Senate June 15 Executive Communications, Etc
5180 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. By Mr. FULMER: New Martinsville, W. Va., supporting House H. R. 7222. A bill to provide that loans on bill 3371 and Senate bill 860; to the Commit· Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive the 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, and 1946 crops of tee on Military Affairs. communications were taken from the corn, wheat, rice, cotton, tobacco, and pea 3061. By Mr. ROLPH: Resolution of Grand Speaker's table and referred as follows: nuts shall be made at a rate equal to the Parlor of the Native Sons of the Golden West, 1747. A communication from the President parity price; to the Committee on Agri San Francisco, Calif., relative to Japanese: of the United States, transmitting estimates culture. to the Committee on the Judiciary. of appropriation for the Office of the Liaison By Mr. RAMSAY: 3062. By Mr. WOLCOTT: Petition of 13 Officer, the Division of Central Administra H. R. 7223. A bill to provide for a method of qualified voters and members of the Woman's tive Services, and the War Manpower Com voting, in time of war, by members of the Christian Temperance Union of Columbia mission, of the Office for Emergency Man land and naval forces absent from the States ville, Mich., expressing interest in House bill agement, for the fiscal year 1943, in the of their residence and serving within the 3371; to the Committee on Military Affairs. aggregate amount of $15,605,719, and a draft continental United States; to the Committee of a proposed general provision applicable to on Election of President, Vice President, and the Office for Emergency Management as a Representatives in Congress. whole (H. Doc. No. 792); to the Committee By Mr. HEBERT: on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. H. R. 7224. A bill to secure prompt pay SENATE ment and adjustment of just claims for loss 1748. A communication from the President MONDAY, JUNE 15, 1942 of the United States, transmitting a supple of or damage to property received by laun mental estimate of appropriation for the dries and dry cleaning and dyeing establish Rev. Bernard Braskamp, D. D., pastor Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ments in the District of Columbia; to the of the Gunton Temple Memorial Presby- · 1943, amounting to $175,000 (H. Doc. No. Committee on the District of Columbia. 793) : to the Committee ori Appropriations By Mr. NICHOLS: terian Church, Washington, D. C., offered and ordered to be printed. H. R . 7226. A bill to amend the laws of the following prayer: 1749. A communication from the President the District of Columbia rela~ing to the re Almighty God, our Father, who art of the United States, transmitting a supple corder of deeds; to the Committee on the mental estimate of appropriations for the District of Columbia. man's unfailing friend, we pray that in District of Columbia for the fiscal year 1942, all our thoughts and toils during this day amounting to $87,009 (H. Doc. No. 794): to we may have the constant inspiration the Committee on Appropriations and or PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS and confident companionship of Thy dered to be printed. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private presence. bills and resolutions were introduced and May we daily live by that standard of REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC severally referred as follows: the better self which Thou hast revealed BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS By Mr. GOSSETT: in the Christ, our Lord, and h e! p us in H. R . 7227. A bill for the relief of Oscar pure and steadfast devotion to bear wit Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of Zimmer; to the Committee on Claims. ness that our spirits are akin to His committees were delivered to the Clerk By Mr. NICHOLS: spirit. for printing and reference to the proper H. R. 7228. A bill for the relief of lana Bless our President and these, Thy calendar, as follows: Cazenave; to the Committee on Claims. servants, who are striving to open for Mr. PACE: Committee on Agriculture. H. By Mr. WELCH: struggling humanity the Master's way of R,. 7137. A bill to amend the Agricultural H. R . 7229. A bill to correct the military the more abundant life, and may the P~djustment Act of 1938, as amended, with record of Herbert Horrell; to the Committee on Military Affairs. social order for which we are laboring l'espect to marketing quotas for peanuts, and be in conformity unto His ideal of for other purposes; without amendment brotherhood and good will among men. (Rept. No. 2230). Referred to the Commit PETITIONS, ETC. tee of the Whole House on the state of the Grant that in our prayers we may re Union. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions member more frequently and fervently Mr. SABATH: Committee on Rules. H. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk all who are giving themselves so sacri Res. 433. Resolution authorizing the House and referred as follows: ficially for those garnered treasures of Committee on Immigration and Naturaliza 3056. By Mr. BROWN of Ohio: Petition fa life which we are privileged to enjoy. t ion to make a study of the alien situation voring Senate bill 860, a bill to provide for To Thy name shall be the praise and in the United Stat es, and for other purposes; the common defense in relation to the sale without amendment (Rept. No. 2231). Re the glory. Amen. of alcoholic liquors to the members of the THE JOURNAL ferred to the House Calendar. land and naval forces or the United States Mr. DIMOND: Committee on Indian Af and to provide for the suppression of vice in fairs. H. R. 4635. A bill to authorize the On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by the vicinity of military camps and naval unanimous consent, the reading of the Secretary of the Interior to incur obligations establishments; to the Committee on Military for the benefit of natives of Alaska in ad Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, Affairs. May 11, 1942, was dispensed with, and vance of the enactment of legislation making 3057. Also, petition favoring Senate bill 860, appropriations therefor; with amendment a bill to provide for the common defense in the Journal was approved. (Rept. No. 2233). Referred to the Committee relation to the sale of alcoholic liquors to the MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT-AP of the Whole House on the state of the members of the land and naval forces of the Union. PROVAL OF BILLS AND JOINT RESOLU United States and to provide for the suppres TION sion of vice in the vicinity of military camps REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE and naval establishments; to the Committee Messages in writing from the ·Presi BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS on Military Affairs. dent of the United States were com 3058. By Mr. GRAHAM: Petition of 87 resi municated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, Under Clause 2 pf rule XIII, reports of dents of Butler County, Pa., urging legislation committees were delivered to the Clerk one of his secretaries, who also an to give the men in the Army and Navy the nounced that on June 11, 1942, the Pres for printing and reference to the proper greatest possible protection against vice and calendar, as follows: · liquor, and especially to ban beer and liquor ident had approved and signed the fol lowing acts and joint resolution: Mr. DICKSTEIN: Committee on Immi from Government commissaries and the im graton and Naturalization. H. R. 7225. A mediate vicinities of the camps; to the Com S. 244. An act for the relief of the San bill for the relief of sundry aliens; without mittee on Military Affairs. Francisco Moun tain Scenic Boulevard Co.; a.mendment (Rept. No. 2232). Referred to 3059. By Mr. MICHENER. Petition trans S. 1820. An act for the relief of Jerry Mc the Committee of the Whole House. mitted by Harriet E. Brunt, of Temperance, Kin ley Thompson; Mr. KING: Committee on Immigrat ion and Mich., and signed by 59 other residents of S. 2037. An act for the relief of Edgar B. Naturalization. H. · R. 6350. A bill for t he Monroe County, Mich., urging the enactment Dunlap ; relief of Mrs. Gabriela Redondo Ayson; with of Senate bill 860; to the Committee on Mili S. 2069. An act for the relief of the Quimby amendment (Rept. No. 2234). Referred to tary Affairs. Ryan Engineering Sales Co., Inc.; the Committee of the Whole House. 3060. By Mr. RAMSAY: Petition of Mrs. S. 2250. An act to mobilize the productive Fannie Woomer, Allen S. Fields, Mrs. Clarence facilities of small business in the interests Robert, and ot her residents of Hancock of successful prosecution of the war, and for PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS County, W.Va.; Rev. A. R. Mansberger, W. W. other purposes; Steel, Russell Ogg, and other residents of S. 2459. An act to amend the act entitled Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public bills Hancock County, W. Va.; members of the "An act for the relief of present and former and resolutions were introduced and sev Church of God of New Martinsville, W. Va.: postmasters and acting postmasters, and for erally referred as follows: and members of the Presbyterian Church of other purposes," to permit payment of total 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5181 compensation to certain employees of the area in which they disappeared had been MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE RECEIVED Postal Service employed in a dual capacity, searched thoroughly without finding a trace DURING ADJOURNMENT and of the plane or its occupants. S. J. Res.144. Joint resolution designating As the beaten Japanese Fleet retreated Under authority of the order of the ~une 13, 1942, as MacArthur Day, and author from its disastrous attack on Midway, Tinker 11th instant, izing its appropriate observance. led a fl.ight of his Army bombers from that The following message from the House Pacific outpost June 7 to attack the enemy of Representatives was received by the TRIBUTE TO GEN. CLARENCE L. TINKER east of Wake Island. When last seen by men Secretary of the Senate during the ad Mr. ANDREWS. Mr. President, it was in other planes of the forma~ion, the gen journment: announced by the Army on June 13 that eral's bomber was descending rapidly. Tinker, 54, was the first American air gen That the House had insisted upon its its air force commander in Hawaii, Maj. eral reported lost in action since the war amendments to the bill (S. 2467) to pro Gen. Clarence L. Tinker, was lost in ac started, although two others, Maj. Gen. Her vide family allowances for the dependents of tion in the recent battle of the Pacific off bert Dargue and Brig. Gen. Ha:rold H. George, enlisted men of the Army, Navy, Marine Midway Island. It is my desire, and I am . died in accidents, the latter in Australia. Corps, and Coast Guard of the United States, sure the wish of those who best knew and NATIVE OF OKLAHOMA and for other purJ?oses; agreed to the con ference asked by the S:=mate on the disagree~ admired him, that the account of his Part Indian, and a native of Oklahoma, ing votes of the two Houses thereon, and that courageous d~eds in the face of danger Tinker had commanded the Army Air Forces Mr. MAY, Mr. THOMASON, Mr. HARTER, Mr. ehall be recorded