORING THE ROLE OF NEW MEDIA IN TERRORIST RECRUITMENT WITHIN THE UNITED STATES.
A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Security Studies
By
Sarah D. Hengemuhle, B.A.
Washington, D.C. April 12, 2010
Copyright 2010 by Sarah D. Hengemuhle All Rights Reserved
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VIRTUAL IMPETUS? EXPLORING THE ROLE OF NEW MEDIA IN TERRORIST RECRUITMENT WITHIN THE UNITED STATES.
S. D. Hengemuhle, B.A.
Thesis Advisor: J. A. Rosenthal, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
The influence of new media on terrorist recruitment, particularly within the United States,
has been the subject of much discussion in recent years. New media has been considered a
logical factor inducing U.S. citizens to Islamist terrorism. However, the assumption that new media is a significant factor in recruitment has been largely accepted as valid without systematic
quantitative analysis. This study examines whether new media is a significant factor in recruitment by examining 63 individual cases of homegrown jihad from post-9/11 to December
2009. This analysis found new media was not a significant or contributing factor to recruitment
in the majority of cases. This negative correlation suggests other dynamics are responsible for leading individuals to choose violent jihad. Pursuant to this, a number of other factors, including socioeconomic, religiosity, and social networks, were analyzed in each case. In the majority of cases, physical bonds of kinship or friendship were the predominant factor leading individuals to become Islamist terrorists. These findings could potentially dampen many of the fears that new
media will result in an epidemic of homegrown jihadists and strengthens the position that anti-
radicalization and counterterrorism efforts should be focused at the community and social
network level.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...... 1
PROJECT INTENT AND CONTRIBUTION ...... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 3
METHODOLOGY ...... 7
ASSUMPTIONS, DEFINITIONS AND ANALYTIC TOOLS ...... 7
HYPOTHESES ...... 9
DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ...... 12
NEW MEDIA USE ...... 12
SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 18
AGE & EDUCATION ...... 18
INCOME, OCCUPATION & LIVING CONDITIONS ...... 20
CRIMINAL HISTORY ...... 22
ETHNICITY ...... 24
FOREIGN TRAVEL ...... 27
RELIGIOSITY…………………………………………………………………………………..28
NETWORKS……..………...……………………………………………………………………31
TERRORIST TIES………………………………………..………………………………………………...31
COMMUNITY TIES AND SOCIAL NETWORK ...... 33
ANALYTIC CONCLUSIONS ...... 36
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POLICY IMPLICATIONS ...... 41
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………….... .45
APPENDIX A: INCLUDED CASES ...... 47
APPENDIX B: EXCLUDED CASES & JUSTIFICATIONS ...... 50
APPENDIX C: NEW MEDIA USE...... 52
APPENDIX D: SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ...... 58
APPENDIX E: ETHNICITY………..…………………………………………………………76
APPENDIX F: FOREIGN TRAVEL…………………………………...……………………..82
APPENDIX G: RELIGIOSITY……………………………………………………………...... 87
APPENDIX H: NETWORKS – TERRORIST TIES ...... 94
APPENDIX I: COMMUNITY TIES & SOCIAL NETWORK ...... 98
APPENDIX J: ALL GRAPHED CASES AND FACTORS ...... 107
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 117
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHART 1: Distribution of New Media Use Across All Cases…….………………………13
CHART 2: New Media as a Significant Factor in Recruitment…………….…………….14
CHART 3: New Media as a Contributing Factor in Recruitment………….…………….15
CHART 4: Distribution of Active and Passive New Media Users….…………………….16
CHART 5: Age by Decade………………………………………….……………………….18
CHART 6: Education……………………………………………….……………………….20
CHART 7: Income Distribution……………………………….……………………………21
CHART 8: Occupation……………………………………………………………………. ... 22
CHART 9: Criminal History………………………………………………………………..23
CHART 10: Ethnic Background……………………………………………………………24
CHART 11: Ethnic Background by Region………………………………………………..25
CHART 12: Residence Status in Relation to Motivations..……………………………….26
CHART 13: Foreign Travel…………………………………………………………………27
CHART 14: Mosque Type…………………………………………………………………..28
CHART 15: Number of Individuals per Mosque………………………………………….29
CHART 16: Terrorist Group Affiliation……………………………………………….…..31
CHART 17: Terrorist Ties by Type………………………………………………………...32
CHART 18: Community Ties….…….………………………………………………….…..34
CHART 19: Social Recruitment Mechanisms………………………...……………………35
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INTRODUCTION
It had been three years since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Syed Haris
Ahmed, a middle class, 21 year old engineering student at Georgia Tech, should have been
enjoying his comfortable suburban lifestyle and carefree college years. Instead, he was spending
innumerable hours online, visiting jihadist websites, viewing violent videos, and chatting with
terrorists. Less than a year later, “armchair jihad”1 was not enough for the Pakistani native and,
along with a friend from the local Sunni mosque; Ahmed sought to become part of an active
terrorist cell. Through his virtual connections, he obtained a meeting with an Islamist terrorist
group in Toronto, Canada. In an attempt to grab the attention of renowned online jihadist
“Irhaby007” (Terrorist 007) the young men made a casing video of Washington, D.C. landmarks
and posted it online as an audition tape to “establish extremist credentials.” 2 Ahmed sealed his
commitment to Islamist terrorism a few months later, traveling overseas in an attempt to attend a
terrorist training camp. 3 How did a young American with a seemingly bright future ahead
become an international terrorist plotting against the United States in the span of a couple of
years? Had the Internet played a key role in his recruitment to violent jihad?
America has seemed immune from the factors which had allowed other Western nations
to become breeding grounds for terrorists. In the search for an answer, many have cited the
power of the Internet in inciting Americans to violent jihad. Al-Qa’ida and other terrorist groups
have a significant web presence and are known to use their platform to disseminate propaganda,
1 Hannah Rogan, "Jihadism Online - a Study of How Al-Qaida and Radical Islamist Groups Use the Internet for Terrorist Purposes," (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 2006): 15. 2 Atlanta Field Office Federal Bureau of Investigation, "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1,"(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html. 3 Northern District of Georgia U.S. attorney, "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives 17 Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years," ed. Department of Justice (Atlanta December 14, 2009). 1
provide direction to recruits, and conduct operational planning. 4 U.S. media touts anecdotal
evidence that these jihadist sites and online interactions with terrorists turn average Americans
like Syed Ahmed into jihadists intent on committing violence against the United States. 5
The fear has been that physical social networks are being replaced by virtual ones, with
individuals connecting with fellow potential jihadists via the Internet. Anecdotal evidence
suggests the Internet is making it easier for individuals to become terrorists – both through
facilitating contact with other extremists and by allowing them to filter information intake,
shutting out alternative, and perhaps ameliorating, perspectives. The argument that “…the
Internet has become a crucial front in the ever-shifting war on terrorism” 6 is fueled by attention-
grabbing stories like Syed Ahmed. The question is whether these are anomalous cases or
representative of a consistent trend among homegrown jihadists.
Another facet of this discussion is whether the Internet is primarily used by Al-Qa’ida
and other Islamist terrorist groups to recruit, or as a tool enabling “average” individuals to seek
out terrorist recruiters and become part of a global jihadist movement - in a sense self-recruiting.7
As Bruce Hoffman notes, “you can become a terrorist in the comfort of your own bedroom”
something that was not possible a decade ago. 8 The idea that a jihadist virtual community, where
propaganda, chat rooms, and other electronic interactions lead to terrorist recruitment, 9 deserves
4 Jonathan Curiel, "Iraq's Tech-Savvy Insurgents Are Finding Supporters and Luring Suicide-Bomber Recruits over the Internet" San Francisco Chronicle July 10, 2005. 5 Brian Michael Jenkins, "Opinion: Jihad Jane and Domestic Terrorism Risk," AOL News (March 12, 2010), http://www.aolnews.com/opinion/article/opinion-jihad-jane-and-the-risk-of-domestic-terrorism/19396912. 6 Bob and Tina Susman Drogin, "Internet Makes It Easier to Become a Terrorist; Analysts Say Suspects Like 'Jihadjane' Can Skip Training Camps. They Just Go Online.," Los Angeles Times March 12, 2010. 7 Curiel, "Iraq's Tech-Savvy Insurgents Are Finding Supporters and Luring Suicide-Bomber Recruits over the Internet". 8 Drogin, "Internet Makes It Easier to Become a Terrorist; Analysts Say Suspects Like 'Jihadjane' Can Skip Training Camps. They Just Go Online.." 9 Rogan, "Jihadism Online - a Study of How Al-Qaida and Radical Islamist Groups Use the Internet for Terrorist Purposes." 2 focused and rigorous study to determine if cases like Ahmed are characteristic of homegrown jihadists, or merely represent an over-hyped anomaly.
PROJECT INTENT AND CONTRIBUTION
With this study I seek to determine if new media (websites, chat forums, online video, social networking sites and virtual worlds) represents a significant factor in the recruitment of
Islamist terrorists within the United States. In this study, I consider new media in relation to factors commonly accepted as relevant to terrorist recruitment, such as income and education, to determine if new media is a comparable factor contributing to recruitment for U.S. citizens. This issue fits within the broader question of what causes an individual within a community to choose
Islamist terrorism while others in similar circumstances do not. I hope to add rigor and clarity to the discussion by employing a quantitative case study method to test my hypothesis.
The rise in U.S.-based Islamist terrorism since 9/11 has led to increased study of the causes of homegrown jihad and subsquent threat to the United States. In the academic and policy literature on the topic, new media is often noted as an element of radicalization and eventual recruitment, but not as a quantifiable factor comparable to traditional causes. Because of the expansion in the reach and availability of new media in the last decade it is important to take a structured, rigorous look at this issue. This study will accomplish two objectives: first, it will focus solely on U.S.-based Islamist terrorists, where other reviews have combined U.S. and international terrorists’ use of new media; second, it will apply a quantitiative methodology to the issue and contribute to the existing body of coverage.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Academic literature has devoted significant coverage to the permissive and precipitant causes of terrorism, and the reasons for individual-level radicalization have also been heavily
3 debated. Before the advent of Islamist terrorism in the United States, Martha Crenshaw addressed the causes of terrorism, concluding both root and proximate elements were contributory. 10 More recently, Bruce Hoffman’s work “Inside Terrorism” emphasized the macro-level political motivations for terrorism. 11 Ronald Wintrobe studied the economic and behavioral dynamics leading an individual to rationally choose to commit a suicide bombing.12
Others have considered whether economic and educational disparities lead to terrorism. 13 The ideological and religious aspects of radicalization and recruitment 14,15 have attracted focused study, as have sociological elements, such as a desire for companionship among displaced youths. 16
Sageman and Hoffman have each noted the role of new media in supporting terrorist goals such as recruitment and radicalization, but have not attempted to quantify this influence in regards to homegrown jihadists. Sageman reviewed individual terrorists and high-profile cases, such as the U.S. Millenial Plot, concluding factors such as education and national origin were of little help in understanding why individuals join the global jihad. 17 His work, focused primarily on sub-groups of Al-Qa’ida rather than U.S.-based Islamist terrorists, determined social networks were the significant factor in an individual’s recruitment. In regards to new media, he argued that most Internet use, such as reading jihadist propaganda, merely reinforced already-held
10 Martha Crenshaw, "The Causes of Terrorism," Comparative Politics 13, no. 4 (July 1981): 396. 11 Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism , Revised and Expanded Edition ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006): 254-255. 12 Ronald Wintrobe, "Extremism, Suicide Terror, and Authoritarianism," Public Choice 128 (2006). 13 Alan B. and Jitka Maleckova Krueger, "Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?," The Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 3 (Autumn 2003). 14 Bernard Lewis, "The Roots of Muslim Rage," The Atlantic Monthly September 1990. 15 Petter Nesser, "Jihadism in Western Europe after the Invasion of Iraq: Tracing Motivational Influences from the Iraq War on Jihadist Terrorism in Western Europe," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29, no. 4 (2006).: 327. 16 Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008). 17 ———, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). 4
positions and only interactive tools, such as chat rooms, led to terrorist recruitment. 18 Sageman
further posited that these virtual networks were replacing social ones as a prime means of
recruitment and acting as a “virtual invisible hand” directing terrorism around the globe. 19 Others
have noted the role of these virtual networks, but have questioned whether they replace, or
merely reinforce, existing physical relationships. 20 Further study has evidenced the significant
role the Internet has played in enabling both top-down and grassroots recruitment, but has
focused on overseas terrorist activity. 21
In “Terror on the Internet,” Gabriel Weimann conducted an extensive, eight year review
of terrorist uses of the Internet. A portion of his study focused on communicative uses of the
Internet, including target audiences. This study, while comprehensive and instructive, focused
heavily on the purveyors of terrorist sentiment instead of the recipients. Like others, Weimann
offered anecdotal evidence that some level of impact exists, but did not weigh it equally against
other factors leading to recruitment. 22
On the United States’ domestic front, a 2007 New York Police Department study
assessed case studies, four of which were U.S.-based. The study found the Internet was a driver
and enabler of radicalization and recruitment but stopped short of quantifying the level of
influence it played. 23 A recent National Institute of Justice sponsored study compiled a
comprehensive list of homegrown jihadists and anecodotal commentary on Internet use, but
18 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century : 114. 19 Ibid.: 121. 20 Paul K. and Kim Cragin Davis, ed. Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together (RAND National Defense Research Institute,2009): 80. 21 Thomas Hegghammer, "Saudi Militants in Iraq: Backgrounds and Recruitment Patterns," (February 5, 2007). 22 Gabriel Weimann, Terror on the Internet (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2006): 16. 23 Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler Bhatt, "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat," (New York City Police Department Intelligence Division 2007). 5
employed the data to identify the efficacy of anti-radicalization efforts within U.S. Muslim
communities. 24
Although many of these works acknowledge that new media plays a role in terrorist
recruitment, I have not uncovered a study where new media was considered systematically as a
distinct and equal factor. This could be due to the difficulty in quantifying how much terrorist
groups' use of new media induces individuals to join such organizations. A strength of this study
is that it will address the problem from the other side; focusing on the profile and potential
motivations of each individual and attempting to determine whether new media played a
significant and influential role in each case. A weakness of this approach is, without personal
interviews, which are outside the scope of this project, I am reliant on news sources, government
records and court documents to make this determination. However, as Crenshaw notes, personal
interviews also present methodological problems as motivations and justifications can be
adopted and adapated subsequent to the decision to become a terrorist. 25 A further limitation is
the need to somewhat artificially consider new media as a factor distinct from permissive and
proximate causes. To add richness to the study, other factors, such as socioeconomic indicators
and personal motivations, will be equally addressed.
Another issue in studying this problem is the difficulty in determining at what point
radicalization turns to recruitment. I seek to mitigate this issue by using known recruits from
foiled terrorist incidents and those actively training for jihad as my test group. Some of these
incidents represent articulated plots, while others had intent, but had not yet reached full
operational status, however they all espoused jihad and posed a legitimate threat to the United
24 Ebrahim Moosa, Charles Kurzman and David Schanzer, "Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans," (National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, January 6, 2010). 25 Crenshaw, "The Causes of Terrorism.": 391. 6
States. Also, by limiting the data to U.S.-based Islamist terrorist recruits, I will be able
contribute a distinct and unique set of data to the discussion. With these strengths and
weaknesses in mind, I will attempt to draw inferences about the actual significance of new media
in relation to terrorist recruitment.
METHODOLOGY
ASSUMPTIONS, DEFINITIONS AND ANALYTIC TOOLS
I begin with the assumption that recruitment is observable evidence of an individuals’ commitment to support violent jihad. I use the New York Police Department’s definition of recruitment (or “jihadization” as they label it):
…the phase in which members of the cluster accept their individual duty to participate in jihad and self-designate themselves as holy warriors or mujahedeen. Ultimately, the group will begin operational planning for the jihad or a terrorist attack. These “acts in furtherance” will include planning, preparation and execution .26
Choosing recruitment as the defining variable is an important distinction because it is difficult to know the level to which individuals are radicalized until they act on their beliefs. It is especially critical in a quantitative study as it provides a point where there is no ambiguity as to the individuals’ intentions. This eliminates any “armchair jihadists,” 27 who may never become an
actual threat to Americans. Because of the number of cases and the range in individual beliefs, I
have chosen to include all individuals who cited jihad as their motivation for involvement in
violent acts. For instance, some were affiliated with known terrorist groups, such as Al-Qa’ida,
while others developed their own cluster, such as the Los Angeles plotters who developed
Jam'yyat Al-Islam Al-Saheeh,28 and others did not align with any organized entity.
26 Bhatt, "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." 27 Rogan, "Jihadism Online - a Study of How Al-Qaida and Radical Islamist Groups Use the Internet for Terrorist Purposes." 15. 28 Translated: “The Association of True Islam.” 7
In order to test my hypotheses, I reviewed 63 cases originating from within the United
States of those arrested for involvement in an Islamist terrorist plot or training for such a plot, between 9/11 and December 2009.29 This timeframe provides a sufficient period to assess trends and focuses on the increased activity within the United States since the 9/11 terrorist attacks. A weakness in my approach is that I am only able to assess the known data set. I will be unable to determine how many terrorists were recruited but not detected.
Because I am focusing on the issue of homegrown jihadist threats to the United States I have only included incidents where at least one member of the cell was a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident. If an incident included individuals who were not U.S. citizens, I only gathered information on them relevant to establishing the U.S. citizens’ social network. Further, if an individual was charged and later acquitted, or trained/fought overseas but did not return to the United States of their own volition, they were not included in the aggregate analysis. This further bounds the data set to ensure the focus remains on homegrown Islamist terrorist threats to the United States.
To enable accurate comparison and descriptive inferences, the same factors were considered in each case. The factors are grouped in the following categories: New Media Use,
Socioeconomic Profile, Ethnicity, Foreign Travel, Religiosity, and Networks.
New Media Use is defined as Internet-enabled activites: websites, chat forums, online
video, social networking sites and virtual worlds.
29 I have attempted to ensure all known plots have been included, and any omissions, unless specifically noted, are not intentional. Some cases were not included to lack of publicly available information, or lack of general agreement on whether violent terrorist acts were intended/committed. Also, individuals who were arrested and released, or arrested and held/deported on non-terrorism related charges were not included (or only to develop a picture of the U.S. citizens’ social network). See Appendices A and B for all included and excluded cases, respectively. 8
Socioeconomic Profile is composed of age, location, education, occuption, income,
living conditions and criminal history.30 Where income data was not available, Bureau of
Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for the closest job role
and locality was used.
Ethnicity is composed of ethnicity 31 and residence status (i.e., whether an individual was
a 1 st or 2 nd generation U.S. citizen).
Foreign Travel is its own indicator, and is broken down by location and region.
Religiosity is composed of religious affiliation, mosque attendance, mosque type, and
mosque demographic composition.
Networks is derived from terrorist group associations and a qualitative analysis of each
individual’s community ties, personal allegiances, and kinship relationships.
Data was derived from publicly available news articles, legal proceedings, academic and professional literature, U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Labor data and think tanks.
HYPOTHESES
I have three main hypotheses, directly related to my research question that new media is a significant factor in the recruitment of Islamist terrorists within the United States.
I. New media is a significant factor in the recruitment of U.S.-based individuals to
Islamist terrorism, at least equal to other factors, such as friendship with radical
Islamists.
30 In some cases income and occupation were unavailable but information on living conditions was obtainable. For instance, an individual who is cited as “living in public-subsidized housing” can reasonably be assumed to be in the working or lower class. In this and similar cases, living conditions serves as a sufficient proxy for income and occupation. This relationship is also valid in the inverse. If an occupation was not specified, but the individual lived in a middle-class, suburban neighborhood, they can reasonably be coded at a minimum, as lower middle class. 31 Country of origin is often used as a measure of ethnicity in the data set. 9
II. New media is a contributing factor in the recruitment of U.S.-based individuals to
Islamist terrorism, but not as significant as other factors.
III. New media does not seem to have any relationship to the recruitment of U.S.-based
individuals to Islamist terrorism.
I define “ significant factor ” as an instance where new media was the primary factor inciting individuals to engage in violent jihad (without which they would have been unlikely to engage in violent jihad). I define “ contributing factor ” as instances where new media was one factor among several inciting individuals to engage in violent jihad (without which they would still have been likely to engage in violent jihad). Speaking to my third hypothesis, I define “ no relationship ” as instances where, either a) new media use did not exist 32 or b) if any new media use existed, it was “benign” – i.e., personal Facebook activity having nothing to do with recruitment to Islamist terrorism. 33
Media outlets and government documents often strongly emphasize instances of new media use by terrorists, because of this, if I did not find reference to new media use in any of the gathered data for a case, I assumed that new media was not a factor in that individuals’ recruitment. If new media was mentioned, but an alternate reason for recruitment was consistently presented as primary, I assumed that new media was not the most significant factor. 34 As noted, I am limited by reliance on second-hand reporting of motivations as personal interviews are outside the scope of this study.
Email use was not considered “new media use” because it requires a one-to-one contact before it can occur and thus serves as a proxy for face-to-face conversation. For instance, before
32 Coded as “No Use” in the data set. 33 Coded as “Non factor” in the data set. 34 See Appendix I for more information on motivations. 10
an individual can begin email contact with a terrorist, the email address must be obtained via
some other method, either virtually (via a chat room or jihadist forum) or from physical contact
with like-minded persons.
Data was drawn from a range of public sources, including newspaper articles, press
releases and court documents. In addition to general research, in order to ensure thorough
collection, a search of each individual and specific new media search terms was conducted in the
Lexis Nexis Academic Database. 35 In order to determine if new media had a role in an
individuals’ recruitment, each instance of use was coded based on the following criteria:
Recruitment : New media use resulting in recruitment. This category includes passive
new media use, such as viewing jihadist videos, and active new media use, such as
contact from a terrorist recruiter via a web forum.
Operational : New media use post-recruitment to plan or research elements for executing
a plot.
Personal : New media use for purely non-jihadist activities, or to express personal
opinions without any relation to the decision to commit to violent jihad.
No Use : No evidence of operational, recruitment, or personal new media use.
