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The Russian Connection: How Russia Became a Leader in the World's THE RUSSIAN CONNECTION: HOW RUSSIA BECAME A LEADER IN THE WORLD’S HUMAN TRAFFICKING MARKET by ANTHONY DEMAURO B.A.S. Homeland Security State College of Florida 2013 A.A. State College of Florida 2011 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Department of Political Science in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2016 © 2016 Anthony DeMauro ii ABSTRACT This thesis assesses how the history of the USSR and its collapse affected the human trafficking market. By conducting a historical analysis of the Soviet Union, key aspects of Soviet society were determined that allowed for the human trafficking market to establish and operate extremely lucratively; a focus on some of the established factors of human trafficking including corruption, law enforcement, the economy, organized crime, and the dissolution of the Soviet government. While this thesis highlights the historical factors of Russian human trafficking, this thesis does not determine why human trafficking exists beyond the surface exploitation that human trafficking consists of. This thesis also does not explore or explain why Russian human trafficking continues to exist for nearly twenty-five years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This thesis does conclude that the history of the Soviet Union is almost tailor made for the purposes of human trafficking, with the combination of organized crime, an economy that constantly struggled, a government that was full of corruption and focused on too many endeavors, and a population that faced starvations, a lack of material goods, and political persecution all contributed to Russia having a large supply (population) of victims to be potentially exploited. iii I would like to thank and dedicate this work to my parents, who have given me support and opportunities that many are not given. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take the opportunity to thank Professor Demet Mousseau, Professor Thomas Dolan, and Professor Andrew Boutton for their time being on my committee. I would also like to extend thanks to all of the other Professors that I have had getting to this final point as well. In addition, I would like to acknowledge all of the men and women who take an active approach to understanding, stopping, and helping the victims of human trafficking. It is because of the men and women in law enforcement, in social services, and in academia that progress can be made in the identification and prosecution of traffickers, and the rehabilitation of rescued victims. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 – THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING ................................................................ 3 Human Trafficking Defined ..................................................................................................................... 3 Supply and Demand.................................................................................................................................. 7 Consequences of Human Trafficking ....................................................................................................... 8 The Russian Connection ......................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 – A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE USSR ................................................................................ 13 Marxism-Leninism ................................................................................................................................. 14 Joseph Stalin ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Cold War ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Gorbachev and the Collapse ................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3 – ORGANIZED CRIME ...................................................................................................... 21 Politics/Economics ................................................................................................................................. 22 Organized Crime..................................................................................................................................... 25 Russian Mafia ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Human Trafficking ................................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 4 – CORRUPTION BECOMES LAW .................................................................................... 31 The Corruption of the USSR .................................................................................................................. 32 The Law .................................................................................................................................................. 33 A Loss of Borders ................................................................................................................................... 34 The KGB ................................................................................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 5 – COLLAPSE AND RISE .................................................................................................... 38 The Collapse ........................................................................................................................................... 39 The Rise (Putting It All Together) .......................................................................................................... 40 Trafficking Routes .................................................................................................................................. 43 A Failure to Act ...................................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 48 Russia and Human Trafficking ............................................................................................................... 49 What is Needed ....................................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX: MAP ...................................................................................................................................... 55 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 57 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union EU European Union FBI Federal Bureau of Investigations GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ILO International Labor Organization IOM International Organization for Migration KGB Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security) NKVD People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder STD Sexually Transmitted Disease SFSR Soviet Federative Socialist Republic TIP Trafficking in Persons UAE United Arab Emirates USA United States of America USD United States Dollar USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics vii INTRODUCTION Known to be the third largest illegal global trade behind firearms and narcotics, human trafficking is a low risk, high reward endeavor for much of the organized crime underworld (Huda 2009). The short definition of human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, and exploitation of a human being. The practice of human trafficking is more profitable than other forms because the victims are seen as “expendable, reusable, and resellable cheap commodities” which differs compared to drugs, which can only be used once (Enck 2003). The majority of human trafficking falls under the classification of transnational crime, committed by members of numerous organized crime syndicates. Although consistent, verified statistics of human trafficking, for victims or traffickers, are almost non-existent, the Russian mafia is considered to be largest perpetrator of human trafficking. While also being involved in nearly every other criminal trade, the presence of the Russian mafia is found in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. The Russian mafia’s involvement in human trafficking has been recorded as the “fourth wave of human trafficking” (Granville 2004) starting at the collapse of the USSR. The research that this work will make the connection between the collapse of the USSR and the onset of human trafficking that followed. To begin, this research will first explain what human trafficking is and why it should be studied. It will then give a brief description of the history of the USSR and bring about a focus on some of the factors that are directly related to the human trafficking
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