indelibly in the history in Hawaii since shortly after the Japanese ANDREWS, and Mr. ARENDS were appointed of our Nation. attacked Pearl Harbor December 7. When managers on the part of the House at the · General Tinker lost his life while on a Lt. Gen. Delos C. Emmons, also an air officer, conference. mission requiring great courage, skill, was ordered to replace Lt. Gen. Walter C. That the House had passed a joint reso and experience. General Emmons, Mili Short in command of the Hawaiian Depart lution (H. J. Res. 324) making appropria ment, Tinker accompanied him as air com tions for work relief and relief for the fiscal tary Governor of Hawaii, and command mander, relieving Maj. Gen. Frederick L. year ending June 30, 1943, in which it re er of the Hawaiian Department, stated Martin. quested the concurrence of the Senate. yesterday that because General Tinker After graduation from the Wentworth Mil would not ask his subordinates to under itary Academy at Lexington, Mo., in 1908, OPERATIONS UNDER THE LEND-LEASE take risks he himself would not take, he Tinker entered the Philippine constabulary ACT-MESSAGE FROM THE PRESI selected himself as flight leader of an im as a second lieutenant. Four years later he DENT (H. DOC. NO. 799) was commissioned in the Regular Army as portant combat mission. He died know an Infantry officer, remaining in this branch The VICE PRESIDENT laid b~fore ing that he had an important part in of the service until 1920, when he enrolled the Senate the following message from winning a great naval victory. His lead in the fiying school at March Field, Calif. the President of the United States, ership was an inspiration to his com In 1926 he went to London as assistant transmitted to the Secretary of the Sen mand, and his loss a deep personal one to military attache, and while there was in ate on June 12, 1942, under authority of all who ·knew him. jured in the crash of a plane, which burst section 5 of Public Law No. 11, s~venty into fiames. Despite his own serious injuries seventh Congr€ss, which, with the ac One is more impressed as he reviews he rescued his companion, a naval officer, General Tinker's career when he reflects trapped in the fiaming cockpit, and was companying document, was referred to that he was part Osage Indian. He was awarded the soldier's medal for heroism. the Committee on Foreign Relations: born in Oklahoma, and was a graduate SERVED IN OTHER POSTS of the Wentworth Military Academy at To the Congress of the United States of In 1927 he returned to the United States America: Lexington, Mo. At an early age he en for duty in the office of the Chief of the Air tered the Army, where he served almost Corps, later going to Kelly Field, Tex., as This is the fifth 90-day report to the continually until his death. He was 54 assistant commandant of the advanced fiying Congress on operations under the Lend years of age, and was the first American _school. Lease Act. general reported lost in action since we Tinker became chief of the aviation divi For the 3 months ending May 31, 1942, went to war, after Pearl Harbor. sion of the National Guard Bureau in Wash lend-lease aid amounted to more than I knew General Tinker personally, and ington in February 1937. Subsequently h~ $1,900,000,000. For the 15-month period served as commanding officer of the Twenty from March 1941 through May 1942 aid was with him and participated in the seventh Bombardment Group at Barksdale ceremonies at the commissioning of Mac Field, La., and as base commander at MacDill totaled $4,497,000,000 in goods and serv Dill Field at Tampa, Fla., on which occa Field, Fla. ices. We are now making aid available sion he presided. Soon thereafter he was Last November 6 he was named to com at a monthly rate equivalent to $8,000,- named to command the third interceptor mand the Third Interceptor Command at 000,000 per year. command at Drew Field, Fla., and little Drew Field, Fla., and a little more than a Dollar figures do not portray all that more than a month later was ordered to month later lVas ordered to Hawaii. is happening. The Congress has wisely Hawaii, after the tragedy of Pearl Har set few limits to the types of aid which bor. GENERAL TINKER DIED ON IMPORTANT MISSION may be and are being provided. Food He was a man of few words, and always HoNOLULU, June 12.-Maj. Gen. Clarence over 5,000,000,000 pounds-and medicine had a pleasant smile. He had eyes like L. Tinker, commander of the Hawaiian air have helped to sustain the British and the bald eagle, and led his squadron of force, lost his life while on a mission requir Russian and Chinese peoples in their gal flying fortresses into the battle where he ing "great courage, skill, and experience," lant will to fight. Metals, machine tools, Lt. Gen. De!os C. Emmons said today. and other essentials have aided them to fell knowing the seriousness of his mis General Emmons, Military Governor of sion. He fell in one of the most dramatic maintain and step up their production Hawaii and commander of the Hawaiian De of munitions. The bombardment planes sea and air battles in history, and died as ' partment, issued this st~.ttement: he would have desired. "The entire Hawaiian Department mourns and the tanks which were ordered for The Associated Press account of the the loss of Major General Tinker and his gal them last spring and summer are now deeds and death of General Tinker ap lant crew. putting their mark on the enemy. The peared in the Washington Post on June "Because General Tinker would not ask h1s British pilots trained in this country have 14, and I ask that it be printed in the subordinates to undertake risks he himself begun their work at Cologne and Essen. would