In order to develop a better picture of the type of new media use, I reviewed each case for
both passive and active new media use. Active use is defined as any new media use involving
predominately interactive media, i.e., chat rooms, web forums, and social networking sites such
as Facebook and Myspace. Passive use is defined as any new media use involving
35 A search was conducted on each individual in Lexis Nexis Academic Search Premier. The search followed the following format: “Name” + AND "Internet" OR "Website*" OR "Chat Room" OR "Facebook" OR "Myspace" OR "YouTube" OR "Online". The sources included were “Major World Publications” and, if no results were found, expanded to “All News (English).” Relevant citations may be found in Endnotes, New Media. 11 predominately receptive media such as You Tube 36 and jihadist websites used for reading rather than interacting. If an individual exhibited no evidence of active or passive new media use, excluding email, it was coded as “No Use.”
Determining the exact reason any individual chooses to become a terrorist is a significant challenge, however, this study is primarily concerned with measuring the level of influence new media has on an individual's decision to join. Both quantitative and anecdotal evidence is presented in each case supporting the findings, with data limitations, anomalies and assumptions noted throughout. Finally, analysis of trends and significant policy implications are discussed.
DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
NEW MEDIA USE 37
New media was found to be a significant or contributing factor in recruitment for 22, or
34 percent, of 63 cases. In four of the 22 cases, the recruitment was accompanied by operational use. Also in four of the 22 cases, recruitment was accompanied by personal use. Nine cases consisted of purely operational use and three cases were purely personal. No new media use was found in 33 of the cases (see chart 1).
36 It is acknowledged that the “comments” section on “passive” sites such as You Tube can become forums for discussion. No such use was noted in this study, however if it were, it would be coded as “active” use. 37 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix C. 12
In order to test the stated hypotheses, the data was separated into the appropriate categories and each hypothesis was tested separately.
Hypothesis I: New media is a significant factor in the recruitment of U.S.-based individuals to Islamist terrorism, at least equal to other factors, such as friendship with radical
Islamists.
New media was a significant factor in 10 of the 22 cases, or only 14 percent of all cases
(see chart 2). Because new media was not a significant factor leading to recruitment in the majority of cases, Hypothesis I was found invalid.
Although the overall hypothesis is not sustainable, there is insight to be gleaned from the
14 percent who were significantly influenced by new media. In some cases, individuals self- recruited by using new media to seek out terrorist organizations. For example, Michael Curtis
Reynolds, who sought to bomb natural gas pipelines within the United States, used an online forum called “OBLCrew” to reach out to Al-Qa’ida. Unfortunately for him, and fortunately for
13
America, the individual he thought was an Al-
Qa’ida operative was a government informant. 38 As
noted earlier, in the case of Georgia college student
Syed Haris Ahmed, new media served as both the
inspiration and means for his recruitment. Without
new media, it is unlikely Ahmed would have made
contact with the global jihadist network.
The inspiration of jihadist videos and online
propaganda proved significant enough in the
remaining seven cases to incite the individuals to begin training for jihad and developing plots
against U.S. targets. In fact, a shared infatuation “with Internet images of jihad” seems to have
been the only tie linking a group of New Jersey men. Their obsession with violent Islamist
terrorist videos and propaganda inspired them develop and train for an attack against Fort Dix.39
In the case of Ohio jihadists Mohammad Amawi, Marwan El-Hindi and Wassim Mazloum, new
media was the motivating and enabling factor in their recruitment. The men spent extensive time
online viewing violent videos and accessing regulated jihadists sites. This activity prompted
them to seek operational training from a retired U.S. military member so they could prepare for
violent jihad. Amawi maintained online contact with a “brother” in the Middle East, engaging in
coded discussions regarding pre-cursor elements for bombs. 40
38 Middle District of Pennsylvania U.S. Attorney, "Wilkes-Barre Man Charged with Attempting to Provide Material Support to International Terrorists," (October 3, 2006). 39 Dan and Dale Russakoff Eggen, "Six Charged in Plot to Attack Fort Dix; 'Jihadists' Said to Have No Ties to Al- Qaeda" The Washington Post , Met 2 Edition May 9, 2007. 40 Northern District of Ohio U.S. District Court, Western Division, "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.," (2006). 14
Hypothesis II: New media is a contributing factor in the recruitment of U.S.-based individuals to Islamist terrorism, but not as significant as other factors.
New media was found to be a contributing factor in 12 (16 percent) of the total number of cases (see chart 3). New media was not a contributing factor for the majority of individuals studied, therefore Hypothesis II was found invalid.
In cases where new media was a contributing factor, it supported an individuals’ intent to commit violent jihad, but was not the sole motivating factor. For instance, Najibullah Zazi, who sought to bomb several locations in New York City, came to "love videos on YouTube that featured
Zakir Naik…a controversial figure among
Muslims." 41 In 2008, Zazi returned to Pakistan, presumably to handle business with the family estate and find a wife – unofficially, he made contact with Al-Qa’ida terrorists and returned to the
United States intent on committing violent jihad.
There is no evidence to suggest he formed these relationships online and, it is more probable existing ties in-country facilitated these contacts. 42
The level of contribution varied from one individual to another. In cases where a strong jihadist mentor already existed, the role of new media, though contributing, was much weaker.
Kamel Derwish, the mentor and spiritual leader of the Lackawanna Six, directed group members
41 District of Colorado U.S. District Court, "U.S.A V. Najibullah Zazi - Criminal Complaint," (2009).; Michael Wilson, "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times September 26, 2009. 42 Wilson, "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect".; Von Drehle, David and Bobby Ghosh Von Drehle, "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi," Time October 1, 2009. 15
to look at certain web sites to learn about their sin and find correction. 43 This education likely led
to adoption of stricter religious practices, however, Derwish also provided this instruction
verbally, and without his physical presence and inducement, it is unlikely the individuals would
have been recruited. 44
Although the data correlation is not strong enough to prove hypothesis I or II, among new
media users, there appears to be a higher risk for recruitment to violent jihad than purely
personal or operational use. In order to determine – within new media users – whether active or
passive use had any correlation to susceptibility to recruitment, further analysis was conducted
(see chart 4). Among those who
were significantly influenced by
new media to become Islamist
terrorists, a little over twice as
many were active versus passive
users. For those where new
media was a contributing factor,
the discrepancy was much
smaller, with a little over 10
percent difference between the active and passive users.
Mahmud Faruq Brent, a lower middle class Maryland man, was an avid viewer of radical
clerics and jihadist recruiting videos. He stepped beyond passive viewing when he chose to
contact a terrorist training camp in Pakistan via their website which invited those who, “desire to
43 Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam Aziz, "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003), http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html.; Dina Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door (Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007). 62-63. 44 Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door .: 62. 16 fight the enemies of Allah, please e-mail us and we will make arrangements for you at a training camp.” Brent attended this camp, later citing it as one of the best decisions of his life.45
Tarek Mehanna, an affluent, educated Boston suburbanite, found an alternate life among online jihadists. He was an avid user of terrorist websites, even providing translations of core terrorist documents and disseminating his own propaganda. This virtual involvement was not enough though, and he attempted to attend training camps overseas, although he was turned away due to lack of experience. Undeterred, Mehanna determined to strike targets within the
United States, including a Boston shopping mall. Mehannna did not attend a radical mosque or have any other known significant contact with radicalizing elements – without his active online activity, it is unlikely he would have chosen to join the global jihad. 46
Although active use was clearly a stronger factor in recruitment, passive use was a contributory factor for some individuals. As noted previously Amawi, El-Hindi, and Mazoulm of Toledo, Ohio began planning a terrorist attack after they spent hours viewing videos produced by Islamist extremist groups. This viewing directly inspired them to seek out specific training videos and develop their own plot. 47 Abdifatah Yusuf Isse is representative of nearly two dozen
Somali-Americans48 who were influenced by jihadist videos and terrorist websites to link up with a physical terrorist recruiter versus meeting one online. 49 These messages capitalized on upheaval in Somalia, characterizing Al-Shabaab, a nationalist Islamist terrorist group at the time,
45 Southern District of New York U.S. Attorney, "Maryland Man Sentenced to 15 Years for Providing Material Support to Terrorist Organization", ed. U.S. Department of Justice (New YorkJuly 25, 2007). 46 Kark Clayton, "How Fbi Traced Tarek Mehanna in His Quest to Become a Jihadi," The Christian Science Monitor October 22, 2009. 47 Erica Blake, "Toledo Terror Trial Nearing Final Phase: Prosecution, Defense to Sum up, Explain 25 Days of Testimony" The Blade June 3, 2008.; U.S. District Court, "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan Othman El- Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.." 48 Most of these young men remained overseas or were killed in action and therefore are not included in this analysis. See Appendix B for the list of excluded individuals. 49 Andrea Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America," The New York Times July 12, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/12/us/20090712-somalia-timeline.html 17
as “freedom fighters” repelling infidels as part of the global jihad. Al-Shabaab specifically
targeted their messages to appeal to young Somali-Americans ethnic and religious sentiments,
enjoining them to return to their homeland and fight for jihad. 50
Hypothesis III: New media does not seem to have any relationship to the recruitment of
U.S.-based individuals to Islamist terrorism.
33 of the 63 cases showed no new media use at all. This does not mean that these individuals did not use new media, but it was not a significant enough part of their lifestyle or jihadist activities to be noted in any news articles, government documents or personal statements.
Although new media was important in a few cases, it did not prove to be an overwhelming influence and cannot be used to explain the factors leading the majority of individuals to recruitment. Even among those individuals where new media use was a factor in recruitment, it was a significant factor for a minority. This finding suggests that analysis of other factors - socioeconomic, religious, ethnic, and networks – is necessary to provide insights concerning these overall trends concerning the recruitment of U.S. citizens.
SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE 51
AGE & EDUCATION The majority of the individuals were in their 20s, with the peak around 25 (see chart 5).52
50 Ibid. 51 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix D. 52 This represents their age upon arrest. 18
The ‘at risk’ group is slightly higher than at risk populations for gang recruitment.53 One
trend seems to be that young adults, who are having trouble fitting-in at their high school or
college, either due to their ethnicity or religious beliefs, go through a period where they attempt
to reconcile to the secular world. For instance, some of the Lackawanna Six went through this
“wild period” where they engaged in practices, such as gambling and drinking, contrary to their
religious beliefs.54 After this period, individuals’ sought direction in their lives through
reconnecting with their Muslim identity. This vulnerable time was where a mentor or peer
recruited them to violent jihad. As Sageman notes, most young terrorists recruits are
intelligence, but misguided, with their religious fervor developed out of context and directed
towards nefarious ends. 55 For the segment of individuals in their 30s, a similar re-awakening of
their identity occurred, either due to a conversion experience, personal tragedy, or general
dissatisfaction with their current lives.
A lack of education is sometimes cited as a permissive factor leading to jihadist
recruitment, however this did not hold true for the cases reviewed in this study (see chart 6). 11
percent had some and 20 percent graduated high school56 while 37 percent had some and 26
percent completed college. Comparatively, in 2008, 29 percent of American adults attained a
bachelor’s degree and 87 percent graduated high school. 57 One individual completed a master’s
degree and another obtained his PhD. 58
53 17-18 is the average gang recruitment age. As noted in: National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center, "Youth Gangs and Violence."http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/faq/youthgang.asp . 54 Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door . 4-6. 55 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century .: 60. 56 High school completion measured by official graduation or obtaining a GED equivalent. “Graduated College” also includes one individual who completed an Associates Degree. 57 U.S. Census Bureau News, "Census Bureau Releases Data Showing Relationship between Education and Earnings," ed. U.s. Department of Commerce (Washington, D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau April 27, 2009). 58 Note: Education data was unavailable for 13 individuals in the data set. 19
As noted, it seems in most instances, individuals grew disillusioned with their lives during formative periods (high school/college), either due to lack of opportunity, lack of social cohesion, or personal grievance and chose to drop out. It should be noted that none of the individuals experienced the extreme social displacement that afflict European immigrant populations, although the offer of “identity, companionship, and ‘direction in life’” from terrorist groups was no less alluring. 59
INCOME, OCCUPATION & LIVING CONDITIONS
The majority of the individuals came from urban areas (63 percent),60 with predominately low-income, 61 unskilled or minimally skilled occupations (see charts 7 and 8).62
59 Nesser, "Jihadism in Western Europe after the Invasion of Iraq: Tracing Motivational Influences from the Iraq War on Jihadist Terrorism in Western Europe.": 327. 60 Living Conditions determined by qualitative analysis of the location information (U.S. Census or Google Map image of the city, state) and news articles, press releases or books indicating the nature of the locality. For instance, Iyman Faris, from Columbus, Ohio was noted as living in an apartment in a “run-down section of Columbus” and his living conditions were classified as “Urban.” In contrast, Tarek Mehanna from the affluent town of Sudbury, Massachusetts outside of Boston, was classified as “Suburban.” 61 Rankings derived from Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus . Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon. Scale as follows: Upper middle class - Highly educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000; Lower middle class - Semi-professionals and craftsman with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education; Working class - Clerical, pink and blue collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education; Lower class - Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education. 62 Occupation types coded based on Bureau of Labor Statistics official descriptions. Statistics, Bureau of 20
There are a few notable exceptions. One is Maher “Mike” Hawash, a college-educated
software engineer living in suburban Portland, Oregon. His annual income was last reported at
$385,000, yet, after the passing of his father,
he become increasingly devout and found
little satisfaction in financial gain. Yahya
Goba of the Lackawanna Six expressed
similar sentiments, struggling to find balance
between pursuit of wealth and stability and
his religious obligations. 63 Tarek Mehanna,
a teacher, pharmacist, and child of an
affluent Egyptian family indicated he felt like a “fish out of water” in his comfortable suburban
life and wanted to do battle for jihad. 64
For the most part, individuals were employed in unskilled or minimally skilled
occupations, such as retail sales, restaurant work, transportation or construction, and a few
owned their own businesses (construction, restaurant). In only a handful of cases were
individuals trained in professional or technical occupations requiring additional schooling or
training such as teaching or engineering. In the larger jihadist networks – Virginia, Oregon,
Miami and North Carolina – the group leader was in a skilled occupation or owned their own
company. Ali al-Tamimi, spiritual leader of the Virginia Paintball jihad group, was a highly
educated teacher and lecturer at the mosque where the majority of the group met. Mike Hawash,
Labor. "Occupational Classification System Manual: Mog-Level Definitions ", edited by U.S. Department of Labor, 2001. Available at: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/ocsm/comMOGADEF.htm#mogaanchor. 63 Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door . 38. 64 Linda and Bronislaus B. Kush Bock, "Shocked and Dismayed; Accused Terrorist Taught at Alhuda Academy," Telegram & Gazette (Massachusetts) October 23, 2009. 21 a successful software engineer, was not the spiritual leader of the Oregon cell, but did lead the group’s plans to train for jihad overseas. In the cases of the Miami and North Carolina cells,
Narseal Batiste and Daniel Patrick Boyd, respectively, were both the employers and religious leaders of their groups. Exceptions to this were the groups in Lackawanna and Minneapolis.
The former group was led by an unemployed former imam and the latter did not have a specified leader.
Although some individuals in this study attained higher education, affluence and skilled occupations, the majority were characterized by a sense of normalcy.
CRIMINAL HISTORY
Not surprisingly, most of the individuals did not have a reported criminal record, and of those who did, instances of violent crime were slightly higher than non-violent, but not significantly (see chart 9). This supports existing scholarship on criminality among terrorists that posits “individuals very unlikely to do harm individually are easily able to do so collectively.” 65
65 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century : 64. 22
This also lends credence to the hypothesis that those serious about violent jihad try to maintain a
clean criminal record to enable ease of movement and stay under law enforcement radar. 66
Among the minority who did have a criminal record, only one cell, the Los Angeles men who plotted against U.S. military facilities, Israeli government facilities and Jewish synagogues,
was formed in prison. 67 Prison radicalization has
been a significant concern and demonstrated problem
in Europe, where vulnerable Muslim young men,
isolated from proper teaching, develop their own
radical interpretations of Islam. 68 Although this only
occurred in one of the homegrown cells, the same
pattern of incarceration, isolation, radicalization and
recruitment was followed.
In this study, criminality was not found to be a significant factor in recruitment. It is
possible recruited individuals exist that were not captured in this data set, but due to
incarceration have not had the chance to plan or execute any plots and therefore have not been
arrested on terrorism charges. Of course correlation does not equate to causation, and this group
may be a self-selecting entity, but this finding does suggest that prisons may not be the largest
source of terrorist recruits in the United States.
66 Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door . 93. 67 "Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets," ed. U.S. Department of Justice (Washington, D.C. August 31, 2005). 68 Pascale Combelles Siegel, "Radical Islam and the French Muslim Prison Population," Terrorism Monitor 4, no. 15 (July 28, 2006), http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=853&tx_ttnews[backPid]=181&no_cache=1. 23
ETHNICITY 69
A significant range of ethnicities were recorded, although a number did not claim a specific ethnic background (see chart 10). “None Identified” represents this group, most of whom were third+ generation (grandsons, great grandsons, etc) immigrants and would colloquially be referenced simply as “American.” Some groups, such as the Yemeni (6) and
Somali (5) segments, represent entire cells, while others, such as Pakistanis (6), span several plots. Some accentuated, or even fabricated, tenuous ethnic ties in order to fit in. One individual,
James Cromitie, who sought to bomb New York synagogues and an air guard base, had no particular ethnic ties and claimed his parents were Afghani in order to bolster his credibility among other jihadists and gain respect in his local Muslim community. 70
If ethnicities are combined by region, 71 the Middle East at 44 percent (Egyptian, Iraqi,
Jordanian, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Lebanese, Palestinian, Saudi, Yemeni, and Turkish) ranked
69 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix E. 70 Al Baker, "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions " The New York Times May 22, 2009. 71 As defined by the CIA World Fact Book: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/docs/refmaps.html . Each country of origin was looked up and coded according to CIA World Fact Book’s regional designation. 24
highest. South Asians (Afghan, Bangladeshi, and Pakistani 72 ) were second, composing
approximately 23 percent of the group (see chart 11). While it is difficult with such a small
sample size to draw any conclusions about which groups are more susceptible to terrorist
recruitment, this data does suggest that individuals from these tumultuous regions may be more
sensitive to U.S. foreign policy actions or perceived attitudes towards their homelands. For
example, Hamid Hayat, a Californian who attended a jihadist training camp in Pakistan and
returned to the United States, avidly followed Pakistani politics and was very concerned with
U.S. policies towards the region. 73
Residence status was coded as follows: 1 st Generation consisted of individuals not born in the United States but who attained citizenship; 2 nd Generation consisted of individuals who were born in the United States, but where at least one parent was not; 3 rd + Generation consisted of individuals whose parents, grandparents, and so on, had been born in the United States. Analysis of residence status proved interesting, with an even split between first generation and 3rd+ generation individuals. Some 3 rd + generation individuals identified an ethnicity, such as the
72 The Pakistani group includes one individual who identified as Kashmiri. See Appendix E for further information. 73 Sonya Geis, "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post March 23, 2006. 25
Yemeni Americans from Lackawanna, N.Y., although most were coded simply as “American.”
Second generation individuals comprised a small section of those recruited (14%).
This comports with other analysis of diasporas, where first generation individuals still
feel strong ties to their homeland and, when stimulated by international politics or personal life-
events, find these bonds stronger than those of their adopted homeland. 74 This sense of
“collective grievance” and sense of obligation to support the cause of Muslims across the globe 75
was a motivating factor cited by many recruits, not just first or second generation. Of course,
stated motivations are subject to a range of interpretations, but comparison of these personal
views provide some insight into the narrative the recruits chose to identify with. The professed
motivations of both 1 st and 3 rd + generation individuals nearly matched each other (see chart 12).
Among the cases studied, this sense of grievance was often combined with anger over U.S
foreign policy actions. For example, first generation Los Angeles cell member Hammad Samana
and 3 rd + generation member Levar Washington both expressed a desire to punish the United
States for perceived oppression of Muslims. 76
74 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century .: 65-66. 75 Davis, ed. Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together . 90. 76 The NEFA Foundation, "The L.A. Plot to Attack U.S. Military, Israeli Government, & Jewish Targets," Target: America - Report #1 (June 2007 (updated January 2008)), http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/LA_Plot.pdf. 26
FOREIGN TRAVEL 77
Although most of the individuals expressed an interest in foreign travel only approximately a third actually ventured overseas. Because so many individuals were lower income and working class, cost was likely a highly limiting factor. Some, like the Minnesota
Somalis, were able to overcome this because of donations from benefactors and community fundraising. 78 The purpose of the trips ranged from benign - completing the hajj, 79 religious study, 80 and visiting family 81 - to sinister – attending jihadist training camps, meeting terrorist leaders, and fighting. 82 Determining the proportion who traveled for entirely benign reasons is difficult as often a legitimate trip was combined with terrorist-related activities.
Furthermore, in most of the cases where individuals went overseas to train at terrorist
training camps, they provided a plausible cover story – such as settling a family members’ estate
– as their purpose for travel. Some were lured overseas by promises of adventure and
77 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix F. 78 Elliot, Andrea. “A Call to Jihad, answered in America.” July 12, 2009. New York Times. 79 U.S. Department of Justice, "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda," in Press Release (Washington, D.C. October 28, 2003). 80 Caryle Murphy, "Muslim Lecturer Fits Easily in Two Worlds; Mosque Leader, Gmu Doctoral Candidate May Have Promoted Violence," The Washington Post August 8, 2003. 81 Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door . 38 82 Kevin Mayhood, Jodi Andes and John Futty, "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed Indictment Says," The Columbus Dispatch April 13, 2007.; 164 - (Division June 3, 2008) 27
prominence. Individuals who had been overseas and participated in jihad were revered in the
United States and used this respect to convince others to do the same. 83
The locations visited evidence that sites of known terrorist training camps, such as
Pakistan, and active wars, such as Afghanistan, were most popular (see chart 13).84 Importantly,
foreign travel was a key turning point for those who did go overseas, either because they
committed to violent jihad by attending a training camp or because their religious beliefs became
more stringent and they began to view violent jihad as an integral part of becoming devout. 85
RELIGIOSITY 86
In order to obtain information on religious affiliation, I examined the denomination of
each mosque the listed individuals attended. If the mosque name was available, a search was
conducted to see if any affiliation was noted. If no specific affiliation was indicated (i.e., that the
mosque adhered to Sharia practices), other indicators,
such as whether women were required to enter
through a back entrance, were used to estimate the
mosque’s probable affiliation. Affiliation and strict
practices are an important indicator as literature
contends that “Salafism, a brand of Islam that
preaches a strict observance of 7th century rules and a
strong rejection of Western values” is a predominant factor among terrorist recruits. 87
83 Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America." 84 Note – the individuals from the Portland Cell who visited China were attempting to reach Pakistan to attend a training camp and fight. 85 Bhatt, "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." 86 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix G. 87 Siegel, "Radical Islam and the French Muslim Prison Population." 28
The majority of mosques were Sunni with only two identified as Shia (see chart 14).
Three of the Sunni mosques were specifically identified as promoting Salafi ideology and the majority were conservative Sunni, such as the Lodi Muslim Mosque that was men-only. 88 Two cells organized their own groups. The
Quantico group began meeting in their home due to a perceived lack of devotion to fundamentalist teachings in their mosque. 89 The
“Seas of David” group, a Moorish
Science Temple inspired amalgamation of Christian and
Islamic beliefs, formed in Miami,
Florida. This group still claimed
Islamist inspiration for their planned jihad. Some individuals attended regular prayer services at their local mosque, but began meeting in individuals’ homes to obtain more rigorous, fundamentalist teaching. This was true in the case of the Minnesota Somalis, Christopher Paul, and others. In a few cases – the North
Carolina, Miami, Virginia, and Lackawanna cells - the individual providing the religious instruction was also leading the push for violent jihad (see chart 15).
88 Salatomatic.com, "Lodi Muslim Mosque - Review," Halalfire Media LLC, http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Lodi+4630+Lodi-Muslim-Mosque. 89 Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu Johnson, "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The Washington Post July 29, 2009. 29
Level of religious devotion is difficult to gauge as many of the signs, such as increased
prayer and study, are personal activities. However, as regular prayer is an integral part of
devoutness in Islam, mosque attendance is a helpful indicator. A slim minority (three
individuals) were only intermittent attendees, with most individuals cited as frequent attendees
(36) or regular (20) members of their local mosque. Although increased religious devotion
certainly does not always correlate to recruitment to global jihad, when engaging in terrorism is
seen as part of a divine mandate, it becomes a key indicator. 90 Most individuals were merely
attendees, though one was a former prison imam, 91 one a current imam, 92 and another president of his mosque. 93 Few spoke openly of controversial beliefs, instead waiting until they had formed a trusted relationship with someone and felt comfortable expressing such perspectives.
Few cases involved direct in-mosque recruitments suggesting there is not widespread social acceptance of jihadist rhetoric within the United States. In fact, often when an imam or attendees began to express jihadist sentiments, they were asked to leave the mosque. For instance, in Lackawanna, N.Y., after group leader Kamal Derwish invited a jihadist speaker to the mosque, the elders informed Derwish he was no longer welcome there. 94 The Virginia Jihad
network was anomalous in this sense as Dar el Arkam Imam Ali Al-Timimi used his position as
90 Rohan Gunaratna, "Ideology in Terrorism and Counter Terrorism: Lessons from Combating Al Qaeda and Al Jemaah Al Islamiyah in Southeast Asia " in Countering Terrorist Ideologies Discussion Papers , ed. Fariborz Mokhtari Ehsan Ahrari, Richard L. Russell, et al. (Swindon: Advanced Research and Assesment Group, September 2005).: 19. 91 Joshua Boak, "Detainee Served as Imam at Prison: Employee Removed over Smuggled Food" The Blade February 23, 2006. 92 Marc Parry, "Imam: Made in America; Faisal Ahmad, Raised in Albany, Represents a New Generation of Muslim Clerics and the Challenges They Confront.," The Times Union September 16, 2007. 93 Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. Lichtblau, "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a Diplomat," The New York Times August 6, 2004. 94 Temple-Raston, The Jihad Next Door . 87. 30
a platform to admonish attendees for their lack of devoutness and influence them to commit to
jihad. 95
NETWORKS
TERRORIST TIES 96
Analysis was conducted on which terrorist groups each individual became affiliated with.
In a majority of cases, no specific group was identified (see chart 16). Al-Qa’ida was the prevalent group, with 23 individual members (or perceived members). Lashkar-e-Taiba, a group supporting the insurgency in the Indian-controlled region of Kashmir, 97 was second and Somali
Muslim nationalist group Al-Shabaab 98 third. Jaish-e-Mohammed is a Pakistani extremist
group.99 Jamaat al-Muslimeen was responsible for a coup attempt in Trinidad in the 1990s.
After its founding leaders were jailed it still maintained ties with Islamist terrorist groups. 100
Most sought to gain the support and attention of Al-Qa’ida proper, presumably because
of its global terrorism network and high profile. Only one cell, the Los Angeles plotters,
95 Bhatt, "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." 96 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix H. 97 Jennifer Lin, Mark Fazlollah, Maria Panaritis and Jeff Shields, "Tracing the Case Of "Virginia Jihad"; Terror Charges Link Montco to Kashmir," The Philadelphia Inquirer July 25, 2003. 98 Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America." 99 Lichtblau, "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a Diplomat." 100 "Jamaat Al-Muslimin (Trinidad)," in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Islamic Studies Online, 2007- 2010). 31
attempted to establish its own terrorist group, Jam’yaat Al-Islam Al-Saheeh. 101 It is significant
that the majority of individuals merely indicated they wished to join “jihad” and not any
particular terrorist group. Sagemen notes this type of ill defined intent is often a convenient
vehicle to express anger against Western governments and has little to do with the global Salafi
jihad espoused by Al-Qa’ida.102
Terrorist ties were coded as follows: Founder: Founded own terrorist group; Active
Member: Attended terrorist training camp or performed operational tasks; Member: Made
contact with a terrorist group and committed to act on its behalf; Attempted: Made contact with a
terrorist group in order to act on its behalf or obtain support for a plot but were foiled before able
to proceed; Perceived: Believed they had made contact with a terrorist group and committed to
act on its behalf, but had unknowingly encountered a U.S. government sting operation.
101 The “Seas of David” group established by the Miami-based terrorist cell was a purely religious group. They attempted to link with Al-Qa’ida when they were ready to engage in jihad. 102 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century . 144. 32
Of those did seek a tie with a specific terrorist group, 48 percent were active members, 11
percent members, 18 percent attempted and 21 percent perceived (see chart 17). Joining a
terrorist group or attending a training camp proved more difficult than some individuals
expected. For instance, Michael Reynolds, who attempted to bomb an Illinois federal building
had been seeking a terrorist contact via the Internet for some time, was discovered by a freelance
terrorist hunter who reported him to the U.S. government. 103 Tarek Mehanna of Massachusetts
attempted multiple times to join Al-Qa’ida and the Taliban but was rejected due to a lack of
experience. 104 This comports with other analyses that indicate Al-Qa’ida employs careful
screening of potential recruits into their formal organization. 105
COMMUNITY TIES AND SOCIAL NETWORK 106
Community involvement by the individuals spanned a range similar to what one would expect from a cross-section of Americans (see chart 18).107 Levels of community involvement
are admittedly subjective and are based purely on anecdotal statements mentioned in news
accounts of the cases. “Neighborly” was applied where individuals were not cited as particularly
involved in their communities, but were referenced as polite, friendly individuals in their
neighborhood or community. This consequence can possibly be attributed to many of the
individuals being members of tight-knit ethnic communities where a premium is put on local
community involvement. Also, because of the need for devout Muslims to live close to a
103 U.S. Attorney, "Wilkes-Barre Man Charged with Attempting to Provide Material Support to International Terrorists." 104 Laurel J. and Dave Wedge Sweet, "Sudbury Terror Bust; Feds: Man Is Qaeda Reject," The Boston Herald October 22, 2009. 105 Thomas Hegghammer, "Terrorist Recruitment and Radicalization in Saudi Arabia," Middle East Policy 13, no. 4 (Winter 2006).: 52. 106 A list of the individuals and their respective codings, as well as supporting source notes, may be found in Appendix I. 107 The Corporation for National and Community Service, "Volunteering in America Research Highlights," (July 2009). 33
mosque for daily prayers, religious community involvement is also often neighborhood-based.
Much of the activity was religious or ethnic in
nature, although many were generally known in
their broader communities as “nice, friendly
people,”108 causing most to be shocked that
someone within their community was an alleged
terrorist.
To facilitate analysis of social networks,
the recruitment mechanism 109 in each case was coded using standards partially derived from
Marc Sageman’s seminal work on the topic, “Understanding Terror Networks.”110 The
categories were Friendship, Kinship, Discipleship, and Worship. Friendship encompasses any
trust-based relationship, including physical recruitments, even those based on false pretenses,
such as those established by confidential informants. Also, although Sageman’s concept of
Discipleship references individuals specifically influenced by teachers in traditional school
environments (such as a madrassa), 111 it is used here to denote any instance where the predominant influence was a spiritual teacher or guide outside of the individual’s mosque.
Worship includes individuals who were recruited via teaching at their mosque or comparable proxy (for instance, the North Carolina jihad cell did not meet at a traditional mosque, but held
“home mosque” services).
108 Johnson, "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges". 109 Among individuals where new media was a contributing factor leading to recruitment, the “other factor” (such as friendship or discipleship) was included in this analysis. 110 Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks . 107-120. 111 Ibid. 113-114. 34
Friendship relationships formed the largest group of social network recruitment
mechanisms (see chart 19). In some cases these were very personal relationships, and in others
they were less-formal contacts formed during foreign travel. Very often individuals met at a
local place of worship and, through conversation, discovered a mutual interest in jihad. This
occurred in the cases of Christopher Paul, Nuradin
Abdi and Iyman Faris, who reinforced each
others’ terrorist leanings outside of the mosque. 112
Recruitment rarely occurred at the mosque itself
though or through a particular imam’s preaching.
More often, these groups distanced themselves
from the mosque once they committed to violent
jihad, with some breaking ties completely. This is consistent with the New York Police
Department’s assessment that some part of radicalization may occur within a religious
environment, but once individuals commit to violent jihad, they pull away from their religious
teachers. 113 A significant exception is the Virginia Jihad Network where the group’s spiritual
leader and mosque imam, Ali Al-Timimi, gave the group members the direction after 9/11 that
the time for action – meaning jihad – had come. More often, if a group leader was providing
religious instruction, it occurred outside of the mosque environment (coded as Discipleship).
The social network was often a critical piece enabling individuals to move from
“armchair jihad” to action. For instance, in the case of the Somali Americans in Minnesota,
without their support network they likely would have been unable to afford to go through with
their plans for violent jihad training. This case highlights “the importance of a local support
112 Mayhood, "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed Indictment Says." 113 Bhatt, "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." 35
network of older individuals who help in the radicalization process and aid in supplying the
young men with equipment and money.”114
Although kinship relationships were a recruitment factor in a small minority of the
studied cases, the idea that “sustained exposure to and interaction with radicalized parents and
siblings” was born out in the case of the North Carolina jihad cell. 115 The core of the cell, led by
Daniel Boyd, was composed of his sons who still lived at his home and unquestioningly followed
their father’s lead. 116
ANALYTIC CONCLUSIONS
Although new media has been cited as potentially replacing physical terrorist networks,
the cases studied in this paper do not support this assertion. Based on this sample of foiled
homegrown jihadist plots, terrorist groups still tend to rely on physical contact via face-to-face
recruitment or vetting at a training camp. Even in instances where individuals made contact with
terrorists via new media, physical contact was required before operational planning commenced.
For instance, the Georgia plotter Syed Ahmed self-recruited by seeking out a terrorist contact
online, but then traveled to Canada to meet with cell members and obtain direction. Maryland
taxi driver Mahmud Faruq Brent used the Internet to obtain information on a Lashkar-e-Taiba
training camp, but once he returned to the United States, relied on personal contact made there to
remain active. In fact, he bemoaned how long he had been away from the camp and worried that
114 Raffaello Pantucci, "American Jihad: New Details Emerge About Al-Shabaab Recruitment in North America," Terrorism Monitor 7, no. 37 (December 3, 2009), http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35797&tx_ttnews[backPid]=412&no_cache=1 115 Davis, ed. Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together .: 78-79. 116 NewsObserver.com, "Boyd's Co-Defendants' Histories Come to Light,"(September 22, 2009), http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html. 36
he no longer had good connections available. 117 This type of vetting is consistent with findings in
studies of other cases in different regions. 118
Although new media was not found to be a significant element in recruitment, analysis of other factors provide some insights into commonalities among the cases. This project’s findings, though focused solely on homegrown jihadists, observed many of the same characteristics as other studies did, that “[T]errorists are not particularly impoverished, uneducated, or afflicted by
mental disease. Demographically, their most important characteristic is normalcy (within their
environment).”119
Individuals in their 20s were most susceptible to the terrorist message, regardless of their
socioeconomic background. While a “search for identity” 120 can occur at any age, the 20s are
often a time of discovery for young people and unfortunately, terrorist recruiters respond to this
vulnerability by targeting messages and methods to directly affect these groups, as was noted in
the case of the Somali-Americans who were recruited by Al-Shabaab. 121 With a few exceptions, the majority of the individuals came from unremarkable socioeconomic backgrounds – lower middle or working class income, little post-secondary education, urban living conditions, and un- or minimally skilled occupations. Ethnicity, with the exception of the Somali-Americans, seemed to have more correlation to what terrorist group an individual attempted to link up with than with a susceptibility to recruitment. Residency status did seem to have some significance, with second generation individuals composing the smallest group of recruits.
117 U.S. Attorney, "Maryland Man Sentenced to 15 Years for Providing Material Support to Terrorist Organization". 118 Hegghammer, "Terrorist Recruitment and Radicalization in Saudi Arabia." 52. 119 Davis, ed. Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together .: Xxiv. 120 Ibid. 303. 121 Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America." 37
Overseas travel, for those who were able to do it, was a key element in their recruitment to
Islamist terrorism as it either facilitated involvement in a terrorist training camp or kept an active
link with their homeland, enabling recruitment through foreign friendship networks. This is
what enabled Russell Defreitas, who sought to bomb the John F. Kennedy International airport,
to develop contacts within Jamaat al-Muslimeen, a Guyanese-based terrorist group. 122 Some, like the Portland cell leader Mike Hawash found renewed religious devotion after foreign travel, and, combined with a sense that Muslims were under siege around the world, eventually determined that true commitment involved training for global jihad. 123 This combination of religious duty
and obligation towards the greater Muslim community as an impetus to join jihad is well
supported in literature. 124
Religiosity analysis indicated the vast majority of individuals attended Sunni mosques
and identified with conservative precepts. As previously noted, mosques did not appear to be
strong forces for recruitment, except as a place where like minded individuals made first contact.
Although, as others note, spiritual leaders had a strong role in inciting jihad, 125 they were rarely
the formal leader of the mosque. In fact, social acceptance was low for in-mosque recruitment
activities.
As noted in the community ties analysis, the recruits tracked fairly closely the norm for
most Americans. Except in the case of the Somali Americans and to a lesser extent the
Lackawanna Yemenis, problems assimilating into American society did not seem to be a
predominant factor leading to recruitment. Even individuals like Tarek Mehanna and Mike
122 Cara and William K. Rashbaum Buckely, "4 Men Accused of Plot to Blow up Kennedy Airport Terminals and Fuel Lines," New York Times June 3, 2007. 123 Deborah Howlett, "The Two Sides of One Law, the Two Lives of One Man," The Star-Ledger July 24, 2005. 124 Davis, ed. Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together .: 89. 125 Ibid.: 78. 38
Hawash, who felt out of place in their suburban, affluent lifestyles, still tended towards active
community involvement. 126 This is in stark contrast to the European experience, where
immigrant youth struggle with fitting in and often turn to the global jihad to find direction. 127 So
long as American attitudes of acceptance and opportunity persist, it is unlikely problems of
assimilation will become predominant factors leading to recruitment. 128
The reasons cited for choosing recruitment varied, but consistent themes were identified.
Over a third of the individuals expressed the sentiment that training for and committing to violent jihad was part of becoming a more devout Muslim, while a little under a third indicated that U.S. foreign policy, perceived mistreatment of Muslims, or some combination of the two incited them to pursue Islamist terrorism. 129 Although most of the recruits from tight ethnic communities cited events in their homeland as relevant to their decision, only the Somali-
Americans saw it as a driving factor. As noted, the Somali-Americans who left Minnesota in response to what they perceived as an Ethiopian invasion of their homeland were, for the most part, those who had little remembrance of the country and sought adventure, fame, and a reconnection with their ethnic identity.130
A quarter of the individuals did not articulate any specific motivation, but showed no less devotion to the cause of violent jihad. Although aggregate factors can push a group towards
126 Claire Suddath, "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna," Time (October 22, 2009), http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html.; Jennifer Lin, "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by Association.," The Philadelphia Inquirer April 30, 2003. 127 Nesser, "Jihadism in Western Europe after the Invasion of Iraq: Tracing Motivational Influences from the Iraq War on Jihadist Terrorism in Western Europe." 327. 128 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad : Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century .: 94-99. 129 See Appendix I for more information. 130 Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America." 39
violent jihad, the proximate causes are often very personal. 131 For instance, after the death of his father, Mike Hawash renewed his Muslim faith, traveling overseas to perform the hajj.
Neighbors noticed that Daniel Boyd, who led the plot against Quantico Marine Base, grew much more devout after the death of a son in a car accident. 132
However, foreign events, foreign policy, perceived grievances and personal issues were rarely enough to turn talk to action. Likewise, among the heterogeneous groups, a complex and often ill-defined dynamic led group members to commit to violent jihad. The factors that took individuals in both types of networks the extra step tended to be a strong leader/mentor or a terrorist recruiter in their social network. As many authors have noted, interpersonal dynamics are often the illuminating element in determining why an individual becomes a terrorist. 133 Max
Abrahms, in his 2008 paper titled “What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and
Counterterrorism Strategy,” noted that “... the social bonds that form among members of a terrorist organization are far more influential as a motivating force than is ideological commitment.” 134 For example, Russell Defreitas, a New Yorker who planned to bomb John F.
Kennedy International Airport, expressed hatred against the United States for her support of
Israel and perceived oppression of Muslims. It was only through the influence and contact of his
Guyanese friends, who had ties to the Jamaat al-Muslimeen terrorist group, that Defreitas was recruited to take action on his personal beliefs. 135
131 Davis, ed. Social Science for Counterterrorism: Putting the Pieces Together .: 96; Crenshaw, "The Causes of Terrorism." 393. 132 Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America." 133 Crenshaw, "The Causes of Terrorism." 393. 134 Max Abrahms, "What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorism Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy," International Security 32, no. 4 (Spring 2008).: 98. 135 Buckely, "4 Men Accused of Plot to Blow up Kennedy Airport Terminals and Fuel Lines." 40
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
These findings potentially dampen many of fears that a virtual terrorist network is
creating a new wave of homegrown jihadists and strengthens the position that anti-radicalization
and counterterrorism efforts should be focused at the community and social network level.
The issue of homegrown terrorism is significant to policymakers, especially as evidence
surfaces that al-Qa’ida actively seeks to obtain recruits with American passports to facilitate
international movement. 136 Because the United States does not suffer from many of the
“traditional” causes of terrorism, such as social instability, policymakers have looked for other reasons that individuals choose to engage in Islamist terrorism. Large-scale recruitments, like the Minnesota Somali jihadists, cause
…federal agents and terrorism analysts to rethink some of their most basic assumptions about the vulnerability of Muslim immigrants in the United States to the lure of militant Islam. For years, it seemed that ''homegrown'' terrorism was largely a problem in European countries like Britain and France, where Muslim immigrants had failed to prosper economically or integrate culturally. By contrast, experts believed that the successful assimilation of foreign-born Muslims in the United States had largely immunized them from the appeal of radical ideologies. 137
Currently, government officials, policymakers, and the media emphasize the need to monitor jihadist websites and troll Internet forums for possible terrorists-in-training. Focus is also devoted to monitoring and understanding the radical Islamist messaging provided on such venues, as they are seen as directly leading to radicalization, recruitment and ultimately, commission of violent acts. However, this study has posited, although in some cases these elements play a role in recruitment, it is rarely the significant factor leading individuals to choose violent jihad. This suggests that efforts should be re-focused on other areas of detection and prevention.
136 Ibid. 137 Elliot, "A Call to Jihad, Answered in America." 41
DETECTION
The preceding analysis suggests that, among those who traveled overseas, this was an
indicator of terrorist recruitment. Establishing a link to a known overseas terrorist organization
would presumably be a key way to identify homegrown jihadists, however in approximately one
third of the cases, no attempt was made to connect with a known group. This subset is especially troubling as detection would be limited to undercover operations and confidential informants.
In a number of the case studies, federal and local confidential informants proved critical
infiltrating and ultimately disrupting terrorist plots. However, the emphasis often seems to have
been on making arrests instead of dismantling networks. For example, the relationships a New
York Police Department confidential information had made within the local Muslim community
were exposed and cut off when those plotting against synagogues and an air guard base were
arrested, although they were far from operational. 138 The same was true of the Miami cell led by
Seas of David founder Narseal Batiste, whose plot was called more “aspirational than
operational” when the cell was disrupted. 139 The push to halt any potential plots early when U.S.
lives are at stake is understandable and necessary. Nevertheless, there may be ways to
accomplish both objectives.
Currently, those involved in terrorist or jihadist activities, even on the periphery, are
nearly assured of significant prison sentences if detected. In cases where individuals did come
forward and agree to work on behalf of law enforcement personnel, such as Iyman Faris, who
helped build the case for friend and fellow jihadist Christopher Paul, both sides benefited.
Unfortunately, the more valuable the source, the more extensive and reprehensible their actions,
138 Craig Horowitz, "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot," New York Magazine (May 21, 2005), http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/. 139 Trenton Daniel, Nicole White and Andres Vigulucci "Terror Suspects: 'Nice Guys' or Plotters? ," Deseret Morning News June 24, 2006. 42
making the social cost of amnesty much higher. Understanding the group leaders and key
recruitment nodes becomes even more critical so this expenditure of social capital is optimized. –
Abrahms notes counterterrorism strategy which attacks “the social bonds of the terrorist
organization” is most often successful. 140 Allowing federal and local law enforcement entities
the time, resources, and latitude to conduct successful undercover operations should be a priority
for policymakers. Although such activities require significant time and investment, if past
success is an indicator, the return on investment could be significant.