not take, he selected himself as fiight And lend-lease is no longer one way, RECORD as a part of my remarks. leader of an important combat mission re There being no objection; the article quiring great courage, skill, and experience. Those who have been receiving lend was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, "He died knowing that he had had an im lease aid in their hour of greatest need as follows: portant part in winning a great victory. His have taken the initiative in reciprocat ing. To the full extent of their abilitY HAWAIIAN AIR FORCE CHIEF Is LOST IN BATTLE leadership was an inspiration to his com mand, and his loss is a deep personal one." they are supplying us, on the same lend (By William F. Frye) The Army listed the following as members lease basis, with many things we need The Army announced yesterday that its of General Tinker's crew (addresses not avail now. American troops on Australian Air Force commander in Hawaii, Maj. Gen. able): and British soil are being fed and housed Clarence L. Tinker, was lost in action in the Capt. Raymond Salyarulo, First Lt. Gilmer and equipped in part out of Australian mid-Pacific battle of Midway Island 5 days H. Holton, Jr., Second Lt. Walter E. Gurley, ago. Sgt. Arond Shank, Technical Sgt. James M. and British supplies and weapons. Our A remote possibility existed that Tinker Turk, Corp. Will J. Wagner, Sgt. Thomas E. allies have sent us special machine tools and the crew of his plane might still be Ross, Sgt. Franz Moeller, Sgt. George D. and equipment for our munitions fac alive, but the War Department said the ocean Schled. tories. British antiaircraft guns help us 5182 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 . to defend our vital bases, and British vicinity of military camps and naval estab this Nation against its enemies should be developed detection devices assist us to lishments; ordered to lie on the table. promptly removed from office. We want spot enemy aircraft. We are sharing the By Mrs. CARAWAY: speed. The Germans and Japs are conquer Petitions, numerously signed, by sundry ing the world faster than anyone ever dreamed blueprints and battle experience of the citizens of Stuttgart, Ark., praying for the was pOESible. United Nations. enactment of the bill (S. 860) to provide At a time like this we expect you to be true These things, invaluable as they have for the common defense in relation to the . leaders and not politicians. Instead of the proven, are not the major benefit we will sale of alcoholic liquors to the members of Government wanting the people to wake up, receive for our lend-lease aid. That ben the land and naval forces of the United States we, the people, want the Government to wake efit will be the defeat of the Axis. But and to provide 'tor the suppression of vice in up. Our enemies say this is a war to the the assistance we have been given by the vicinity of military camps and naval death. If so, we do not propose to be the our partners in the common struggle is establishments; ordered to lie on the table. side which di€s. By Mr. TYDINGS: In the name of our loved ones and of our heartening evidence of the way in which Petitions of sundry citizens of the State country, we sign: the other United Nations are pooling of Maryland, praying for the enactment of C. H. SANDERSON, their resources with our own. Each the bill (S. 860) to provide for the common M.s. SINER, United Nation is contributing to the ulti defense in relation to the sale of alcoholic N. J. REYNOLDS, mate victory not merely its dollars, liquors to the· members of the land and (And sundry other citizens, all of pounds, or rubles, but the full mea-sure naval forces of the United States and to pro- · Arkansas City, Kans.) of its men, its weapons, and its pro vide for the suppression of vice in the vicinity RATIONING OF GASOLINE AND COLLEC of military camps and naval establishments; ductive capacity. TION OF SCRAP RUBBER Our reservoir of resources is now ap ordered to lie on the table. proaching flood stage. The next step is By Mr. CAPPER: Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, I re Petitions, numerously signed, of sundry gard it as extremely fortunate that the for our military, industrial, and ship citizens of McC.une, Osage City, and Barber ping experts to direct its full force against protests against the untimely, unneces County, Kans., praying for the enactment of sary, and arbitrary proposed rationing the centers of enemy power. · Great the bill (S. 860) to provide for the common Britain and the United States have to defense in relation to the sale of alcoholic of gasoline in the midcontinent and gether set up expert combined bodies to liquors to the members of the land and Southwest have resulted in the postpone do the job, in close cooperation with Rus naval forces of the United States and to pro ment of such rationing at least until sia, China, and the other United Na .vide for the suppression of vice in the vicinity some investigations can be made as to tions. They are equipping the United of military camps and naval establishments; the need for it. Nations to fight this world-wide war on ordered to lie on the table. Also, I desire to call attention to the a world-wide basis. They are taking GOVERNMENTAL ECONOMY AND ALL-OUT fact that the introduction of the bill combined action to carry our men and WAR PRODUCTION-PETITION S. 2560 by the Senate Small Business weapons-on anything that will float or Mr. CAPPER. Mr. President, I pre Committee, of which I am a member, has fly-to the places from which we can sent and ask unanimous consent to have resulted in a Nation-wide drive to col-· · launch our offensives. lect scrap rubber for