This study found that friendship and worship-based relationships were the most
predominant method of recruitment to violent jihad. These social networks tended to develop on
the margins of communities, among individuals who were careful to build trust before sharing
jihadist beliefs. Because they operate on the periphery, intelligence gathering must be optimized
to collect in this environment. Where intelligence collection is traditionally divided by
discipline, with human intelligence distinct from signals intelligence and so on, a broader “all-
source collection” approach to intelligence gathering, such as law enforcement entities take
towards combating criminal networks seems advisable. As Phil Williams argues in his analysis
of transnational criminal networks, part of attacking these organizations is dismantling their
communications networks. A key is identifying critical nodes: those individuals who are nearly
irreplaceable and whose removal would substantially harm the efficacy of the operation. 141
PREVENTION
As noted, this study seems to validate the value of confidential informants in determining
who among a group is a potential terrorist. However, there are numerous, and understandable,
140 Abrahms, "What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorism Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy." 104-105. 141 Phil. Williams, "Transnational Criminal Networks.," in Networks and Netwars , ed. John and David Ronfeldt Arquilla (Santa Monica: The Rand Corporation, 2001). 63. 43
barriers within Muslim communities who feel this practice targets individuals solely based on
religion. Whether or not this perception is true, building a basis of trust within Muslim
communities is critical. This is especially important in ethnically homogenous communities who
are more prone to handle issues, such as controversial persons, internally. Linking with existing
efforts, such as the current initiative by some in the Minnesota Somali community to deter
youths from joining jihadist groups, will help establish this trust-basis.
Expanding contact with Muslim-American communities beyond law enforcement
initiatives has been suggested as a way to facilitate these interactions. 142 The Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) has begun some outreach towards the Minneapolis Somali community in response to the wave of young men who were almost suddenly recruited to violent jihad. 143
However, as can be expected in any emotionally, ethnically, and religiously charged issue, tensions run high and not all community members are pleased with the interactions. Individuals were repulsed by FBI efforts to make them infiltrate and report on their own communities, preferring to deal with problem internally than be distrusted by their own. 144 Like developing confidential informants, building trust is a time consuming process requiring tailored, long-term investment.
This study notes that first and 3 rd + generation U.S. citizens seem particularly vulnerable to the jihadist message, especially individuals in their 20s. Many have noted the allure of the global Salafi narrative can be moderated by increased Islamic religious literacy and openness to
142 Moosa, "Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans." 143 Laura Yuen, "Mpls Fbi Head Ramps up Outreach to Somalis," Minnesota Public Radio Online News (December 16, 2009), http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/12/16/fbi-somalis/. 144 Phillip O'Connor, "Outreach or Coercion? Somali Muslims Say Relations with Fbi Are Strained by Anti- Terrorism Investigations," St. Louis Post-Dispatch April 21, 2009. 44
discussion within communities. 145 Williams notes a possible way to combat organized crime is to
identify communication nodes and insert disinformation and slander. 146 This tactic could be
adapted with a less nefarious bent to counterterrorism initiatives to focus on targeted messaging
campaigns questioning the credibility of key leaders and propagandists disseminating the Salafi
jihadist narrative. Some of this is already occurring at local levels, where community leaders
and religious teachers, alarmed by recruitments within their communities, seek to take a
proactive approach towards vulnerable individuals instead of isolating those who espouse
controversial beliefs from the religious community. 147 As noted below, it is important any campaign based on trust not be directly linked to law enforcement efforts, as an inherent conflict of interest is perceived by the target group. 148
CONCLUSION
Although my analysis does not support new media as a significant factor in terrorist recruitment, it hopefully advances the dialogue on the topic by suggesting several possibilities for future study. It is possible that new media is an important tool for training, inspiration, and testing the resolve of new recruits after individuals are committed to violent radical Islamist terrorism and are engaged in pre-operational planning. It is also possible that expanding the study to include U.S. citizens who were recruited to violent jihad and remained overseas would produce different results regarding the role of new media.
This study has questioned the idea that new media is ushering in a new wave of jihadists intent on harming America. In the majority of the 63 cases studied, friendship-based recruitment
145 Moosa, "Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans." 3. 146 Williams, "Transnational Criminal Networks.." 147 Richard and Allie Shah Meryhew, "Resisting Jihad," Minneapolis-St. Paul Star-Tribune March 17, 2010. 148 O'Connor, "Outreach or Coercion? Somali Muslims Say Relations with Fbi Are Strained by Anti-Terrorism Investigations." 45 was the predominant mechanism leading individuals to violent jihad. While other factors such as foreign travel, age, or perceived grievances also played a role, they were not the primary reason for recruitment. It is impossible to develop a perfect profile of a homegrown jihadist and identify the key element which can be targeted in order to prevent recruitment, still, this study suggests outreach and counterterrorism efforts should be focused at the community and social network level, and emphasizes the value of human informants in disrupting homegrown jihadists networks.
46
APPENDIX A: INCLUDED CASES Case City State Year of Year(s) of First Name Middle Last Name
Arrest Plot / Name(s)
Activity
Brooklyn Bridge Columbus OH 2003 2002-2003 Iyman Faris
PAK Assassination Plot Albany NY 2004 2003-2004 Yassin M. Aref
PAK Assassination Plot Albany NY 2004 2003-2004 Mohammed M. Hossain
NY Subway Plot Manhattan NY 2004 2003-2004 James Elshafay
LA Plot Los Angeles CA 2005 2004-2005 Kevin Lamar James
LA Plot Los Angeles CA 2005 2004-2005 Levar Haney Washington
LA Plot Los Angeles CA 2005 2004-2005 Gregory Vernon Patterson
LA Plot Los Angeles CA 2005 2004-2005 Hammad Riaz Samana
Pipeline Plot Pocatello ID 2006 2005-2006 Michael Curtis Reynolds
Miami Buildings Plot Miami FL 2006 2005-2006 Narseal Batiste
Miami Buildings Plot Miami FL 2006 2005-2006 Stanley Grant Phanor
Miami Buildings Plot Miami FL 2006 2005-2006 Burson Augustin
Miami Buildings Plot Miami FL 2006 2005-2006 Rothschild Augustine
Ft Dix Plot Burlington County NJ 2007 2006-2007 Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer
Ft Dix Plot Burlington County NJ 2007 2006-2007 Serdar Tartar
Ft Dix Plot Burlington County NJ 2007 2006-2007 Agron Abdullahu
JFK Plot New York NY 2007 2006-2007 Russell Defreitas
Columbus Mall Plot Columbus OH 2003 1997-2003 Nuradin Abdi
Columbus Mall Plot Columbus OH 2007 1990-2007 Christopher Paul
GA Plot Atlanta GA 2006 2004-2006 Syed Haris Ahmed
NY Synagogue & Air Base New York NY 2009 2008-2009 James Cromitie
Plot
NY Synagogue & Air Base New York NY 2009 2008-2009 David Williams IV
Plot
NY Synagogue & Air Base New York NY 2009 2008-2009 Onta Williams
Plot
47
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 1989-2009 Daniel Patrick Boyd
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 2006-2009 Zakariya Boyd
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 2006-2009 Hysen Sharifi
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 2006-2009 Anes Subasic
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 2006-2009 Dylan Boyd
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 2006-2009 Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan
Quantico Marine Base Plot Raleigh NC 2009 2006-2009 Ziyad Yaghi
NY-Denver Plot NY/Denver NY/CO 2009 2008-2009 Najibullah Zazi
NY-Denver Plot NY/Denver NY/CO 2010 2008-2009 Adis Medunjanin
IL Fed Bldgs Plot Springfield IL 2009 2008-2009 Michael Finton
Lackawanna Six Buffalo NY 2002 2001-2002 Muktar al-Bakri
Lackawanna Six Buffalo NY 2002 2001-2002 Sahim Alwan
Lackawanna Six Buffalo NY 2002 2001-2002 Faysal Galab
Lackawanna Six Buffalo NY 2002 2001-2002 Shafal Mosed
Lackawanna Six Buffalo NY 2002 2001-2002 Yasein Taher
Lackawanna Six Buffalo NY 2002 2001-2002 Yahya Goba
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 2000-2003 Donald Thomas Surratt
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 2000-2003 Muhammed Aatique
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 2000-2003 Yong Ki Kwon
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 1999-2003 Randall Todd Royer
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2004 2001-2004 Ali al-Tamimi
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 2000-2003 Masoud Khan
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 2000-2003 Seifullah Chapman
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2003 2000-2003 Hammad Raheem
Virginia Jihad Network Falls Church VA 2005 2000-2006 Ali Asad Chandia
Ohio Jihad Network Toledo OH 2007 2004-2007 Mohammad Zaki Amawi
Ohio Jihad Network Toledo OH 2007 2004-2007 Marwan Othman El-Hindi
48
Ohio Jihad Network Toledo OH 2007 2004-2007 Wassim I. Mazloum
Minnesota Somali Jihad Minneapolis MN 2009 2007-2009 Kamal Said Hassan
Minnesota Somali Jihad Minneapolis MN 2009 2007-2009 Abdifatah Yusuf Isse
Minnesota Somali Jihad Minneapolis MN 2009 2007-2009 Salah Osman Ahmed
Minnesota Somali Jihad Minneapolis MN 2009 2007-2009 Omer Abdi Mohamed
Minnesota Somali Jihad Minneapolis MN 2009 2001-2008 Tarek Mehanna
Portland Seven Portland OR 2003 2001-2003 Maher Mofeid Hawash
Portland Seven Portland OR 2002 2001-2003 Jeffery Battle
Portland Seven Portland OR 2002 2001-2003 Patrice Ford
Portland Seven Portland OR 2002 2001-2003 Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal
Hamid Hayat Lodi CA 2006 2003-2005 Hamid Hayat
IL Shopping Mall Plot Rockford IL 2006 2006 Derrick Shareef
Plot against US locations Baltimore MD 2005 2002 Mahmud Faruq Brent
49
APPENDIX B: EXCLUDED CASES & JUSTIFICATIONS Year of City State First Name Middle Last Name Justification for Exclusion
Arrest Name(s)
2004 Manhattan NY Shahawar Matin Siraj Illegally in US
2006 Miami FL Patrick Abraham Illegally in US
2006 Miami FL Naudimar Herrera Acquitted
2006 Miami FL Lyglenson Lemorin Acquitted
2007 Burlington County NJ Dritan Duka Illegally in US
2007 Burlington County NJ Eljvir Duka Illegally in US
2007 Burlington County NJ Shain Duka Illegally in US
2007 New York NY Abdul Kadir Not a US Citizen
2007 New York NY Kareem Ibrahim Not a US Citizen
2007 New York NY Abdel Nur Not a US Citizen
2006 Atlanta GA Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Did not return to US before arrest
2009 New York NY Laguerre Payen Illegally in US
NA Raleigh NC Jude Kenan Mohammad Did not return to US
2009 NY/Denver NY/CO Mohammad Wali Zazi Not included in terrorism plot
2009 NY/Denver NY/CO Ahmad Wais Afzali Not included in terrorism plot
2010 NY/Denver NY/CO Zarein Ahmedzay Not included in terrorism plot
2007 Buffalo NY Jaber Elbaneh Did not return to US
2003 Buffalo NY Kamel Derwish KIA
2003 Falls Church VA Khwaja Mahmoud Hasan Did not return to US before arrest
2004 Falls Church VA Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Hamdi Not a US Citizen
2003 Falls Church VA Sabri Benkhala Acquitted
2006 Falls Church VA Ahmed Abu Ali Did not return to US before arrest
NA Minneapolis MN Ahmed Faarax Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Abdiweli Yassin Isse Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Mahamud Said Omar Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Mustafa Ali Salat Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Ahmed Ali Omar Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Khalid Mohamud Abshir Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Zakaria Maruf Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan Did not return to US
50
NA Minneapolis MN Abdow Munye Abdow Not included in terrorism plot
NA Minneapolis MN Adarus Abdulle Ali Not included in terrorism plot
NA Minneapolis MN Omar Hammami Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Shirwa Ahmed KIA
NA Minneapolis MN Mahamoud Hassan KIA
NA Minneapolis MN Daniel Maldonado Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Jamal Sheikh Bana Did not return to US
NA Minneapolis MN Burhan Hassan KIA
NA Minneapolis MN Troy Kastigar KIA
NA Minneapolis MN Abdikadir Ali Abdi Not included in terrorism plot
NA Minneapolis MN Abdisalam Ali Not included in terrorism plot
2002 Portland OR Habis al-Saoud Did not return to US
2002 Portland OR Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal Did not return to US before arrest
51
APPENDIX C: NEW MEDIA USE New Media Use
First Name Middle Last Name Type of Use Active/Passive Significant/ Contributing
Name(s)
Iyman Faris Operational Active Non Factor
Yassin M. Aref No use No use No use
Mohammed M. Hossain No use No use No use
James Elshafay No use No use No use
Kevin Lamar James No use No use No use
Levar Haney Washington No use No use No use
Gregory Vernon Patterson Operational Active Non Factor
Hammad Riaz Samana Operational Active Non Factor
Michael Curtis Reynolds Recruitment Active Significant
Narseal Batiste No use No use No use
Stanley Grant Phanor No use No use No use
Burson Augustin No use No use No use
Rothschild Augustine No use No use No use
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer Recruitment Passive Significant
Serdar Tartar Recruitment Passive Significant
Agron Abdullahu Recruitment Passive Significant
Russell Defreitas Operational Active Non Factor
Nuradin Abdi Personal Passive Unknown
Christopher Paul No use No use No use
Syed Haris Ahmed Recruitment Active Significant
James Cromitie No use No use No use
David Williams IV No use No use No use
Onta Williams No use No use No use
Daniel Patrick Boyd No use No use No use
Zakariya Boyd No use No use No use
Hysen Sharifi No use No use No use
Anes Subasic No use No use No use
Dylan Boyd No use No use No use
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan No use No use No use
52
Ziyad Yaghi Personal Active No use
Najibullah Zazi Recruitment, Operational Active Contributing
Adis Medunjanin No use No use No use
Michael Finton Recruitment, Personal Active Contributing
Muktar al-Bakri Recruitment Passive Contributing
Sahim Alwan Recruitment Passive Contributing
Faysal Galab Recruitment Passive Contributing
Shafal Mosed Recruitment Passive Contributing
Yasein Taher Recruitment Passive Contributing
Yahya Goba Recruitment Passive Contributing
Donald Thomas Surratt No use No use No use
Muhammed Aatique No use No use No use
Yong Ki Kwon No use No use No use
Randall Todd Royer Operational Active Non Factor
Ali al-Tamimi Operational Active Non Factor
Masoud Khan Operational Passive Non Factor
Seifullah Chapman No use No use No use
Hammad Raheem No use No use No use
Ali Asad Chandia No use No use No use
Mohammad Zaki Amawi Recruitment, Operational Active Significant
Marwan Othman El-Hindi Recruitment, Operational Active Significant
Wassim I. Mazloum Recruitment, Operational Active Significant
Kamal Said Hassan Recruitment, Personal Active Contributing
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse Recruitment, Personal Active Contributing
Salah Osman Ahmed Recruitment, Personal Active Contributing
Omer Abdi Mohamed No Use No Use No Use
Tarek Mehanna Recruitment Active Significant
Maher Mofeid Hawash Personal Active Non Factor
Jeffery Battle Recruitment Passive Contributing
Patrice Ford No Use No Use No Use
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal No Use No Use No Use
Hamid Hayat Operational Active Non Factor
Derrick Shareef Operational Active Non Factor
53
Mahmud Faruq Brent Recruitment Passive Contributing
NEW MEDIA USE SOURCE NOTES
"After L.A. Terror Bust, Security Boosted." The Forward , September 9, 2005.
Aslanian, Sasha and Laura Yuen. "The Missing Somali Men." Minnesota Public Radio Online News (2010),
http://minnesota.publicradio.org/projects/ongoing/somali_timeline/# .
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Bell, Stewart. "'a Worldwide Battle'; 'Powerful' International Links Linger after Toronto Man Jailed" National Post ,
September 4, 2009.
Blake, Erica. "Feds Expected to Rest Case Tomorrow in Toledo Terror Trial." The Blade , May 20, 2008.
———. "Prosecution's Final Witness in Local Terror Trial Testifies." The Blade , May 22, 2008.
———. "Toledo Terror Trial Nearing Final Phase: Prosecution, Defense to Sum up, Explain 25 Days of Testimony"
The Blade , June 3, 2008.
Boehlert, Eric. "Does Alleged Sleeper Cell Belong Behind Bars?" Salon.com (October 2, 2002).
Condon, Patrick and Amy Forliti. "Missing Minn. Somalis: Aspiring Fighters or Dupes?" The Associated
Press , July 27, 2009.
Drogin, Bob and Tina Susman. "The Nation; Internet Makes It Easier to Become a Terrorist; Analysts Say Suspects
Like 'Jihadjane' Can Skip Training Camps. They Just Go Online." Los Angles Times , March 12, 2010.
Eggen, Dan and Dale Russakoff. "Six Charged in Plot to Attack Fort Dix; 'Jihadists' Said to Have No Ties to Al
Qaeda" The Washington Post , Met 2 Edition May 9, 2007.
Engel, Matthew. "Threat of War: Fbi Crows over New York 'Terror Cell' Arrest: Buffalo: Five Charged with Aiding
Al-Qaida" The Guardian (London) , September 16, 2002.
Fazlollah, Mark, Joseph A. Slobodzian and Jeff Shields. "Eleven Indicted in 'Jihad' Probe; a Norristown Engineer Is
among the Muslim Men - Including 9 Americans - Accused of Planning Attacks in Kashmir and Other
Countries." The Philadelphia Inquirer , June 28, 2003.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1."
(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html.
54
Forliti, Amy. "Somali Militants Use Many Tactics to Woo Americans" The Associated Press , August 25, 2009.
Foundation, The NEFA. "The L.A. Plot to Attack U.S. Military, Israeli Government, & Jewish Targets." Target:
America - Report #1 (June 2007 (updated January 2008))
http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/LA_Plot.pdf .
Freeze, Colin. "U.S. Details Terror Links to Canada; Suspects Spread across Six Countries Stayed Connected over
the Internet" The Globe and Mail July 20, 2006.
Gendar, Alison. "Kelly Fears Terror Within. Homegrown Qaeda Sympathizers on Rise, He Sez. Risk of Native-Born
Jihadists Exposed" Daily News , June 11, 2006.
Goldenberg, Suzanne. "International: Hunt for Fourth Man in Ny Airport 'Terror Plot': Caribbean Al-Qaida Link
Alleged by Us Authorities: Group Had Been Tracked by Fbi since January 2006" The Guardian (London) ,
June 4, 2007.
Hanners, David. "Were Somali Fighters Recruited to Return to Homeland? Groups Say No." St. Paul Pioneer Press ,
July 21, 2009.
Hosenball, Mark and Michael Isikoff. "The Threat in Our Midst." Newsweek , May 21, 2007.
"Jihadi's Facebook Account: I Will Kill You". In The Jawa Report : Newstex, July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009.
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda." In Press Release .
Washington, D.C. , October 28, 2003.
Korecki, Natasha, Annie Sweeney and Dan Rozek. "Mall a Terror Target: Feds: Muslim Convert Charged with
Plotting Rockford Grenade Attack" Chicago Sun-Times , December 9, 2006.
Lubrano, Alfred. "Jury Views Bomb Information from the Defendant's Hard Drive" The Philadelphia Inquirer , July
12, 2007.
———. "Online Plot Raised Real Fear, Agent Testifies" The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 11, 2007.
———. "The Online Search That Never Ends." The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 26, 2007.
———. "Online Terror Suspect Proclaims Innocence" The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 13, 2007.
55
———. "Pa. Man Convicted of Terror Bomb Plot; Jurors Took Only an Hour to Reject His Defense That He Tried
to Snare Al-Qaeda Members. ." The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 14, 2007.
———. "Web-Based Terrorist Hunter to Teach." The Philadelphia Inquirer , January 9, 2009.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
Mayhood, Kevin, Jodi Andes and John Futty. "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed
Indictment Says." The Columbus Dispatch April 13, 2007.
Rushton, Bruce. "Man Accused in Bombing Plot Known for Strong Stance on Islam." Peoria Journal Star
(September 24, 2009), http://www.pjstar.com/archive/x1800826354/Man-accused-in-bombing-plot-known-
for-strong-stance-on-Islam.
Russell, Betsy Z. "Al Qaeda Say Images on Web Sites Part of Allure." Spokesman Review , May 21, 2004, 1.
Shane, Scott. "The Grisly Jihadist Network That He Inspired Is Busy Promoting Zarqawi's Militant Views" The New
York Times , June 9, 2006, 9.
Shephard, Michelle and Isabel Teotonio. "Fbi Grilled Terror Suspect on Toronto Visit; Americans Believed Syed
Ahmed, Now on Trial in U.S., Had Links to Canadian Suspects" The Toronto Star , January 17, 2008.
Shiffman, John. "Wilkes-Barre Man Indicted in Al-Qaeda Plot" The Philadelphia Inquirer , October 4, 2006.
Smith, Ben. "Atlanta Terror Trial Tied to Toronto 18; U.S. Prosecutors Say Would-Be Jihadist Offered Advice
Here" The Toronto Star , June 2, 2009.
———. "Man Described as Key Associate of Toronto 18" The Toronto Star , June 3, 2009.
U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey. "Five Radical Islamists Charged with Planning Attack on Fort Dix Army
Base in New Jersey." edited by United States Department of Justice. Newark, May 8, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of New York. "U.S. V Russell Defreitas, Kareem Ibrahim, Abdul Kadir and Abdel
Nur - Criminal Complaint." edited by Eastern District of New York U.S. Attorney, June 1, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Middle District of Pennsylvania. "Wilkes-Barre Man Charged with Attempting to Provide Material
Support to International Terrorists." October 3, 2006.
U.S. attorney, Northern District of Georgia. "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives 17
Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years." edited by Department of Justice.
Atlanta, December 14, 2009.
56
U.S. Attorney, Southern District of New York. "Maryland Man Sentenced to 15 Years for Providing Material
Support to Terrorist Organization", edited by U.S. Department of Justice. New York, July 25, 2007.
U.S. District Court, District of Colorado. "U.S.A V. Najibullah Zazi - Criminal Complaint." 2009.
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Virginia. "U.S. V Iyman Faris (Statement of Facts)." edited by Eastern
District of Virginia U.S. District Court, Alexandria Division. Alexandria, VA, 2003.
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Western Division. "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan
Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.", 2006.
Welsh-Huggins, Andrew. "Wife Had No Idea Pakistani Spouse Was Leading a Double Life" Hamilton Spectator ,
September 22, 2003, C03.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
Woods, Jim. "Stolen Credit-Card Numbers; No Proof Suspect Helped Al-Qaida, Attorney Says." The Columbus
Dispatch , July 7, 2007.
"A World Wide Web of Terror - Internet Jihad". The Economist , July 14, 2007.
57
APPENDIX D: SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS First Name Middle Last Name Age Education Income Occupation Living Criminal
Name (s) Conditions History
Iyman Faris 34 Unknown Lower Transportation and Urban Non Violent
Middle Class Material Moving
Yassin M. Aref 34 Graduated Working Service Urban None
College Class
Mohammed M. Hossain 49 Graduated Lower Service Urban None
High School Middle Class
James Elshafay 18 Graduated Lower Class Unemployed Urban Violent
High School
Kevin Lamar James 29 Unknown Lower Class Unemployed NA Violent
Levar Haney Washington 25 Unknown Lower Class Unemployed Urban Violent
Gregory Vernon Patterson 21 Unknown Working Unemployed Urban Violent
Class
Hammad Riaz Samana 21 Some College Lower Handlers, Urban Violent
Middle Class Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Michael Curtis Reynolds 47 Graduated Lower Class Unemployed Urban Violent
High School
Narseal Batiste 32 Some College Lower Executive, Urban Violent
Middle Class Administrative
and Managerial
Stanley Grant Phanor 30 Unknown Lower Class Handlers, Urban Non Violent
Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Burson Augustin 21 Some High Lower Class Handlers, Urban None
School Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Rothschild Augustine 22 Unknown Lower Class Handlers, Urban Violent
Equipment
58
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer 22 Some College Working Transportation and Suburban None
Class Material Moving
Serdar Tartar 23 Some High Lower Class Sales Urban None
School
Agron Abdullahu 24 Some High Lower Class Sales Suburban None
School
Russell Defreitas 63 Some High Working Retired Urban None
School Class
Nuradin Abdi 31 Some College Lower Sales Urban None
Middle Class
Christopher Paul 43 Graduated Lower UNKNOWN Urban None
College Middle Class
Syed Haris Ahmed 21 Some College Working Student Suburban None
Class
James Cromitie 44 Some High Lower Class Sales Urban Non Violent
School
David Williams IV 28 Some College Lower Class Service Urban Non Violent
Onta Williams 32 Some High Lower Class Handlers, Urban Non Violent
School Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Daniel Patrick Boyd 39 Graduated Lower Executive, Suburban Non Violent
High School Middle Class Administrative
and Managerial
Zakariya Boyd 20 Some College Working Sales Suburban None
Class
Hysen Sharifi 24 Some College Working UNKNOWN UNKNOWN None
Class
Anes Subasic 33 Unknown Unknown UNKNOWN Suburban Violent
Dylan Boyd 22 Some College Working Professional and Suburban None
Class Technical
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan 22 Some College Working Student Urban Violent
59
Class
Ziyad Yaghi 21 Some High Lower Class Service Urban Violent
School
Najibullah Zazi 24 Some High Working Transportation and Suburban Non Violent
School Class Material Moving
Adis Medunjanin 25 Graduated Lower Executive, Urban None
College Middle Class Administrative
and Managerial
Michael Finton 29 Some High Lower Class Service Urban Violent
School
Muktar al-Bakri 22 Graduated Lower Class Unemployed Urban None
High School
Sahim Alwan 29 Graduated Lower Professional and Urban None
College Middle Class Technical
Faysal Galab 26 Graduated Working Executive, Urban None
High School Class Administrative
and Managerial
Shafal Mosed 24 Some College Working Sales Urban None
Class
Yasein Taher 24 Some College Working Administrative Urban None
Class Support
Yahya Goba 25 Graduated Lower Class Handlers, Urban None
High School Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Donald Thomas Surratt 30 Unknown Unknown UNKNOWN Suburban None
Muhammed Aatique 30 Graduate-level Upper Professional and Suburban None
Education Middle Class Technical
Yong Ki Kwon 27 Unknown Unknown UNKNOWN Suburban None
Randall Todd Royer 31 Some College Lower UNKNOWN Suburban None
Middle Class
Ali al-Tamimi 41 Graduate-level Upper Professional and Suburban None
Education Middle Class Technical
Masoud Khan 31 Unknown Lower Professional and Suburban None
60
Middle Class Technical
Seifullah Chapman 30 Graduated Lower UNKNOWN Suburban None
College Middle Class
Hammad Raheem 35 Graduated Lower UNKNOWN Suburban None
College Middle Class
Ali Asad Chandia 28 Graduated Lower Professional and Urban None
College Middle Class Technical
Mohammad Zaki Amawi 27 Graduated Lower UNKNOWN Urban Non Violent
College Middle Class
Marwan Othman El-Hindi 44 Some College Lower Class UNKNOWN Urban Non Violent
Wassim I. Mazloum 27 Graduated Lower Executive, Urban None
College Middle Class Administrative
and Managerial
Kamal Said Hassan 24 Some College Working UNKNOWN Suburban None
Class
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse 25 Some College Working UNKNOWN Urban Non Violent
Class
Salah Osman Ahmed 26 Some College Working Handlers, Urban None
Class Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Omer Abdi Mohamed 24 Graduated Working Administrative Urban None
High School Class Support
Tarek Mehanna 27 Graduated Upper Professional and Suburban None
College Middle Class Technical
Maher Mofeid Hawash 39 Graduated Upper Professional and Suburban None
College Middle Class Technical
Jeffery Battle 32 Unknown Working Service Urban None
Class
Patrice Ford 31 Graduated Lower Professional and Suburban None
College Middle Class Technical
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal 21 Unknown Working Sales Suburban None
Class
61
Hamid Hayat 22 No High Working Handlers, Suburban None
School Class Equipment
Cleaners, Helpers,
and Laborers
Derrick Shareef 22 Graduated Working Sales Urban Non Violent
High School Class
Mahmud Faruq Brent 30 Unknown Working Transportation and Urban None
Class Material Moving
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS SOURCE NOTES Age
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Baker, Al. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times , May 22,
2009.
Blake, Erica. "Parents Tell of Turmoil in Sons' Lives in Mideast During Toledo Terror Trial" The Blade , May 28,
2008.
Buckely, Cara and William K. Rashbaum. "4 Men Accused of Plot to Blow up Kennedy Airport Terminals and Fuel
Lines." New York Times , June 3, 2007.
CNN. "5 Convicted in 'Liberty City' Terror Trial." (May 12, 2009),
http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/05/12/liberty.seven/index.html.
Eggen, Dan. "Illinois Man Charged with Plot to Wage 'Jihad' in Mall." Washington Post , December 9, 2006.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "Intel at Work: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 2." (December
17, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121709.html .
"Feds Charge 11 Men with Conspiracy in Overseas Jihad." CNN.com (June 27, 2003),
http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/06/27/terror.arrests/ .
"Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets."
edited by U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C. , August 31, 2005.
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
62
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda." In Press
Release .Washington, D.C. , October 28, 2003.
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Randall Todd Royer and Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Hamdi Sentenced for Participation in
Virginia Jihad Network." edited by U.S. Department of Justice, April 9, 2004.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
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———. ""Portland Seven" Members Sentenced; Anti-Semitism Revealed." December 2, 2003.
Lichtblau, Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. . "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a
Diplomat." The New York Times , August 6, 2004.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Details of Accused Terrorist Emerge: The Pa. Man Lost His Job Days before
Being Arrested. Also, He Reportedly Denied Charges in a Letter to a Newspaper." Philadelphia Inquirer ,
February 15, 2006.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
Mayhood, Kevin. "Terror Suspect Fights Use of His Statements." The Columbus Dispatcch , June 13, 2005.
———. "Evidence in Terror Case May Be Secret; Investigation of Columbus Suspect Included Wiretaps." The
Columbus Dispatch (Ohio) , April 29 Newspaper Article 2007, 01B.
Rich, Eric. "Suspected Jihadi Didn't Stand out in Neighborhood." The Washington Post , August 6, 2005.
Seewer, John. "Dad Says Son's Trip to Jordan Was for Business, Not Terro." The Associated Press State & Local
Wire , May 27, 2008.
Suddath, Claire. "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." Time (October 22, 2009),
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html .
U.S. Attorney, Central District of Illinois. "Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal
Employees." edited by Central District of Illinois U.S. Attorney. Springfield, September 24, 2009.
63
U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey. "Five Indicted in Plot to Kill Soldiers at Fort Dix; Sixth Charged with Aiding
the Possession of Weapons." edited by United States Department of Justice. Newark, June 5, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of North Carolina "Seven Charged with Terrorism Violations in North Carolina."
edited by Eastern District of North Carolina U.S. Attorney. Raleigh July 27, 2009.
U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Georgia. "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives
17 Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years." edited by Department of Justice.
Atlanta, December 14, 2009.
U.S. District Court, District of Colorado. "U.S.A V. Najibullah Zazi - Criminal Complaint." 2009.
Whoriskey, Peter. "Man Acquitted in Terror Case Faces Deporation." The Washington Post ,
March 2, 2008.
Education
Anastasia, George. "A Radical Shift in Reputation for 6 Men; the Fort Dix Suspects Were "Just Regular Boys,"
Working and Friendly, to Friends and Neighbors Who Knew Them." The Philadelphia Inquirer , May 13,
2007.
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Baker, Al. "Arrest of Mosque Leaders Surprises Neighbors, Who Describe Both as Peaceful Men" The New York
Times , August 6, 2004.
———. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times, May 22,
2009.
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
Blake, Erica. "Toledo Terror Trial Nearing Final Phase: Prosecution, Defense to Sum up, Explain 25 Days of
Testimony" The Blade , June 3, 2008.
Buckely, Cara and William K. Rashbaum. "4 Men Accused of Plot to Blow up Kennedy Airport Terminals and Fuel
Lines." New York Times , June 3, 2007.
Evans, Christopher, Amanda Garrett, Mark Rollenhagen. "Nickel-and-Dime Hustler, or Something Worse?; Terror
Suspect Led Unsettled Life" Plain Dealer , May 21, 2006.
64
Fazlollah, Mark, Joseph A. Slobodzian and Jeff Shields. "Eleven Indicted in 'Jihad' Probe; a Norristown Engineer Is
among the Muslim Men - Including 9 Americans - Accused of Planning Attacks in Kashmir and Other
Countries." The Philadelphia Inquirer , June 28, 2003.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1."
(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html .
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
Graham, Troy. "U.S. Releases Transcripts of Fort Dix Plotters." Philadelphia Inquirer , March 25, 2008.
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009.
Krikorian, Greg and Solomon Moore. "Probe Elicits Disbelief at Mosque." Los Angeles Times , August 18, 2005.
Laughlin, Meg and Tamara Lush. "The Miami Terrorism Arrests; Feds: Hatred of U.S. Fueled Plots" St. Petersburg
Times , June 24, 2006.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 .
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Details of Accused Terrorist Emerge: The Pa. Man Lost His Job Days before
Being Arrested. Also, He Reportedly Denied Charges in a Letter to a Newspaper." Philadelphia Inquirer ,
February 15, 2006.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
Mulvihill, Geoff. "Who's Who at Fort Dix Plot Trial" Associated Press State & Local Wire , October 21, 2008.
NewsObserver.com. "Boyd's Co-Defendants' Histories Come to Light." (September 22, 2009),
65
http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html .
Press, The Associated. "Timeline in Terrorism Case against Ohio Man" The Associated Press State & Local Wire ,
February 25, 2009.
Rashbaum, William K. "Staten Island Man Describes Shattered Life, Then a Plot to Bomb a Subway Station." New
York Times , May 10, 2006.
Seewer, John. "Dad Says Son's Trip to Jordan Was for Business, Not Terro." The Associated Press State & Local
Wire , May 27, 2008.
Smith, Sebastian. "Us 'Jihadists' Ruthless, but Amateur." Agence France Presse - English , May 21, 2009.
Statistics, Bureau of Labor. "May 2003 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates." edited
by Occupational Employment Statistics. Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY, May 2003.
Strouse, Chuck. "Penniless Purgatory; Minerva Vasquez Speaks for the First Time About the Terrorism Charges
against Husband Narseal Batiste" Miami New Times , October 26, 2006.
Suddath, Claire. "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." Time (October 22, 2009),
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html.
Temple-Raston, Dina. The Jihad Next Door . Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Georgia. "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives
17 Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years." edited by Department of Justice.
Atlanta, December 14, 2009.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
Wire, Associated Press State & Local. "Mom of Rockford Terror Suspect: Son Involved With "The Wrong
People"." Associated Press , December 10, 2006.
Income
Baker, Al. "Arrest of Mosque Leaders Surprises Neighbors, Who Describe Both as Peaceful Men" The New York
Times , August 6, 2004.
Blake, Erica. "Toledo Terror Trial Nearing Final Phase: Prosecution, Defense to Sum up, Explain 25 Days of
Testimony" The Blade , June 3, 2008.
Boak, Joshua. "Detainee Served as Imam at Prison: Employee Removed over Smuggled Food." The Blade , February
23, 2006.
66
Bock, Linda and Bronislaus B. Kush. "Shocked and Dismayed; Accused Terrorist Taught at Alhuda Academy."
Telegram & Gazette (Massachusetts) , October 23, 2009.
Bureau, U.S. Census. "Fact Sheet - Zip Code 12210." edited by U.S. Census Bureau. Albany, NY, 2000.
CNN.com. "Indictment: Suspects Wanted to 'Kill All the Devils We Can'." (June 24, 2006),
http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/06/23/miami.raids/index.html .
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
Main, Frank, Monifa Thomas and Steve Patterson. "Feds: Ex-Chicagoan Ringleader in Attack Plot: 7 Accused in
Plan Seen as 'More Aspirational Than Operational'" Chicago Sun Times , June 24, 2006.
Temple-Raston, Dina. The Jihad Next Door . Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. "May 2003 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and
Wage Estimates." Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY, May 2003.
———.. "2002 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Portland-Vancouver, or-Wa
Pmsa." Portland, May 2002.
———. "May 2003 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Philadelphia, Pa-Nj Pmsa."
Philadelphia. May 2003.
———. "May 2003 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Washington, Dc-Md-Va
Wv Pmsa." May 2003.
———. "May 2003 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, Columbus Oh Msa." May
2003.
———. "May 2004 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Albany-Schenectady-Troy,
Ny Msa." Albany, May 2004.
67
———. "May 2005 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, Dc-Va-Md-Wv Metropolitan Division."May 2005.
———. "May 2005 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Los Angeles-Long Beach
Santa Ana, Ca." May 2005.
———. "May 2005 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Washington-Arlington
Alexandria, Dc-Va-Md-Wv Metropolitan Division." May 2005.
———. "May 2006 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage
Estimates -Philadelphia, Pa Metropolitan Division." May 2006.
———. "May 2006 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, Nj. May 2006.
———. "May 2006 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Rockford, Il." Rockford, May 2006.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Framingham, Ma Necta Division." May 2008.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, Fl Metropolitan Division." Miami. May 2008.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage
Estimates - Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, Mn-Wi." May 2008.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, Ny." May 2008.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Decatur, Il." May 2008.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Denver-Aurora, Co." May 2008.
———. "May 2008 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
Raleigh-Cary, Nc."Raleigh. May 2008.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
Occupation
68
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Baker, Al. "Arrest of Mosque Leaders Surprises Neighbors, Who Describe Both as Peaceful Men" The New York
Times , August 6, 2004.
———. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times , May 22,
2009.
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
Boak, Joshua. "Detainee Served as Imam at Prison: Employee Removed over Smuggled Food" The Blade , February
23, 2006.
CNN.com. "Indictment: Suspects Wanted to 'Kill All the Devils We Can'." (June 24, 2006),
http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/06/23/miami.raids/index.html .
Coffman, Keith. "3 Charged with Lying About Plot; Unspecified Targets; Bomb-Making Instructions Found on
Laptop" The National Post , September 21, 2009.
Elias, John Cooper. "Fbi Arrests Two N.C. State Students in Connection with Terrorism" University Wire , July 28,
2009.
Evans, Christopher, Amanda Garrett, Mark Rollenhagen. "Nickel-and-Dime Hustler, or Something Worse?; Terror
Suspect Led Unsettled Life" Plain Dealer , May 21, 2006.
Fazlollah, Mark, Joseph A. Slobodzian and Jeff Shields. "Eleven Indicted in 'Jihad' Probe; a Norristown
Engineer Is among the Muslim Men - Including 9Americans - Accused of Planning Attacks in Kashmir and
Other Countries." The Philadelphia Inquirer , June 28, 2003.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1."
(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html .
Heffelfinger, Chris. "Behind the Indoctrination and Training of American Jihadis." Terrorism Monitor ,no. 15
(August 2, 2007),
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[swords]=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e
&tx_ttnews[any_of_the_words]=virginia&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4345&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=1f2d
777a66.
69
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005)
,http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009.
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda." In Press Release .
Washington, D.C. , October 28, 2003.
Kearns, Jeff. "Lodi's Blue-Collar Jobs Draw Pakistanis" Inside Bay Area (California) , October 2, 2006.
Krikorian, Greg and Solomon Moore. "Probe Elicits Disbelief at Mosque." Los Angeles Times , August 18, 2005.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 .
Lichtblau, Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. . "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a
Diplomat." The New York Times , August 6, 2004.
Lin, Jennifer, Mark Fazlollah, Maria Panaritis and Jeff Shields. "Tracing the Case Of "Virginia Jihad"; Terror
Charges Link Montco to Kashmir." The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 25, 2003.
Long, James, Shelby Oppel and Julie Sullivan. "A Parking Garage Attendant. A Bagel-Maker. A Devoted Mother. A
student of International Afairs. A Restaurant Manager. And a Guy Who Used Tosell Mary Kay Cosmetics.
As New Details Emerge, They Look More Like Amateurs than Terrorists... Is It Possible They Are Both?"
The Sunday Oregonian , October 13, 2002, A01.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
Murphy, Caryle. "Muslim Lecturer Fits Easily in Two Worlds; Mosque Leader, Gmu Doctoral Candidate May Have
Promoted Violence." The Washington Post , August 8, 2003.
NewsObserver.com. "Boyd's Co-Defendants' Histories Come to Light." (September 22, 2009),
http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html .
Parry, Marc. "Imam: Made in America; Faisal Ahmad, Raised in Albany, Represents a New Generation of Muslim
Clerics and the Challenges They Confront.." The Times Union , September 16, 2007.
70
Semple, Kirk. "Defense Ends Its Arguments in Terrorism Trial in Miami." The New York Times , December 1, 2007.
Suddath, Claire. "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." Time (October 22, 2009),
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html .
Sullivan, Julie. "Terror Case Stuns Those Who Know Suspects." Newshouse News Service , October 6, 2002.
Temple-Raston, Dina. The Jihad Next Door . Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey. "Five Radical Islamists Charged with Planning Attack on Fort Dix Army
Base in New Jersey." edited by United States Department of Justice. Newark, May 8, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of New York. "U.S. V Russell Defreitas, Kareem Ibrahim, Abdul Kadir and Abdel
Nur - Criminal Complaint." edited by Eastern District of New York U.S. Attorney, June 1, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Georgia. "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives
17 Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years." edited by Department of
Justice.Atlanta, December 14, 2009.
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Western Division. "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan
Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.", 2006.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
Living Conditions
Anastasia, George. "A Radical Shift in Reputation for 6 Men; the Fort Dix Suspects Were "Just Regular Boys,"
Working and Friendly, to Friends and Neighbors Who Knew Them." The Philadelphia Inquirer , May 13,
2007.
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html.
Baker, Al. "Arrest of Mosque Leaders Surprises Neighbors, Who Describe Both as Peaceful Men" The New York
Times , August 6, 2004.
Bakrakat, Matthew. "Alleged Coconspirator Testifies at Virginia Jihad Trial." The Associated Press State & Local
Wire , February 11, 2004.
Blake, Erica. "Parents Tell of Turmoil in Sons' Lives in Mideast During Toledo Terror Trial" The Blade , May 28,
2008.
Branch-Brioso, Karen. "11 Muslim Men Are Indicted in Conspiracy to Fight in Kashmir" St. Louis Post-Dispatch ,
71
June 28, 2003.
Bureau, U.S. Census. "2006-2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates - Data Profile Highlights." edited
by U.S. Census Bureau. Cherry Hill Township, Camden County, NJ, 2006-2008.
———. "Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Buena Vista Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey." edited by U.S. Census Bureau, 2000.
———. "Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Inglewood City, California." edited by U.S. Census
Bureau. Inglewood City, 2000.
———. "Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Zip Code Tabulation Area - 10312." 2000.
Eggen, Dan. "Illinois Man Charged with Plot to Wage 'Jihad' in Mall." Washington Post , December 9, 2006.
Evans, Christopher, Amanda Garrett, Mark Rollenhagen. "Nickel-and-Dime Hustler, or Something Worse?; Terror
Suspect Led Unsettled Life" Plain Dealer , May 21, 2006.
''Jihadi's Facebook Account: I Will Kill You". In The Jawa Report : Newstex, July 29, 2009.
Kearns, Jeff. "Lodi's Blue-Collar Jobs Draw Pakistanis" Inside Bay Area (California) , October 2, 2006.
Klaidman, Daniel, Mark Hosenball, Michael Isikoff and Evan Thomas. "Al Qaeda in America: The Enemy Within."
Newsweek , June 23, 2003.
Korecki, Natasha, Annie Sweeney and Dan Rozek. "Mall a Terror Target: Feds: Muslim Convert Charged with
Plotting Rockford Grenade Attack" Chicago Sun-Times , December 9, 2006.