reclamation and printed in the RECORD, without all the use. This measure, we believe, will fur By combined action now we can pre signatures attached thereto, and appro serve freedom and restore peace to our nish the machinery to keep tires on priately referred, a petition signed by 20,000,000 civilian automobiles which are peoples. By combined action later we numerous citizens of Arkansas City, can fulfill the victory we have joined absolutely necessary in order to keep our Kans., urging economy in Government domestic economy functioning behind to attain. The concept of the United and all-out war production through the Nations will not perish on the battleft~lds the war effort. cooperation of all concerned. It is my belief, Mr. President, that of this terrible war. It will live to lay There being no objection, the petition the basis of the enduring world under these protests and this action by the was referred to the Committee on Edu Senate Small Business Committee have standing on which mankind depends to cation and Labor and ordered to be preserve its peace and its freedom. been largely instrumental in bringing printed in the RECORD without all the more sanity into the rationing program, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. signatures attached, as follows: 'THE WHITE HOUSE, June 11, 1942. which was getting far beyond the needs WASHINGTON, D. C. of the present situation by neglecting to JOURNALS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE, To the Senators and Representatives from discover what supplies are and could be LEGISLATURE OF THE TERRITORY OF Kansas. made available. GENTLEMEN: We, the undersigned citizens In this connection I ask unanimous HAWAII and taxpayers of Kansas, address this letter The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the to you because at the present time we feel consent to have printed in the RECORD at Senate a letter from the Secretary of deeply alarmed over the safety of our coun this point and appropriately referred Hawaii, transmitting through the Gov try. You are our legally elected representa statements and resolutions from the ernor of Hawaii and the Department of tives and alone possess the power to voice our chambers of commerce of the following sentiments in the councils of the Nation. Kansas cities: Newton, Arkansas City, the Interior, copies of the Journals of This being the case, we want you to know Coffeyville, and El Dorado. These cities the Senate of the Legislature of the Ter how we feel about certain things. are in the center of the oil fields of the ritory of Hawaii, regular session of 1941, First. We feel that both Congress and the midcontinent and are familiar with con and of the House of Representatives, President have been too slow to settle the regular and special sessions of 1941, labor question. We want every factory in ditions there. I bespeak the attention of which, with the accompany documents, America to work 7 days a week and 7 nights the Senate to these statements in oppo- was referred to the Committee on Terri a week in order to produce ships, guns, tanks, , sition to unnecessary gasoline rationing. tories and Insular Affairs. planes, and other supplies that are needed by There being no objection, the state our armed forces. No individual or group is ments and resolutions were referred to PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS bigger than the Nation as a whole, and we the Committee on Banking and Currency Petitions, etc., were laid before the think that the Government should establish and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, fair and honest wage levels, stop all strikes, as follows: · Senate or presented, and referred as and see to it that all important industries indicated: work to the limit of their capacity. NEWTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, By the VICE PRESIDENT: Second. We think that all the money nec Newton, Kans., June 9, 1942. A paper in the nature of a petition from essary to carry out a successful war should ·be RESOLUTION OF THE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE OJ' a citizen of Oakland, Calif., praying for the appropriated and spent in a proper manner, THE NEWTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE enactment of legislation granting increased but we think all unnecessary expenses should Be it resolved by the legislative committee compensation to postmen; to the Committee be immediately curtailed or abolished. We of the Newton Chamber of Commerce, That on Post Offices and Post Roads. are perfectly willing to give up all we pos the Office of Price Administration has under Petitions of sundry citizens of Cuba and sess to win this war, but we do not consider consideration the matter of rationing the Hinsdale, N. Y., praying for the prompt en it patriotic or even sensible to waste money consumption of gasoline in the Middle West. actment of the bill (S. 860) to provide for on nondefense projects which could be dis 1. We, as a chamber of commerce, earnestly tl~ common defense in relation to the sale of pensed with. oppose gasoline rationing 'in the Middle West al.~oholic liquors to the members of the land Third. We think that any individual, no because the extent of the damage which ani! naval forces of the United States and to matter how big or little, who hinders the might be unwittingly done to the war effort pnvide for the suppression of vice in the successful organization of the entire force of by crippling of midwestern refineries and tne 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5183 consequent curtailment of Middle West pro would be very injurious as well as inconven Banking and Currency and ordered to be duction is apparent when we consider the ient, to our section of the country. While printed in the RECORD, as follows: extent of oil production in this area. The shipping ha.s been badly handicapped to the States of Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebra-ska, Texas, eastern centers we can readily see why it was COGSWELL, N.DAK., May 29, 1942. Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Illinois, and necessary to ration gasoline in those districts, Hon. WILLIAM LANGER. Indiana produce about 2,600,000 barrels of oil but we see no reason why our refineries GENTLEMAN: We, Farmers' Union members per day. The total production of oil in the and oil-producing institutions in the Middle of the Bowen Local, No. 1168, at a regular United States is about 3,600,000 barrels per West should be brought under the same re meeting held on May 19, 1942, discm:sed the day. strictions when our wells are shut in and the tire rationing as it affects us farmers here in 2. The curtailment of the sale of gasoline storage capacity full and running over. North Dakota, as it is getting more serious will seriously affect an important source of I am sure that this letter is not necessary, every day. We fully realize that the Govern revenue to the State and National Govern as you have the same information as we, and me~t needs rubber and must have it. We ments. The total State revenue of Kansas trusting and feel sure you are doing every realize the position the rationing boards are 1s $35,000,000 per year. Of this, the gasoline thing to care for our interests when the time in, and they are having a tough job of it, and tax furnishes $11,000,000. comes. While I have been requested to for they are doing the best they can and to the 3. When the rationing of gasoline results ward this communication, that your atten best of their judgment. We also are in agree 1n the shutting down of refineries, as it will tion might be brought to the matter, I am ment that tire rationing is the only way to do, this means in turn a decreased produc thoroughly convinced that you understand conserve rubber and make it last longer. It tion of oil. Storage facilities for crude oil our problem better than I. is the only thing to do, but putting all the are not sufficient to permit the continued Yours very respectfully, farmers in the United States in one class is operation of wells which are unable to dis ARKANSAS CITY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, going to work injustice in many places, and pose of their oil. W. F. WALKER, Secretary. especially here in North Dakota. Oil is one of the most necessary products Now, do not get us wrong. We do not in for the successful prosecution of the war COFFEYVILLE CHAMBER OF COMMEnCE, tend to belittle the small farmers in the effort. Unless great care is exercised in the Coffeyville, Kans., June 11, 1942. South and East where they farm from 20 to regulation of all matters affecting its produc Hon. ARTHUR CAPPER, 60 acres apiece, which is just a mere patch tion, the United States may find itself con United States Senate, out here; where they are not raising the fronted with an oil shortage at the most crit Washington, D. C. amount of feedstuff we are, and especially ical time in the further progress of the war. MY DEAR SENATOR CAPPER: The special gas flax; where they live possibly only 4 or 5 4. It is said that the object of gasoline rationing committee of the Coffeyville Cham miles from town where they market their rationing in the Middle West would be to ber of Commerce has prepared the following products; where one truck could haul all the conserve rubber. The only rubber it would statement of policy representing our views produce out of a whole commu1;1ity in a few be necessary to conserve would be the rubber regarding the proposed national gas rationing short trips; where they have better com on the cars now in use. But time is an im program. munications and are living closer together _portant factor in our present war effort, and "We do not see any occasion for the ration they can many times double up and get by we believe it is far more important that our ing of gasoline in the Central, Midwest, and with the rubber rationing without much refineries should continue to produce the Southwest sections of the United States·. We hardship or delay that would not only be necessary fuel oil to keep necessary war in have an oversupply of gasoline and ·the costlier but in many instances disastrous out dus.tries in operation and furnish the Army theory that rationing gasoline in these areas here. Here in the Northwest, take North and Navy with the gasoline and fuel oil which will save rubber is all 'bunk.' We hope you Dakota for example, where the average farm they need so desperately than it is to con will use your influence to keep gasoline is over 500 acres apiece, where we live as high sider what we are going to do when all the rationing from being extended." as 25 miles from where we get parts for our tires are worn out. A very large number of This statement and letter was authorized machines, which is mighty urgent at times, vehicles are equipped with rubber which will by a unanimous vote of the board of directors and also the same distance to market our last them for at least 2 years. of the Coffeyville Chamber of Commerce on produce in many places; where we market If it is necessary to place further restric June 11, 1942. many thousands of bushels of grain apiece, tions upon the use of motor vehicles we be Very truly yours, and thousands of pounds of cattle, likewise lieve that a national speed limit of· 40 miles COFFEYVILLE CHAMBER hogs, and that holds true in regard to dairy per hour would go a long way toward pre oF CoMMERCE, and poultry products-and what have you serving the rubber on motor vehicles now D. A. WILLBERN, President. where in thousands of instances there is not in use, and while it would to some extent A. R. LAMB, a horse on the place but the chore team and curtail the consumption of gasoline, we do Chairman, Special Gas the majority of them are way past the use not think that the results would be so dis Rationi~g Committee. ful age; where 1 man today is producing as astrous as those which would be produced by ELTON WEEKS, .Manager. much as 5 men did 20 years ago; where rationing gasoline. 5. We endorse the statement issued by just 3 men today, >:lth a modern com Frank Phillips, general chairman of the petro CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, bine of a gocd size, will go out and harvest ElDorado, Kans., June 5, 1942. and thresh as much in 1 day as 20 men did leum industry for district No. 2, appointed just 15 years ago; where we are producing by Petroleum Coordinator for War Harold L. Hon. ARTHUR CAPPER, Ickes, which was issued from Chicago on United States Senate, Washington, D. C. foodstuff, not only for ourse:ves, but for May 24, 1942, and which discusses this matter. DEAR SENATOR CAPPER: The matter of ra millions of others as well, and especially so We urge that the most serious considera tioning the consumption of gasoline in the with flax, which is very vital to our Govern tion be given to the matters suggested herein Middle West oil-producing States was consid ment. We are all short-handed, working in by the Office of Price Administration and all ered at a meeting of our board of directors many instances night and day-sundays as other agencies qf the Government which are today. well as Mondays. We are not asking over in any way concerned with the matter; Be it Our board is unanimously of the opinion time or double pay. Now understand, we are further · that such restrictions for this area are not not slapping the factory worker by that re Resolved, That copies of the resolution be necessary or desirable. They have instructed mark. They are doing a good job. Out here forwarded to the President of the United me to convey to you an expression of their when the work is being done it has to be States, the Office of Price Administration, War approval of your action in opposing the gaso done with a certain amount of speed or in Production Board, Joseph B. Eastman of the lin~ rationing in Kansas. They urge your many instances it wouldn't get done at all. Office of Defense Transportation, Han. Harold continued opposition to this proposal. Now do not get this wrong. We are not L. Ickes, Members of Congress from Kansas, Again with our appreciation and thanks for quibblers or quitters. We stand ready to do and Governor Ratner. all you are doing, we are the job and we have been doing our level NEWTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE • Sincerely yours, best, but we just can't do it on foot or horse LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE, EDGAR GOLDEN, back. It tal{eS a certain amount of rubber. J. RODNEY STONE, Chairman. Secretary of El Dorado Now be it FRED ICE. Chamber of Commerce. Resolved, That the tire rationing be done CONSERVATION OF RUBBER TIRE&-BY according to the size of the individual farm unit and in accordance with the amount of ARKANSAS CITY CHAMBER OF -COMMERCE, RATIONING Arkansas City, Kans., June 11, 1942. produce raised or marketed. And let it also . Senator ARTHUR CAPPER, Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I pre be resolved that if there is rubber for beer Senate Office Building, sent a resolution adopted by members of trucks, coca-cola trucks, busses hauling Washington, D. C. the Farmers' Union, Bowen Lccal, No. dance band orchestras around, rubber for a MY DEAR FRIEND ARTHUR: We gather 1168, Cogswell, N. Dak. I ask unanimous half dozen bread trucks serving these towns through the newspapers and radio that there where one could do the job as well, and a lot is an attempt being made to ration gasoline consent that the resolution may be of tires for pleasure cars and pleasure driv throughout the Middle West in the near fu printed in the RECORD and appropriately ing in the b!gger cities-and what have ture. referred. you-there certainly should be tires for the Of course, we people out in the oil-produc There being no objection, the resolu farmers' trucks, and also for their cars. The ing centers realize that such legislation tion was referr~ed to the Committee on latter is used for business 90 percent of the 5184 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 time, which many times includes their only the disadvantaged status of unorganized tural wage laborer, attributing this situation means of marketing what they produce by labor in California's industrialized agri in part to their inability to exercise effectively pulling a trailer and hauling out supplies. culture. their rights of free speech, association, and This latter statement may be questioned, but collective bargaining. In this connection the in checking you will find the figures very Mr. President, I ask that a short digest committee stated: close. Now we believe that those of us who of this part 3, which will include some of "The committee believes that this labor are producing the very necessities of living tl;le salient excerpts from the report, be problem in California's industrialized agri and producing it in the volume we are, in all printed as a part of my remarks, so that culture, so described and analyzed, in part fairness to us we should be given a priority the Members of this body may have a is attributable to the absence of the