Krikorian, Greg and Solomon Moore. "Probe Elicits Disbelief at Mosque." Los Angeles Times , August 18, 2005.
Laughlin, Meg and Tamara Lush. "The Miami Terrorism Arrests; Feds: Hatred of U.S. Fueled Plots" St. Petersburg
Times , June 24, 2006.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 .
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Lin, Jennifer, Mark Fazlollah, Maria Panaritis and Jeff Shields. "Tracing the Case Of "Virginia Jihad"; Terror
Charges Link Montco to Kashmir." The Philadelphia Inquirer , July 25, 2003.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
72
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
Mayhood, Kevin, and the Columbus Dispatch. "Evidence in Terror Case May Be Secret; Investigation of Columbus
Suspect Included Wiretaps." The Columbus Dispatch (Ohio) , April 29 Newspaper Article 2007, 01B.
Mayhood, Kevin, Jodi Andes and John Futty. "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed
Indictment Says." The Columbus Dispatch April 13, 2007.
Seper, Jerry. "Virginia Muslim Indicted in Holy-War Case" The Washington Times , September 24, 2004.
Smith, Lisa. "Suspect Had Mother Worried" Chicago Daily Herald , December 9, 2006.
Suddath, Claire. "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." Time (October 22, 2009),
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html .
Temple-Raston, Dina. The Jihad Next Door . Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Central District of Illinois. "Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal
Employees." edited by Central District of Illinois U.S. Attorney. Springfield, September 24, 2009.
U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey. "Five Indicted in Plot to Kill Soldiers at Fort Dix; Sixth Charged with Aiding
the Possession of Weapons." edited by United States Department of Justice. Newark, June 5, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Southern District of New York. "Four Arrested for Plot to Bomb Synagogue and Jewish Community
Center and to Shoot Military Planes with Stinger Missiles." edited by Southern District of New York U.S.
Attorney, May 20, 2009.
U.S. District Court, District of Colorado. "U.S.A V. Najibullah Zazi - Criminal Complaint." 2009.
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Western Division. "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan
Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.", 2006.
Whoriskey, Peter. "Man Acquitted in Terror Case Faces Deporation." The Washington Post , March 2, 2008.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
Criminal History
Baker, Al. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times , May 22,
2009.
Boak, Joshua. "Detainee Served as Imam at Prison: Employee Removed over Smuggled Food" The Blade , February
23, 2006.
73
Bock, Linda and Bronislaus B. Kush. "Shocked and Dismayed; Accused Terrorist Taught at Alhuda Academy."
Telegram & Gazette (Massachusetts) , October 23, 2009.
CNN.com. "Indictment: Suspects Wanted to 'Kill All the Devils We Can'." (June 24, 2006),
http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/06/23/miami.raids/index.html .
Harris, Rob. "Kevin James and the Jis Consipiracy " PBS Frontline (October 10, 2006),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/reality/james.html .
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009.
Klaidman, Daniel, Mark Hosenball, Michael Isikoff and Evan Thomas. "Al Qaeda in America: The Enemy Within."
Newsweek , June 23, 2003.
Laughlin, Meg and Tamara Lush. "The Miami Terrorism Arrests; Feds: Hatred of U.S. Fueled Plots" St. Petersburg
Times , June 24, 2006.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Details of Accused Terrorist Emerge: The Pa. Man Lost His Job Days before
Being Arrested. Also, He Reportedly Denied Charges in a Letter to a Newspaper." Philadelphia Inquirer ,
February 15, 2006.
———. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism." Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13,
2006.
Main, Frank, Monifa Thomas and Steve Patterson. "Feds: Ex-Chicagoan Ringleader in Attack Plot: 7 Accused in
Plan Seen as 'More Aspirational Than Operational'" Chicago Sun Times , June 24, 2006.
NewsObserver.com. "Boyd's Co-Defendants' Histories Come to Light." (September 22, 2009),
http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html .
Rashbaum, William K. "Staten Island Man Describes Shattered Life, Then a Plot to Bomb a Subway Station." New
York Times , May 10, 2006.
Shapiro, Nina. "A Mystery of Violence; as the Fbi Investigates the Possibility of a Terrorism "Recruitment
Network" In Seattle, the Local Somali Community Struggles to Understand Why Young Men Would Return to a
Country They Never Knew.." Seattle Weekly , December 16, 2009.
Shockman, Luke. "Family Describes Terrorist Suspect as a Sensitive Artist." The Blade , February 22, 2006.
Smith, Lisa. "Suspect Had Mother Worried" Chicago Daily Herald , December 9, 2006.
74
Stevanovic, V. "Bosnian Report Profiles Terrorist Suspect Arrested in Us". BBC Monitoring Europe - Political .
Vitka, William. "Penn. Man Named in Alleged Terror Polot." CBS News (February 11, 2006),
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/11/national/main1307690.shtml .
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
75
APPENDIX E: ETHNICITY
First Name Middle Last Name 1st/ Country of Origin Country of Origin Ethnicity Ethnicity
Name 2nd/ - by Region - by Region
(s) 3rd+
Gen.
Iyman Faris 1st Kashmir South Asia Kashmiri South Asia
Yassin M. Aref 1st Iraq Middle East Kurdish Middle East
Mohammed M. Hossain 1st Bangladesh South Asia Bangladeshi South Asia
James Elshafay 3rd+ United States North America Egyptian Middle East
Kevin Lamar James 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Levar Haney Washington 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Gregory Vernon Patterson 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Hammad Riaz Samana 1st Pakistan South Asia Pakistani South Asia
Michael Curtis Reynolds 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Narseal Batiste 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Stanley Grant Phanor 2nd United States North America Haitian Central America
and Caribbean
Burson Augustin 2nd United States North America Haitian Central America
and Caribbean
Rothschild Augustine 2nd United States North America Haitian Central America
and Caribbean
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer 1st Jordan Middle East Jordanian Middle East
Serdar Tartar 1st Turkey Middle East Turkish Middle East
Agron Abdullahu 1st Former Yugoslavia Europe Albanian Europe
Russell Defreitas 1st Guyana Central America Guyanese Central America
and Caribbean and Caribbean
Nuradin Abdi 1st Somalia Africa Somali Africa
Christopher Paul 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Syed Haris Ahmed 1st Pakistan South Asia Pakistani South Asia
James Cromitie 3rd+ United States North America American North America
David Williams IV 1st United States North America American North America
Onta Williams 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Daniel Patrick Boyd 3rd+ United States North America American North America
76
Zakariya Boyd 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Hysen Sharifi 1st Kosovo Europe Kosovar Europe
Anes Subasic 1st Bosnia- Europe Bosnian Europe
Hercegovinia
Dylan Boyd 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Ziyad Yaghi 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Najibullah Zazi 1st Afghanistan South Asia Afghan South Asia
Adis Medunjanin 1st Bosnia Europe Bosnian Europe
Michael Finton 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Muktar al-Bakri 2nd United States North America Yemeni Middle East
Sahim Alwan 3rd+ United States North America Yemeni Middle East
Faysal Galab 3rd+ United States North America Yemeni Middle East
Shafal Mosed 3rd+ United States North America Yemeni Middle East
Yasein Taher 2nd United States North America Yemeni Middle East
Yahya Goba 3rd+ United States North America Yemeni Middle East
Donald Thomas Surratt 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Muhammed Aatique 1st Pakistan South Asia Pakistani South Asia
Yong Ki Kwon 1st South Korea Asia South Korean Asia
Randall Todd Royer 1st United States North America American North America
Ali al-Tamimi 2nd United States North America Iraqi Middle East
Masoud Khan 1st Pakistan South Asia Pakistani South Asia
Seifullah Chapman 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Hammad Raheem 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Ali Asad Chandia 1st Pakistan South Asia Pakistani South Asia
Mohammad Zaki Amawi 2nd United States North America Jordanian Middle East
Marwan Othman El-Hindi 1st Jordan Middle East Jordanian Middle East
Wassim I. Mazloum 1st Lebanon Middle East Lebanese Middle East
Kamal Said Hassan 2nd Somalia Africa Somali Africa
77
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse 1st Somalia Africa Somali Africa
Salah Osman Ahmed 1st Somalia Africa Somali Africa
Omer Abdi Mohamed 1st Somalia Africa Somali Africa
Tarek Mehanna 2nd Egypt Middle East Egyptian Middle East
Maher Mofeid Hawash 1st Palestine Middle East Palestinian Middle East
Jeffery Battle 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Patrice Ford 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal 3rd+ Saudi Arabia Middle East Saudi Middle East
Hamid Hayat 1st Pakistan South Asia Pakistani South Asia
Derrick Shareef 3rd+ United States North America American North America
Mahmud Faruq Brent 3rd+ United States North America American North America
ETHNICITY SOURCE NOTES
Ethnicity
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Bock, Linda and Bronislaus B. Kush. "Shocked and Dismayed; Accused Terrorist Taught at Alhuda Academy."
Telegram & Gazette (Massachusetts) , October 23, 2009.
Daniel, Trenton, Nicole White and Andres Vigulucci "Terror Suspects: 'Nice Guys' or Plotters?." Deseret Morning
News , June 24, 2006.
"Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets." edited
by U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C. , August 31, 2005.
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009. 78
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda." In Press Release .
Washington, D.C. , October 28, 2003.
Korecki, Natasha, Annie Sweeney and Dan Rozek. "Mall a Terror Target: Feds: Muslim Convert Charged with
Plotting Rockford Grenade Attack" Chicago Sun-Times , December 9, 2006.
Lichtblau, Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. . "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a
Diplomat." The New York Times , August 6, 2004.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Murphy, Caryle. "Muslim Lecturer Fits Easily in Two Worlds; Mosque Leader, Gmu Doctoral Candidate May Have
Promoted Violence." The Washington Post , August 8, 2003.
Roberts, Penny Brown. "Son's Arrest Stuns Father *** Dad Describes Terrorism Suspect as Being "Very Obedient""
The Advocate , June 24, 2006.
Stevanovic, V."Bosnian Report Profiles Terrorist Suspect Arrested in Us". BBC Monitoring Europe - Political .
U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey. "Five Radical Islamists Charged with Planning Attack on Fort Dix Army
Base in New Jersey." edited by United States Department of Justice. Newark, May 8, 2007.
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Western Division. "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan
Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.", 2006.
Von Drehle, David and Bobby Ghosh. "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi." Time , October 1, 2009.
Whoriskey, Peter. "Man Acquitted in Terror Case Faces Deporation." The Washington Post , March 2, 2008.
Residence Status
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Baker, Al. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times , May 22,
2009.
Bakrakat, Matthew. "Alleged Coconspirator Testifies at Virginia Jihad Trial." The Associated Press State & Local
Wire , February 11, 2004.
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
79
Bock, Linda and Bronislaus B. Kush. "Shocked and Dismayed; Accused Terrorist Taught at Alhuda Academy."
Telegram & Gazette (Massachusetts) , October 23, 2009.
CNN.com. "Indictment: Suspects Wanted to 'Kill All the Devils We Can'." (June 24, 2006),
http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/06/23/miami.raids/index.html .
Daniel, Trenton, Nicole White and Andres Vigulucci "Terror Suspects: 'Nice Guys' or Plotters?." Deseret Morning
News , June 24, 2006.
"Feds Charge 11 Men with Conspiracy in Overseas Jihad." CNN.com (June 27, 2003),
http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/06/27/terror.arrests/ .
"Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets." edited
by U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C. , August 31, 2005.
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Supportto Al Qaeda." In Press Release .
Washington, D.C. , October 28, 2003.
Korecki, Natasha, Annie Sweeney and Dan Rozek. "Mall a Terror Target: Feds: Muslim Convert Charged with
Plotting Rockford Grenade Attack" Chicago Sun-Times , December 9, 2006.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 .
Lichtblau, Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. . "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a
Diplomat." The New York Times , August 6, 2004.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Long, James, Shelby Oppel and Julie Sullivan. "A Parking Garage Attendant. A Bagel-Maker. A Devoted Mother.
A student of International Afairs. A Restaurant Manager. And a Guy Who Used Tosell Mary Kay
Cosmetics. As New Details Emerge, They Look More Like Amateurs than Terrorists... Is It Possible They
Are Both?" The Sunday Oregonian , October 13, 2002, A01.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
80
Main, Frank, Monifa Thomas and Steve Patterson. "Feds: Ex-Chicagoan Ringleader in Attack Plot: 7 Accused -
Plan Seen as 'More Aspirational Than Operational'" Chicago Sun Times , June 24, 2006.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
Murphy, Caryle. "Muslim Lecturer Fits Easily in Two Worlds; Mosque Leader, Gmu Doctoral Candidate May Have
Promoted Violence." The Washington Post , August 8, 2003.
Stevanovic, V."Bosnian Report Profiles Terrorist Suspect Arrested in Us". BBC Monitoring Europe - Political .
Temple-Raston, Dina. The Jihad Next Door . Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007.
Thomas, Pierre, Mary Walsh and Jason Ryan. "Officials Search for Terrorist Next Door." ABC News.com (2003),
http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=129090&page .
U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey. "Five Radical Islamists Charged with Planning Attack on Fort Dix Army
Base in New Jersey." edited by United States Department of Justice. Newark, May 8, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of New York. "Four Individuals Charged in Plot to Bomb John F. Kennedy
International Airport." edited by Eastern District of New York U.S. Attorney, June 2, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of North Carolina "Seven Charged with Terrorism Violations in North Carolina."
edited by Eastern District of North Carolina U.S. Attorney. Raleigh July 27, 2009.
U.S. Attorney, Southern District of New York. "Four Arrested for Plot to Bomb Synagogue and Jewish Community
Center and to Shoot Military Planes with Stinger Missiles." edited by Southern District of New York U.S.
Attorney, May 20, 2009.
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Virginia. "U.S. V Iyman Faris (Statement of Facts)." edited by Eastern
District of Virginia U.S. District Court, Alexandria Division. Alexandria, VA, 2003.
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Western Division. "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan
Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.", 2006.
Von Drehle, David and Bobby Ghosh. "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi." Time , October 1, 2009.
Whoriskey, Peter. "Man Acquitted in Terror Case Faces Deporation." The Washington Post , March 2, 2008.
81
APPENDIX F: FOREIGN TRAVEL
First Name Middle Last Name Foreign Travel
Name(s)
Iyman Faris Saudi Arabia Afghanistan Pakistan
Yassin M. Aref Syria
Mohammed M. Hossain None
James Elshafay Egypt
Kevin Lamar James None
Levar Haney Washington None
Gregory Vernon Patterson None
Hammad Riaz Samana None
Michael Curtis Reynolds Thailand Austria
Narseal Batiste None
Stanley Grant Phanor None
Burson Augustin None
Rothschild Augustine None
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer None
Serdar Tartar None
Agron Abdullahu None
Russell Defreitas Guyana Trinidad
Nuradin Abdi Ethiopia
Christopher Paul Pakistan Afghanistan Germany Balkans
Syed Haris Ahmed Pakistan Canada
James Cromitie None
David Williams IV None
Onta Williams None
Daniel Patrick Boyd Pakistan Afghanistan Gaza Israel
Zakariya Boyd Israel
Hysen Sharifi Kosovo
Anes Subasic None
Dylan Boyd None
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan Israel Jordan Egypt
82
Ziyad Yaghi Israel Jordan Egypt
Najibullah Zazi Pakistan
Adis Medunjanin Pakistan Afghanistan
Michael Finton Saudi Arabia
Muktar al-Bakri Afghanistan Yemen Bahrain Saudi Arabia
Sahim Alwan Afghanistan
Faysal Galab Afghanistan
Shafal Mosed Afghanistan
Yasein Taher Afghanistan
Yahya Goba Afghanistan Yemen
Donald Thomas Surratt None
Muhammed Aatique Pakistan
Yong Ki Kwon Pakistan
Randall Todd Royer Pakistan
Ali al-Tamimi Saudi Arabia
Masoud Khan Pakistan
Seifullah Chapman Pakistan Saudi Arabia
Hammad Raheem
Ali Asad Chandia Pakistan
Mohammad Zaki Amawi Jordan
Marwan Othman El-Hindi Jordan
Wassim I. Mazloum None
Kamal Said Hassan Somalia
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse Somalia
Salah Osman Ahmed Somalia
Omer Abdi Mohamed Unknown
Tarek Mehanna Yemen Egypt
Maher Mofeid Hawash Israel China
Jeffery Battle China
Patrice Ford China
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal None
Hamid Hayat Pakistan
83
Derrick Shareef None
Mahmud Faruq Brent Pakistan
FOREIGN TRAVEL SOURCE NOTES
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Bakrakat, Matthew. "Alleged Coconspirator Testifies at Virginia Jihad Trial." The Associated Press State & Local
Wire , February 11, 2004.
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
Division, U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Ohio and the Justice Department’s National Security.
"Ohio Man Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Bomb Targets in Europe and the United States ", edited by U.S.
Department of Justice, June 3, 2008.
Fazlollah, Mark, Joseph A. Slobodzian and Jeff Shields. "Eleven Indicted in 'Jihad' Probe; a Norristown Engineer Is
among the Muslim Men - Including 9Americans - Accused of Planning Attacks in Kashmir and Other
Countries." The Philadelphia Inquirer , June 28, 2003.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1."
(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html .
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
Heffelfinger, Chris. "Behind the Indoctrination and Training of American Jihadis." Terrorism Monitor ,no. 15
(August 2, 2007),
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[swords]=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e
&tx_ttnews[any_of_the_words]=virginia&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4345&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=1f2d
777a66.
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
84
27, 2009.
Justice, U.S. Department of. "Iyman Faris Sentenced for Providing Material Support to Al Qaeda." In Press Release .
Washington, D.C. , October 28, 2003.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
Mayhood, Kevin, Jodi Andes and John Futty. "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed
Indictment Says." The Columbus Dispatch April 13, 2007.
Murphy, Caryle. "Muslim Lecturer Fits Easily in Two Worlds; Mosque Leader, Gmu Doctoral Candidate May Have
Promoted Violence." The Washington Post , August 8, 2003.
NewsObserver.com. "Boyd's Co-Defendants' Histories Come to Light." (September 22, 2009),
http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html .
Parry, Marc. "Imam: Made in America; Faisal Ahmad, Raised in Albany, Represents a New Generation of Muslim
Clerics and the Challenges They Confront." The Times Union, September 16, 2007.
Suddath, Claire. "Alleged U.S. Terrorist Tarek Mehanna." Time (October 22, 2009),
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1931521,00.html .
Temple-Raston, Dina. The Jihad Next Door . Philadelphia: Perseus Books Group, 2007.
Thomas, Pierre, Mary Walsh and Jason Ryan. "Officials Search for Terrorist Next Door." ABC News.com (2003),
http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=129090&page .
U.S. Attorney, Central District of Illinois. "Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal
Employees." edited by Central District of Illinois U.S. Attorney. Springfield, September 24, 2009.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of New York. "U.S. V Russell Defreitas, Kareem Ibrahim, Abdul Kadir and Abdel
Nur - Criminal Complaint." edited by Eastern District of New York U.S. Attorney, June 1, 2007.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of North Carolina "Seven Charged with Terrorism Violations in North Carolina."
edited by Eastern District of North Carolina U.S. Attorney. Raleigh July 27, 2009.
85
U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Georgia. "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives
17 Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years." edited by Department of Justice.
Atlanta, December 14, 2009.
U.S. District Court, District of Colorado. "U.S.A V. Najibullah Zazi - Criminal Complaint." 2009.
U.S. District Court, District of Minnesota. "U.S. V Mahamud Said Omar - Indictment." edited by District of
Minnesota U.S. District Court, August 20, 2009.
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Western Division. "U.S.A. V. Mohammad Zaki Amawi, Marwan
Othman El-Hindi, and Wassim I. Mazloum.", 2006.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
———. "In Ex-Convicts' Bomb Case, Steps and Missteps, on Tape" The New York Times , May 22, 2009.
86
APPENDIX G: RELIGIOSITY
First Name Middle Last Name Name of Mosque Type of Mosque Mosque Mosque
Name(s) Attended attended Demographics Attendance
(affiliation)
Iyman Faris Masjid Omar Ibn El- Sunni Multicultural Regular
Khattatab
Yassin M. Aref Masjid As-Salaam None Multicultural Regular
Mohammed M. Hossain Masjid As-Salaam None Multicultural Regular
James Elshafay Noor Al-Islam Society Sunni Egyptian Attendee
Kevin Lamar James NA Founder
Levar Haney Washington Jamat-e-masjidul Islam Sunni Indian / Pakistani Attendee
Gregory Vernon Patterson Jamat-e-masjidul Islam Sunni Indian / Pakistani Attendee
Hammad Riaz Samana Jamat-e-masjidul Islam Sunni Indian / Pakistani Attendee
Michael Curtis Reynolds Islamic Association of None None Regular
North Eastern
Pennsylvania (Masjid Al-
Noor)
Narseal Batiste Seas of David Own Group Own Group Founder
Stanley Grant Phanor Seas of David Own Group Own Group Regular
Burson Augustin Seas of David Own Group Own Group Regular
Rothschild Augustine Seas of David Own Group Own Group Regular
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer Al-Masjid El-Aqsa Sunni None Intermittent
Serdar Tartar Al-Masjid El-Aqsa Sunni None Regular
Agron Abdullahu Al-Masjid El-Aqsa Sunni None Attendee
Russell Defreitas Imam Al-Khoei Islamic Shia Multicultural Attendee
Center
Nuradin Abdi Masjid Omar Ibn El Sunni Multicultural Regular
Khattab
Christopher Paul Masjid Omar Ibn El Sunni Multicultural Attendee
Khattab
Syed Haris Ahmed Al-Farooq Masjid Sunni Multicultural Attendee
James Cromitie Masjid al-Ikhlas Sunni Multicultural Intermittent
David Williams IV Masjid al-Ikhlas Sunni Multicultural Attendee
87
Onta Williams Masjid al-Ikhlas Sunni Multicultural Attendee
Daniel Patrick Boyd Home mosque Own Group Own Group Founder
Zakariya Boyd Home mosque Own Group Own Group Regular
Hysen Sharifi Home mosque Own Group Own Group Attendee
Anes Subasic Home mosque Own Group Own Group Attendee
Dylan Boyd Home mosque Own Group Own Group Regular
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan Home mosque Own Group Own Group Attendee
Ziyad Yaghi Home mosque Own Group Own Group Attendee
Najibullah Zazi Majid Hazrati Abu Bakr Sunni Afghan Regular
Siddique
Adis Medunjanin Majid Hazrati Abu Bakr Sunni Afghan Regular
Siddique
Michael Finton Masjid Wali Hasan Shia None Intermittent
Muktar al-Bakri Masjid AlHuda Sunni Yemeni Regular
Sahim Alwan Masjid AlHuda Sunni Yemeni Regular
Faysal Galab Masjid AlHuda Sunni Yemeni Attendee
Shafal Mosed Masjid AlHuda Sunni Yemeni Attendee
Yasein Taher Masjid AlHuda Sunni Yemeni Attendee
Yahya Goba Masjid AlHuda Sunni Yemeni Attendee
Donald Thomas Surratt Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Muhammed Aatique Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Yong Ki Kwon Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Randall Todd Royer Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Ali al-Tamimi Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Masoud Khan Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Seifullah Chapman Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
88
Hammad Raheem Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Ali Asad Chandia Dar el Arkum Islamic Sunni None Attendee
Center
Mohammad Zaki Amawi Masjid at-Tawfeeq Sunni Arab Regular
Marwan Othman El-Hindi Masjid at-Tawfeeq Sunni Arab Regular
Wassim I. Mazloum Masjid at-Tawfeeq Sunni Arab Regular
Kamal Said Hassan Abubakar As-Saddique Sunni Somali Attendee
Mosque
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse Abubakar As-Saddique Sunni Somali Attendee
Mosque
Salah Osman Ahmed Abubakar As-Saddique Sunni Somali Attendee
Mosque
Omer Abdi Mohamed Abubakar As-Saddique Sunni Somali Attendee
Mosque
Tarek Mehanna Worcester Islamic Center Sunni Multicultural Regular
and Islamic Center of
Boston
Maher Mofeid Hawash Masjed As-Saber Sunni Arab Regular
Jeffery Battle Masjed As-Saber Sunni Arab Attendee
Patrice Ford Masjed As-Saber Sunni Arab Attendee
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal Masjed As-Saber Sunni Arab Attendee
Hamid Hayat Lodi Muslim Mosque Sunni Indian / Pakistani Attendee
Derrick Shareef Unknown Sunni NA Unknown
Mahmud Faruq Brent Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
RELIGIOSITY SOURCE NOTES
Religious Affiliation
Anastasia, George. "A Radical Shift in Reputation for 6 Men; the Fort Dix Suspects Were "Just Regular Boys,"
Working and Friendly, to Friends and Neighbors Who Knew Them.." The Philadelphia Inquirer , May 13,
2007.
89
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Baker, Al. "Arrest of Mosque Leaders Surprises Neighbors, Who Describe Both as Peaceful Men" The New York
Times , August 6, 2004.
———. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times , May 22,
2009.
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
Blake, Erica. "Toledo Terror Trial Nearing Final Phase: Prosecution, Defense to Sum up, Explain 25 Days of
Testimony" The Blade , June 3, 2008.
Evans, Christopher, Amanda Garrett, Mark Rollenhagen. "Nickel-and-Dime Hustler, or Something Worse?; Terror
Suspect Led Unsettled Life" Plain Dealer , May 21, 2006.
Fazlollah, Mark, Joseph A. Slobodzian and Jeff Shields. "Eleven Indicted in 'Jihad' Probe; a Norristown Engineer Is
among the Muslim Men - Including 9 Americans - Accused of Planning Attacks in Kashmir and Other
Countries." The Philadelphia Inquirer , June 28, 2003.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1."
(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html .
"Four Men Indicted on Terrorism Charges Related to Conspiracy to Attack Military Facilities, Other Targets."
edited by U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C. , August 31, 2005.
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed. "Western Recruits; Countless Young Men Are Being Lured from North America to Fight
for a Somali Terrorist Group" National Post (The Financial Post - Canada) , November 25, 2009.
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
Graham, Troy. "U.S. Releases Transcripts of Fort Dix Plotters." Philadelphia Inquirer , March 25, 2008.
Johnson, Carrie and Spencer S. Hsu "From Suburban D.C. Childhood to Indictment on Terror Charges" The
Washington Post , July 29, 2009.
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009.
90
Korecki, Natasha, Annie Sweeney and Dan Rozek. "Mall a Terror Target: Feds: Muslim Convert Charged with
Plotting Rockford Grenade Attack" Chicago Sun-Times , December 9, 2006.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Main, Frank "Dad: Sears Tower Suspect under Spell of Mystery Man: But Claims of Religious Ties Are Puzzling,
Experts Say" Chicago Sun-Times , June 25, 2006.
Main, Frank, Monifa Thomas and Steve Patterson. "Feds: Ex-Chicagoan Ringleader in Attack Plot: 7 Accused in
Plan Seen as 'More Aspirational Than Operational'" Chicago Sun Times , June 24, 2006.
Mayhood, Kevin, Jodi Andes and John Futty. "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed
Indictment Says." The Columbus Dispatch April 13, 2007.
Murphy, Caryle. "Muslim Lecturer Fits Easily in Two Worlds; Mosque Leader, Gmu Doctoral Candidate May Have
Promoted Violence." The Washington Post, August 8, 2003.
Rich, Eric. "Suspected Jihadi Didn't Stand out in Neighborhood." The Washington Post , August 6, 2005.
Stevanovic, V."Bosnian Report Profiles Terrorist Suspect Arrested in Us". BBC Monitoring Europe - Political .
U.S. Attorney, Central District of Illinois. "Illinois Man Arrested in Plot to Bomb Courthouse and Murder Federal
Employees." edited by Central District of Illinois U.S. Attorney. Springfield, September 24, 2009.
U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of New York. "U.S. V Russell Defreitas, Kareem Ibrahim, Abdul Kadir and Abdel
Nur - Criminal Complaint." edited by Eastern District of New York U.S. Attorney, June 1, 2007.
"United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, V. Nuradin M. Abdi, Defendant-Appellee.." edited by UNITED
STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT, September 22, 2006.
Whoriskey, Peter. "Man Acquitted in Terror Case Faces Deporation." The Washington Post , March 2, 2008.
Wilson, Michael. "From Smiling Coffee Vendor to Terror Suspect" The New York Times , September 26, 2009.
Mosque Information
The Home of Masjid Hazrati Abu Bakr Siddique. "Masjid Hazrati Abu Bakr Siddique (Ra) Website." http://masjid
abubakr.org/home/.
"Al-Aqsa Islamic Society Website." http://www.al-aqsaislamicsociety.com/ .
Alhuda, Masjid. "Masjid Alhuda Website." www.alhudamasjid.org .
Abubakar As-Saddique Islamic Center. "Abubakar as-Saddique Islamic Center Website."
91
http://www.abuubakar.org/.
Farrow, Ross. "Lodi Muslim Mosque Provides Worship Place for Pakistanis."
http://www.lodinews.com/pakistan/html/mosque.shtml .
"Imam Al-Khoei Islamic Center Website." Mediopia Technologies, https://www.al-khoei.org/about.asp .
Islamic Society of Decatur Inc. "Masjid Wali Hasan Website." www.masjidwalihasan.org .
"Islamic Center of Boston." http://www.icbwayland.org/index.html .
IslamicFinder.org. "Masjid at-Tawfeeq Profile ", edited by Wasat Alnaseej, 2010.
Masjid, Al-Farooq. "Al-Farooq Masjid of Atlanta Website." http://www.alfarooqmasjid.org/dnn/ .
"Masjid Al-Ikhlas Website." http://www.masjidalikhlas.org/ .
"Masjid as-Salam Mosque (House of Peace) Website." http://masjidassalam.org/default.aspx .
"Masjid Omar Ibn Elkhattab Website." http://www.masjedomar.org/index.htm .
Murphy, Caryle. "For Conservative Muslims, Goal of Isolation a Challenge." The Washington Post , September 5,
2006.
Pennsylvania, Islamic center of Northeast. "Islamic Association of Norheast Pa Website."
http://www.ianepaonline.com/default.htm .
Salatomatic.com. "Abubakar as-Saddique Islamic Center - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Minneapolis+14493+Abubakar-As-Saddique-Islamic-Center .
———. "Al-Farooq Masjid - Review." Halalfire Media LLC, http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Atlanta+3085+Al
Farooq-Masjid.
———. "Imam Al-Khoei Islamic Center - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Jamaica+3693+Imam-Al-Khoei-Islamic-Center .
———. "Islamic Center of Boston - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Wayland+3606+Islamic-Center-of-Boston .
———. "Islamic Learning Center of Orange County - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Newburgh+5251+Islamic-Learning-Center-of-Orange-County.
———. "Lodi Muslim Mosque - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Lodi+4630+LodiMuslim-Mosque.
———. "Masjid as-Saber." Halalfire Media LLC, http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Portland+3009+Masjid-As-Saber .
92
———. "Masjid as-Salaam - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Albany+3130+Masjidas-Salaam.
———. "Masjid Gazrati Abu Bakr - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Flushing+3260+Masjid-Gazrati-Abu-Bakr .
———. "Noor Al-Islam Society - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/StatenIsland+4296+Noor-Al-Islam-Society.
———. "Omar Ibn Elkhattab Mosque - Review." Halafire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Columbus+2903+Omar-Ibn-Elkhattab-Mosque .
———. "Worcester Islamic Center - Review." Halalfire Media LLC,
http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Worcester+14681+Worcester-Islamic-Center .
Society, Noor Al-Islam. "Noor Al-Islam Society Website." http://www.nas-ny.org/ .
"Worcester Islamic Center - Website." http://www.wicmasjid.org/ .
93
APPENDIX H: NETWORKS – TERRORIST TIES First Name Middle Last Name Group Membership Status
Name(s)
Iyman Faris Al Qaeda Member
Yassin M. Aref Jaish-e-Mohammed Perceived
Mohammed M. Hossain Jaish-e-Mohammed Perceived
James Elshafay None NA
Kevin Lamar James Jam'yaat Al-Islam Al-Saheeh Founder
Levar Haney Washington Jam'yaat Al-Islam Al-Saheeh Active Member
Gregory Vernon Patterson Jam'yaat Al-Islam Al-Saheeh Active Member
Hammad Riaz Samana Jam'yaat Al-Islam Al-Saheeh Active Member
Michael Curtis Reynolds Al-Qa’ida Perceived
Narseal Batiste Al-Qa’ida Perceived
Stanley Grant Phanor Al-Qa’ida Perceived
Burson Augustin Al-Qa’ida Perceived
Rothschild Augustine Al-Qa’ida Perceived
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer None NA
Serdar Tartar None NA
Agron Abdullahu None NA
Russell Defreitas Jamaat al-Muslimeen Attempted
Nuradin Abdi Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Christopher Paul Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Syed Haris Ahmed Lashkar-e-Taiba Attempted
James Cromitie Jaish-e-Mohammed Attempted
David Williams IV None NA
Onta Williams None NA
Daniel Patrick Boyd None NA
Zakariya Boyd None NA
Hysen Sharifi None NA
Anes Subasic None NA
Dylan Boyd None NA
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan None NA
Ziyad Yaghi None NA
94
Najibullah Zazi Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Adis Medunjanin Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Michael Finton Al-Qa’ida Perceived
Muktar al-Bakri None NA
Sahim Alwan None NA
Faysal Galab None NA
Shafal Mosed Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Yasein Taher Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Yahya Goba None NA
Donald Thomas Surratt Lashkar-e-Taiba Member
Muhammed Aatique Lashkar-e-Taiba Active Member
Yong Ki Kwon Lashkar-e-Taiba Active Member
Randall Todd Royer Lashkar-e-Taiba Active Member
Ali al-Tamimi Lashkar-e-Taiba Member
Masoud Khan Lashkar-e-Taiba Active Member
Seifullah Chapman Lashkar-e-Taiba Active Member
Hammad Raheem Lashkar-e-Taiba Member
Ali Asad Chandia Lashkar-e-Taiba Member
Mohammad Zaki Amawi None NA
Marwan Othman El-Hindi None NA
Wassim I. Mazloum None NA
Kamal Said Hassan Al-Shabaab Active Member
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse Al-Shabaab Active Member
Salah Osman Ahmed Al-Shabaab Active Member
Omer Abdi Mohamed Al-Shabaab Active Member
Tarek Mehanna Al-Shabaab Attempted
Maher Mofeid Hawash Taliban Attempted
Jeffery Battle Taliban Attempted
95
Patrice Ford Taliban Attempted
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal Taliban Attempted
Hamid Hayat Al-Qa’ida Active Member
Derrick Shareef None NA
Mahmud Faruq Brent Lashkar-e-Taiba Active Member
TERRORIST TIES SOURCE NOTES
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
Buckely, Cara and William K. Rashbaum. "4 Men Accused of Plot to Blow up Kennedy Airport Terminals and Fuel
Lines." New York Times , June 3, 2007.
Division, U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Ohio and the Justice Department’s National Security.
"Ohio Man Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Bomb Targets in Europe and the United States ", edited by U.S.
Department of Justice, June 3, 2008.
Eggen, Dan. "Illinois Man Charged with Plot to Wage 'Jihad' in Mall." Washington Post , December 9, 2006.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Field Office. "Four Arrested for Plot to Bomb Synagogue and Jewish
Community Center and to Shoot Military Planes with Stinger Missiles." edited by Southern District of New
York U.S. Attorney. New York City, May 20, 2009.
"Feds Charge 11 Men with Conspiracy in Overseas Jihad." CNN.com (June 27, 2003),
http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/06/27/terror.arrests/ .
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
Harris, Rob. "Kevin James and the Jis Consipiracy " PBS Frontline (October 10, 2006),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/reality/james.html .
Heffelfinger, Chris. "Behind the Indoctrination and Training of American Jihadis." Terrorism Monitor ,no. 15
(August 2, 2007),
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[swords]=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e
96
&tx_ttnews[any_of_the_words]=virginia&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4345&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=1f2d
777a66 .
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
Johnson, Dirk. "Suspect in Illinois Bomb Plot ‘Didn’t Like America Very Much’ " The New York Times , September
27, 2009.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 .
Lichtblau, Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. . "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a
Diplomat." The New York Times , August 6, 2004.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Georgia. "Terrorism Defendants Sentenced: Ehsanul Islam Sadequee Receives
17 Years in Prison; Co-Defendant Syed Haris Ahmed Receives 13 Years." edited by Department of Justice.
Atlanta, December 14, 2009.
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Virginia. "U.S. V Iyman Faris (Indictment)." edited by Eastern District of
Virginia U.S. District Court, Alexandria Division. Alexandria, VA, 2003.
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida. "U.S. V Narseal Batiste Et. Al. ." edited by Southern District of
Florida U.S. District Court, June 22, 2006.
Von Drehle, David and Bobby Ghosh. "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi." Time , October 1, 2009.
97
APPENDIX I: COMMUNITY TIES & SOCIAL NETWORK First Name Middle Last Name Community Social Network Motivation Recruitment
Name Involvement Mechanism
Iyman Faris Religious Friends with Christopher Unidentified Friendship
Community Paul and Nuradin Abdi
Participant (attended same mosque).
Yassin M. Aref Religious and Friends with Mohammed U.S. Foreign Policy Friendship
Ethnic Community Hossain
Leader
Mohammed M. Hossain Religious and Friends with Yassin Aref U.S. Foreign Policy Friendship
Ethnic Community
Leader
James Elshafay Religious Friends with Shahawar U.S. Foreign Policy Friendship
Community Siraj; Befriended by and perceived
Participant Dawadi (CI) mistreatment of
Muslims
Kevin Lamar James No Involvement Incarcerated with L. U.S. Foreign Policy Friendship
Washington and perceived
mistreatment of
Muslims
Levar Haney Washington No Involvement Incarcerated with K. James Perceived Friendship
mistreatment of
Muslims
Gregory Vernon Patterson No Involvement Shared apartment with L. Unidentified Friendship
Washington
Hammad Riaz Samana Religious and Friends with K. James, et Perceived Friendship
Ethnic Community al. mistreatment of
Participant Muslims
Michael Curtis Reynolds Minimal No significant network / U.S. Foreign Policy New Media
Community friends
Involvement
Narseal Batiste Active Ethnic Leader of religious group Personal Crisis / US Friendship
Community and owner of construction perceived as enemy
Participant company. of Muslims
98
Stanley Grant Phanor Ethnic Community Involved in religious group US perceived as Worship
Participant and worked for enemy of Muslims
construction company.
Burson Augustin Ethnic Community Involved in religious group US perceived as Worship
Participant and worked for enemy of Muslims
construction company.
Rothschild Augustine Ethnic Community Involved in religious group US perceived as Worship
Participant and worked for enemy of Muslims
construction company.
Mohamed Ibrahim Shnewer Neighborly Related by marriage to Jihad part of New Media
Duka family. becoming more
religiously devout
Serdar Tartar Neighborly Attended High School with Jihad part of New Media
Dukas becoming more
religiously devout
Agron Abdullahu Neighborly Longtime family friend of Unidentified New Media
Dukas
Russell Defreitas Religious Maintained friendships, US Foreign Policy Friendship
Community links with Guyanese
Participant nationals; became more
devout after overseas trips
Christopher Paul Some Community Friends with I. Faris and N. Jihad part of Friendship
Involvement Abdi (attended same becoming more
mosque) religiously devout
Syed Haris Ahmed Neighborly Friends with Sadequee (met Jihad part of New Media
at mosque); Met terrorist becoming more
contacts online. religiously devout /
Perceived US
mistreatment of
Muslims
James Cromitie Neighborly Met network members in Anger over Muslim Friendship
community deaths in Afghanistan
and Pakistan
David Williams IV No Involvement Met network members in Anger over Muslim Friendship
99
community deaths in Afghanistan
and Pakistan
Onta Williams Active Religious Met network members in Anger over Muslim Friendship
Community community deaths in Afghanistan
Participant and Pakistan
Daniel Patrick Boyd Neighborly Parent, Spiritual Leader of Jihad part of Friendship
group becoming more
religiously devout
Zakariya Boyd Neighborly Child of D. Boyd Jihad part of Kinship
becoming more
religiously devout
Hysen Sharifi No Involvement Attended Boyd home Jihad part of Worship
mosque and jihad training becoming more
religiously devout
Anes Subasic No Involvement Attended Boyd home Jihad part of Worship
mosque and jihad training becoming more
religiously devout
Dylan Boyd No Involvement Child of D. Boyd Jihad part of Kinship
becoming more
religiously devout
Mohammad Omar Aly Hassan Some Religious Friend of Boyds; Did not Jihad part of Worship
Community interact with Boyds after becoming more
Involvement 2007 due to a disagreement religiously devout
Ziyad Yaghi Religious Friend of Boyds; Did not Jihad part of Worship
Community interact with Boyds after becoming more
Participant 2007 due to a disagreement religiously devout
Najibullah Zazi Ethnic and Attended High School with Jihad part of New Media /
Religious A. Medunjanin. becoming more Friendship
Community religiously devout
Participant
Adis Medunjanin No Involvement Attended High School with Unidentified Friendship
N. Zazi
100
Michael Finton Some Community No significant network / US perceived as New Media
Involvement friends enemy of Muslims
Muktar al-Bakri Active Ethnic Studied under Kamal Jihad part of Discipleship /
Community Derwish, alleged AQ becoming more New Media
Participant recruiter; friends with religiously devout
others from mosque, local
ethnic community
Sahim Alwan Active Ethnic Studied under Kamal Jihad part of Discipleship /
Community Derwish, alleged AQ becoming more New Media
Participant recruiter; friends with religiously devout
others from mosque, local
ethnic community
Faysal Galab Active Ethnic Studied under Kamal Jihad part of Discipleship /
Community Derwish, alleged AQ becoming more New Media
Participant recruiter; friends with religiously devout
others from mosque, local
ethnic community
Shafal Mosed Active Ethnic Studied under Kamal Jihad part of Discipleship /
Community Derwish, alleged AQ becoming more New Media
Participant recruiter; friends with religiously devout
others from mosque, local
ethnic community
Yasein Taher Active Ethnic Studied under Kamal Jihad part of Discipleship /
Community Derwish, alleged AQ becoming more New Media
Participant recruiter; friends with religiously devout
others from mosque, local
ethnic community
Yahya Goba Active Ethnic Studied under and lived Jihad part of Discipleship /
Community with Kamal Derwish (who becoming more New Media
Participant he met at a pro-Palestine religiously devout
rally), alleged AQ recruiter;
friends with others from
mosque, local ethnic
community
101
Donald Thomas Surratt No Involvement Met network members Unidentified Worship
shooting range
Muhammed Aatique Neighborly Met network members at Feared Post-9/11 Worship
local mosque retaliation against US
Muslims
Yong Ki Kwon No Involvement Met network members at Feared Post-9/11 Worship
local mosque retaliation against US
Muslims
Randall Todd Royer No Involvement Met network members at Unidentified Worship
local mosque
Ali al-Tamimi Religious Met network members at Jihad part of Discipleship
Community Leader local mosque becoming more
religiously devout
Masoud Khan No Involvement Met network members at Feared Post-9/11 Worship
local mosque retaliation against US
Muslims
Seifullah Chapman No Involvement Met network members at Unidentified Worship
local mosque
Hammad Raheem No Involvement Met network members Unidentified Worship
shooting range
Ali Asad Chandia Religious Via Al Timimi Unidentified Worship
Community
Participant
Mohammad Zaki Amawi Neighborly Believe men met each other Jihad part of New Media
at mosque becoming more
religiously devout
Marwan Othman El-Hindi Some Community Believe men met each other Jihad part of New Media
Involvement at mosque becoming more
religiously devout
Wassim I. Mazloum No Involvement Believe men met each other Jihad part of New Media
at mosque becoming more
religiously devout
Kamal Said Hassan Ethnic and Recruited at mosque Events in Homeland Friendship / New
Religious Media
102
Community
Participant
Abdifatah Yusuf Isse Ethnic and Recruited at mosque Events in Homeland Friendship / New
Religious Media
Community
Participant
Salah Osman Ahmed Ethnic and Recruited at mosque Events in Homeland Friendship / New
Religious Media
Community
Participant
Omer Abdi Mohamed Ethnic and Presumably recruited at Events in Homeland Friendship
Religious mosque
Community
Participant
Tarek Mehanna Active Religious Friends with MN Somali Jihad part of New Media
Community terrorist D. Maldonado establishing religious
Participant identity (felt
displaced in US)
Maher Mofeid Hawash Active Community Met Bilal brothers at Jihad part of Worship
Participant mosque becoming more
religiously devout
Jeffery Battle No Involvement Met M. Hawash at mosque Unidentified Friendship / New
Media
Patrice Ford Active Religious Met others at mosque Unidentified Friendship
and Community
Participant
Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal No Involvement Met M. Hawash at mosque Unidentified Friendship
Hamid Hayat Some Community No significant network / Events in Homeland Friendship
Involvement friends
Derrick Shareef No Involvement Met like-minded persons at US Foreign Policy / Friendship
local mosques Perceived US
mistreatment of
Muslims
103
Mahmud Faruq Brent Neighborly Linked to VA Paintball Unidentified New Media /
Jihad Network member Friendship
Seifullah Chapman through
friend Tarik Shah
COMMUNITY TIES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS SOURCE NOTES
Aziz, Roya and Monica Lam. "Profiles: The Lackawanna Cell " Chasing the Sleeper Cell (October 16, 2003),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sleeper/inside/profiles.html .
Baker, Al. "Suspects in Terror Bombing Plot: Drug Arrests and Prison Conversions" The New York Times , May 22,
2009.
Bhatt, Arvin and Mitchell D. Sibler. "Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat." New York City Police
Department Intelligence Division 2007.
Blake, Erica. "Toledo Terror Trial Nearing Final Phase: Prosecution, Defense to Sum up, Explain 25 Days of
Testimony" The Blade , June 3, 2008.
Boak, Joshua. "Detainee Served as Imam at Prison: Employee Removed over Smuggled Food" The Blade , February
23, 2006.
Branch-Brioso, Karen. "11 Muslim Men Are Indicted in Conspiracy to Fight in Kashmir" St. Louis Post-Dispatch ,
June 28, 2003.
Buckely, Cara and William K. Rashbaum. "4 Men Accused of Plot to Blow up Kennedy Airport Terminals and Fuel
Lines." New York Times , June 3, 2007.
Christoffersen, John. "Fbi Informant's Role Emerges in Court Hearing; Ex-Gang Member Who Converted to Islam
Helped in Case of 2 Terrorism Suspects. " The Washington Post , December 2, 2007.
Fazlollah, Mark, Joseph A. Slobodzian and Jeff Shields. "Eleven Indicted in 'Jihad' Probe; a Norristown Engineer Is
among the Muslim Men - Including 9Americans - Accused of Planning Attacks in Kashmir and Other
Countries." The Philadelphia Inquirer , June 28, 2003.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Atlanta Field Office. "The Path to Terror: The Jihadists of Georgia, Part 1."
(December 15, 2009), http://www.fbi.gov/page2/dec09/jihadists_121509.html .
Geis, Sonya. "California Town Is Latest Site of U.S. Terrorism Prosecution; Allegation of 'Material Support' Was
Used in Other Cases" The Washington Post , March 23, 2006.
104
Giebel, Kathleen. "Counterrorism Tactics: A Model of Cell Dynamics." Naval Postgraduate School, June 2007.
Harris, Rob. "Kevin James and the Jis Consipiracy " PBS Frontline (October 10, 2006),
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/reality/james.html .
Heffelfinger, Chris. "Behind the Indoctrination and Training of American Jihadis." Terrorism Monitor ,no. 15
(August 2, 2007),
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[swords]=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e
&tx_ttnews[any_of_the_words]=virginia&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4345&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=1f2d
777a66.
Horowitz, Craig. "Anatomy of a Foiled Plot." New York Magazine (May 21, 2005),
http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/10559/ .
"Jihadi's Facebook Account: I Will Kill You". In The Jawa Report : Newstex, July 29, 2009.
Kearns, Jeff. "Lodi's Blue-Collar Jobs Draw Pakistanis" Inside Bay Area (California) , October 2, 2006.
Klaidman, Daniel, Mark Hosenball, Michael Isikoff and Evan Thomas. "Al Qaeda in America: The Enemy Within."
Newsweek , June 23, 2003.
League, Anti-Defamation. "Al Shabaab's American Recruits: Americans Linked to Al Shabaab."
http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_shabaab_american_recruits.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_4 .
Lichtblau, Eric and James C. McKinley Jr. . "2 Albany Men Are Arrested in Plot to Import a Missile and Kill a
Diplomat." The New York Times , August 6, 2004.
Lin, Jennifer. "A Dual Image of Terror Suspect; Maher Hawash Faces Charges. Backers Say Any Guilt Is by
Association." The Philadelphia Inquirer , April 30, 2003.
Long, James, Shelby Oppel and Julie Sullivan. "A Parking Garage Attendant. A Bagel-Maker. A Devoted Mother.
A student of International Afairs. A Restaurant Manager. And a Guy Who Used To sell Mary Kay
Cosmetics. As New Details Emerge, They Look More Like Amateurst han Terrorists... Is It Possible They
Are Both?" The Sunday Oregonian , October 13, 2002, A01.
Lubrano, Alfred and John Shiffman. "Transcript Reveals Tangled Plot Involving Allegations of Terrorism."
Phildelphia Inquirer , February 13, 2006.
Markon, Jerry and Brigid Schulte. "Md. Man Charged in Terror Case; College Park Resident Accused of Supplying
Equipment" The Washington Post , September 17, 2005.
105
Mayhood, Kevin, Jodi Andes and John Futty. "Muslim Convert Plotted with Foreigners in Town, Unsealed
Indictment Says." The Columbus Dispatch April 13, 2007.
Mulvihill, Geoff. "Who's Who at Fort Dix Plot Trial" Associated Press State & Local Wire , October 21, 2008.
NewsObserver.com. "Boyd's Co-Defendants' Histories Come to Light." (September 22, 2009),
http://www.newsobserver.com/2009/08/06/80156/boyds-co-defendants-histories.html .
Seewer, John. "3 Men in Ohio Terrorism Case Are Sentenced." Associated Press Online , October 22, 2009.
Semple, Kirk. "Defense Ends Its Arguments in Terrorism Trial in Miami." The New York Times , December 1, 2007.
Seper, Jerry. "Virginia Muslim Indicted in Holy-War Case" The Washington Times , September 24, 2004.
Shapiro, Nina. "A Mystery of Violence; as the Fbi Investigates the Possibility of a Terrorism "Recruitment
Network" In Seattle, the Local Somali Community Struggles to Understand Why Young Men Would
Return to a Country They Never Knew.." Seattle Weekly , December 16, 2009.
106
APPENDIX J: ALL GRAPHED CASES AND FACTORS SocialRecruitment Mechanism 1st/2nd/3rd+Generation Education CriminalHistory Age Income CommunityTies NewMedia-Type Use of NewMedia-Active /Passive Living ConditionsLiving NewMedia –Significant/ Contributing Occupation Ethnicity Foreign Travel AffiliationMosque AttendanceMosque First Name Last Name Group MembershipStatus Participant Community Class Friendship Unknown 1st Generation1st 34 NonViolent Religious Lower Lower Middle Operational Active Urban NonFactor Kashmiri Pakistan Afghanistan, Arabia, Saudi Sunni Regular Al-Qa’ida Member Iyman Faris Moving and Material Transportation Leader Community Ethnic College Friendship 1st Generation1st Graduated None 34 Religiousand Working Class No No use No No use Urban No No use Kurdish Syria None Regular Service Yassin Aref Mohammed Jaish-e- Perceived School Class Leader Community Ethnic Friendship GraduatedHigh 1st Generation1st 49 None No No use Lower Lower Middle Religiousand No No use Urban No No use Bangladeshi None None Regular Mohammed Jaish-e- Perceived Mohammed Hossain Service Participant School Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ GraduatedHigh Violent 18 ReligiousCommunity No No use Lower Class No No use Urban No No use Egyptian Egypt Sunni Attendee None NA James Elshafay Unemployed
107
Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Unknown Violent 29 No Involvement No Lower Lower Class No No use No No use NA No No use American None Founder Al-Saheeh Jam'yaatAl-Islam Founder Kevin James Unemployed Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Unknown Violent 25 No Involvement No Lower Lower Class No No use No No use Urban No No use American None Sunni Attendee Unemployed Levar Washington Saheeh Al- Islam Jam'yaatAl ActiveMember - Generation Involvement Friendship 3rd+ Unknown Violent 21 No No Working Class Operational Active Urban NonFactor American None Sunni Attendee Unemployed Gregory Patterson Saheeh Al- Islam Jam'yaatAl Member Active - Class Participant Ethnic Community Friendship Some Some College 1st Generation1st 21 Violent Lower Lower Middle Operational Religiousand Active Urban NonFactor Laborers Helpers, and Cleaners, Equipment Pakistani None Sunni Attendee Hammad Samana Al-Saheeh Islam Jam'yaatAl- ActiveMember
Generation Involvement Community High School High NewMedia 3rd+ Graduated Violent 47 47 Minimal Lower Lower Class Recruitment Active Urban Significant American Austria Thailand, None Regular Al-Qa’ida Perceived Michael Reynolds Unemployed
Participant Community Class Friendship Some Some College 3rd+ Generation3rd+ 32 Violent ActiveEthnic No No use Lower Middle No No use Urban No No use Al-Qa’ida Perceived American None GroupOwn Founder Narseal Batiste and Managerial Administrative Executive, Participant Community Worship 2nd Generation 2nd Unknown NonViolent 30 30 Ethnic Ethnic No No use Lower Class No No use Urban No No use Haitian None GroupOwn Regular Al-Qa’ida Perceived Laborers Stanley Phanor Helpers, and Cleaners, Equipment
108
Participant Worship Some High Some School 2nd Generation 2nd 21 None Lower Lower Class No No use Ethnic Ethnic Community No No use Urban No No use Haitian None GroupOwn Regular Al-Qa’ida Perceived Burson Augustin Laborers and Helpers,Cleaners, Equipment Handlers, Participant Worship 2nd Generation 2nd Unknown Violent 22 22 Ethnic Ethnic Community Lower Lower Class No No use No No use Urban No No use Haitian None GroupOwn Regular and Laborers and Helpers,Cleaners, Equipment Handlers, Rothschild Augustine Al-Qa’ida Perceived Friendship NewMedia / 1st Generation1st Some Some College None 22 Neighborly Working Class Recruitment Passive Suburban Significant Jordanian None Sunni Intermittent Moving and Material Transportation Mohamed Shnewer None NA Friendship School NewMedia / 1st Generation1st Some High Some None 23 Neighborly Recruitment Lower Lower Class Passive Urban Significant None NA Turkish None Sunni Regular Serdar Tartar Sales School Friendship NewMedia / 1st Generation1st Some High Some None 24 Neighborly Lower Lower Class Recruitment Passive Suburban Significant Albanian None Sunni Attendee Sales Agron Abdullahu None NA Participant Community Religious Friendship 1st Generation1st Some High Some School None 63 Neighborly; Operational Working Class Active Urban NonFactor Guyanese Guyana, Trinidad Shia Attendee Muslimeen Jamaat al- Attempted Russell Defreitas Retired
109
Participant Community Class Friendship Some Some College 1st Generation1st 31 None Ethnic Ethnic Lower Lower Middle Personal Passive Urban Unknown Somali Ethiopia Sunni Regular Al-Qa’ida ActiveMember Nuradin Abdi Sales Generation College Class Involvement Community Friendship 3rd+ Graduated 43 None Lower Lower Middle No No use Some Some No No use Urban No No use American UNKNOWN Balkans Germany, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sunni Attendee Member Active Christopher Paul Al-Qa’ida Friendship 1st Generation1st Some Some College None 21 Neighborly Working Class Recruitment Active Suburban Significant Pakistani Pakistan,Canada Sunni Attendee Student Syed Ahmed Lashkar-e-Taiba Attempted Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Some High Some School NonViolent 44 Neighborly Lower Lower Class No No use No No use Urban No No use American None Sunni Intermittent Sales James Cromitie Mohammed Jaish-e- Attempted Friendship 1st Generation1st Some Some College NonViolent 28 28 No No use Lower Class Involvement No No No use Urban No No use Service American None Sunni Attendee David Williams IV None NA Participant Community Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Some High Some School NonViolent 32 32 ActiveReligious No No use Lower Class No No use Urban No No use and Laborers and Helpers,Cleaners, Equipment Handlers, American None Sunni Attendee Onta Williams None NA
110
School Class Friendship GraduatedHigh 3rd+ Generation3rd+ 39 NonViolent Neighborly Lower Lower Middle No No use No No use Suburban No No use American Gaza,Israel Afghanistan, Pakistan, GroupOwn Founder None NA Daniel Boyd and Managerial Administrative Executive, Kinship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Some Some College None 20 Neighborly Working Class No No use No No use Suburban No No use American Israel GroupOwn Regular None NA Zakariya Boyd Sales Worship 1st Generation1st Some Some College None 24 No Involvement No Working Class No No use No No use UNKNOWN No No use Kosovar Kosovo GroupOwn Attendee UNKNOWN Hysen Sharifi None NA Involvement Worship 1st Generation1st Unknown Violent 33 No No Unknown No No use No No use Suburban No No use Bosnian None GroupOwn Attendee UNKNOWN Anes Subasic None NA Generation Involvement Kinship 3rd+ Some Some College None 22 22 No No Working Class No No use No No use Suburban No No use American None GroupOwn Regular None NA Dylan Boyd Technical and Professional Involvement Community Worship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Some Some College Violent 22 Some Some Religious Working Class No No use No No use Urban No No use American Egypt Israel,Jordan, GroupOwn Attendee None NA Mohammad Hassan Student School Participant Community Worship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Some High Some Violent 21 21 Personal Lower Class Religious Active Urban No No use Service American Egypt Israel,Jordan, GroupOwn Attendee Ziyad Yaghi None NA
111
Participant Community Religious Friendship Operational NewMedia / 1st Generation1st Some High Some School NonViolent 24 Ethnic Ethnic and Working Class Recruitment, Active Suburban Contributing Afghan Pakistan Sunni Regular Moving and Material Transportation Najibullah Zazi Al-Qa’ida ActiveMember Involvement College Class Friendship 1st Generation1st Graduated None 25 No No Lower Lower Middle No No use No No use Urban No No use Bosnian Afghanistan Pakistan, Sunni Regular Managerial and e Administrativ Executive, Member Active Adis Medunjanin Al-Qa’ida Involvement Community School Personal Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ Some High Some Violent 29 29 Some Some Lower Lower Class Recruitment, Active Urban Contributing American Arabia Saudi Shia Intermittent Service Michael Finton Al-Qa’ida Perceived Participant Community School Discipleship 2nd Generation 2nd GraduatedHigh None 22 22 ActiveEthnic Lower Lower Class Recruitment Passive Urban Contributing Arabia Bahrain,Saudi Yemen, Afghanistan, Sunni Regular None NA Yemeni Muktar al-Bakri Unemployed College Class Participant Community Discipleship Graduated 3rd+ Generation3rd+ 29 29 None Lower Lower Middle Recruitment ActiveEthnic Passive Urban Contributing Yemeni Afghanistan Sunni Regular and Technical and Professional Sahim Alwan None NA School Participant Community Discipleship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ GraduatedHigh None 26 26 Recruitment Working Class ActiveEthnic Passive Urban Contributing and and Managerial Administrative Executive, Yemeni Afghanistan Sunni Attendee Faysal Galab None NA Generation Participant Community Discipleship Some Some College 3rd+ None 24 24 ActiveEthnic Recruitment Working Class Passive Urban Contributing Yemeni Afghanistan Sunni Attendee Al-Qa’ida Member Active Shafal Mosed Sales
112
Participant Community Discipleship 2nd Generation 2nd Some Some College None 24 ActiveEthnic Working Class Recruitment Passive Urban Contributing Yemeni Afghanistan Sunni Attendee Al-Qa’ida e Support e Administrativ Yasein Taher Member Active Participant Community School Discipleship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ GraduatedHigh None 25 ActiveEthnic Lower Lower Class Recruitment Passive Urban Contributing Yemeni Yemen Afghanistan, Sunni Attendee and Laborers and Helpers,Cleaners, Equipment Handlers, Yahya Goba None NA Generation Involvement Worship Unknown 3rd+ None 30 Unknown No No use No No No No use Suburban No No use UNKNOWN American None Sunni Attendee Donald Surratt Taiba Lashkar-e- Member Education Class Worship Graduate-level 1st Generation1st 30 30 None UpperMiddle No No use Neighborly No No use Suburban No No use Pakistani Paksitan Sunni Attendee Technical Professionaland Muhammed Aatique Lashkar-e-Taiba ActiveMember Worship 1st Generation1st Unknown None 27 No Involvement No Unknown No No use No No use Suburban No No use Lashkar-e-Taiba ActiveMember SouthKorean Pakistan Sunni Attendee Yong Kwon UNKNOWN Class Involvement Worship Some Some College 1st Generation1st 31 31 None Operational Lower Middle No No Active Suburban NonFactor Member Active UNKNOWN American Pakistan Sunni Attendee Randall Royer Taiba Lashkar-e- Education Class Leader Community Discipleship Graduate-level 2nd Generation 2nd 41 None Operational UpperMiddle Religious Active Suburban NonFactor Iraqi Arabia Saudi Sunni Attendee and Technical and Professional Ali al-Tamimi Taiba Lashkar-e- Member
113
Class Worship Unknown 1st Generation1st 31 None No Involvement No Lower Lower Middle Operational Passive Suburban NonFactor Pakistani Pakistan Sunni Attendee Lashkar-e-Taiba ActiveMember Masoud Khan Technical Professionaland College Class Generation Involvement Worship Graduated 3rd+ 30 None Lower Lower Middle No No use No No No No use Suburban No No use Member Active UNKNOWN American Pakistan Sunni Attendee Seifullah Chapman Taiba Lashkar-e- Generation Involvement College Class Worship 3rd+ Graduated 35 35 None No No Lower Lower Middle No No use No No use Suburban No No use American None Sunni Attendee Taiba Lashkar-e- Member Hammad Raheem UNKNOWN Participant Community College Class Worship Graduated 1st Generation1st 28 None Religious No No use Lower Middle No No use Urban No No use Pakistani Pakistan Sunni Attendee Taiba Lashkar-e- Member Ali Chandia Technical and Professional College Class Operational NewMedia Graduated 2nd Generation 2nd 27 NonViolent Recruitment, Lower Lower Middle Neighborly Active Urban Significant None NA Jordanian Jordan Sunni Regular Mohammad Amawi UNKNOWN
Involvement Community Friendship Operational NewMedia / Some Some College 1st Generation1st 44 NonViolent Some Some Lower Lower Class Recruitment, Active Urban Significant Jordanian Jordan Sunni Regular UNKNOWN Marwan El-Hindi None NA NewMedia 1st Generation1st GraduatedCollege None 27 No Involvement No Recruitment,Operational Lower Middle Class Active Urban Significant None NA Lebanese None Sunni Regular Wassim Mazloum Managerial Administrative and Executive,
114
Participant Community Personal Friendship 2nd Generation 2nd Some Some College None 24 Ethnic Ethnic and Religious Working Class Recruitment, Active Suburban Contributing Somali Somalia Sunni Attendee Al-Shabaab ActiveMember Kamal Hassan UNKNOWN Participant Community Personal Friendship 1st Generation1st Some Some College NonViolent 25 25 Recruitment, Ethnic Ethnic and Religious Working Class Active Urban Contributing Somali Somalia Sunni Attendee UNKNOWN Abdifatah Isse Al-Shabaab ActiveMember Participant Community Personal Friendship 1st Generation1st Some Some College None 26 Ethnic Ethnic and Religious Recruitment, Working Class Active Urban Contributing Somali Somalia Sunni Attendee and Laborers and Helpers,Cleaners, Equipment Handlers, Salah Ahmed Al-Shabaab ActiveMember Participant Community School Friendship 1st Generation1st GraduatedHigh None 24 24 Ethnic Ethnic and Religious Working Class No Use No No Use No Urban No Use No Somali None Sunni Attendee Support Administrative Omer Mohamed Al-Shabaab ActiveMember Friendship CommunityParticipant NewMedia / 2nd Generation 2nd GraduatedCollege None 27 Recruitment UpperMiddle Class ActiveReligious Active Suburban Significant Al-Shabaab Attempted Tarek Mehanna Technical Professionaland Egyptian EgyptYemen, Sunni Regular Participant Community College Class Worship Graduated 1st Generation1st 39 None Active Personal UpperMiddle Active Suburban NonFactor Taliban Attempted Palestinian Israel,China Sunni Regular Maher Hawash Technical and Professional
115
Generation Involvement Friendship 3rd+ Unknown None 32 No No Working Class Recruitment Passive Urban Contributing American China Sunni Attendee Taliban Attempted Jeffery Battle Service College Class Participant and Community Friendship Graduated 3rd+ Generation3rd+ 31 None Lower Lower Middle No Use No ActiveReligious No Use No Suburban No Use No American China Sunni Attendee and Technical and Professional Patrice Ford Taliban Attempted Generation Involvement Friendship Unknown 3rd+ None 21 No No Working Class No Use No No Use No Suburban No Use No Taliban Attempted Saudi None Sunni Attendee Muhammad Bilal Sales Involvement Friendship 1st Generation1st No High No School None 22 Some Some Community Working Class Operational Active Suburban NonFactor Pakistani Pakistan Sunni Attendee Al-Qa’ida ActiveMember Laborers Hamid Hayat Helpers, and Cleaners, Equipment
School Friendship 3rd+ Generation3rd+ GraduatedHigh NonViolent 22 22 No Involvement No Working Class Operational Active Urban NonFactor American None Sunni Unknown Sales Derrick Shareef None NA Friendship Generation NewM Unknown 3rd+ None 30 30 Recruitment Working Class Neighborly Passive Urban Contributing Member Active Moving Material and n Transportatio Taiba Lashkar-e- Mahmud Brent American Pakistan Unknown Unknown edia edia /
116
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