effective or a higher rating than we have at the pres readily available outline of the subject exercise of political and economic rights by ent time. We may also add that to alleviate matter to be covered in this part of the the agricultural laborers involved, which has the labor shortage, take these men off these report. resulted in their having little or no voice in vehicles heretofore mentioned and put them The volume submitted today is the fixing the terms, conditions, and techniques doing something. They would never whip of employment. That the employers and the Japs or Germans with what they are do third of a 10-part report based upon field their associations have a-complete' monopoly ing if they drove those vehicles for a thou investigations which were the last of the in controlling labor relations is the most im sand years. We do not care if their ages are committee's 4-year inquiry. Subsequent portant, but often obscured, aspect of Cali 16 or 60. parts will be tendered as they become fornia's agricultural labor problem. There We recommend that a copy of this reso available from the Printing Office. The has been little pressure to adjust the disad lution be sent to our Governor, to our Con volume submitted today is a 250-page vantages of labor's position. The potentiali gressmen, our Senators, and also to the Na analysis of the status of agricultural ties of employee association and collective tional Rationing Board. labor in California, and particularly that bargaining and the application of accepted OSCAR WAHLUND, group which operates on a seasonal, part labor legislation is sometimes passed over President, Bowen Local. even by economic theorists and social work EMIL BENTSON, time, casual, or migratory basis in the ers. Too often it has been the tendency to WALTER 0RTH, great industrialized portions of Califor- · confine suggested measures of solution to REX BELL, nia's agriculture. Later parts of the raids on the taxpayers' purse or the stimula VICTOR ANNEN, committee's report will deal with indi tion of employer sentiment to put their house RUDOLPH 0RTH, vidual and specific violations of the civil in order. This recourse to theories and prac Resolution Committee. rights of these people to organize and tice of paternalism rather than economic bargain collectively and exercise their and industrial democracy has resulted in REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE rights of free speech and assembly in years of futile and feeble efforts to solve this JUDICIARY situation. connection therewith. This part of the "Employee organization and collective bar The following reports of the Commit report, however, deals with the more sig gaining are more than a means of promoting., tee on the Judiciary were submitted: nificant, economic, and social back industrial peace and avoiding strikes. The By Mr. VAN NUYS: ground out of which these specific diffi right of workers to associate themselves to S. 2579. A bill to facilitate the disposition culties arose. gether in a lawful effort to better their eco of prizes captured by the United States dur Collective bargaining cannot flourish nomic, social, and political status is more ing the present war, and for other purposes; or function effectively where there is a than an abstract civil liberty. It has a fun without amendment (Rept. No. 1488). -complete lack of status in the economic damental bearing upon the economic, social, By Mr. MURDOCK: and political welfare of the people to whom S. Res. 237. Resolution providing for an or social position of labor and a thor the right is confided by our institutions of audit of the accounts of the Cherokees for oughly disorganized system of employer law and government. It is by the exercise lands sold to the United States under the employee relationships. The committee of that civil right that the workers' disad treaty of 1846; with an amendment (Rept. felt that any investigative approach to vantaged status may be corrected and their No. 1489). the problem of protecting agricultural relationship with employers and the agencies labor's rights of association and collective of government adjusted to provide better op SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO COMMITTEE ON bargaining that was not accompanied by portunities for living" (p. 157). MILITARY AFFAIRS an exploration of related intelligent and One of the significant features of the re port was the com~ittee's conclusion that the Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, as chair constructive public policies would be an protection of civil rights of this laboring man of the Committee to Audit and Con inadequate treatment of this subject. group must include a complete rehabilita trol the Contingent Expenses of the Sen The part of the report submitted today tion of its economic, social, and political ate, I report back favorably from that contains not only the results of this eco status. After a painstaking examination of committee without amendment Senate nomic and social survey but also the com the system of agriculture· characteristic of Resolution 247 and ask unanimous con mittee's conclusions on the appropriate California and its similarity to the industrial sent for its immediate consideration. pattern, the committee's report recounted the public policies which should be promoted characteristics of employment and the mode The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolu to alleviate that situation. of living apparent from its observations of tion will be read for the information of The VICE PRESIDENT. The report the California agricultural scene. The un the Senate. submitted by the Senator from Wiscon happy relationship between the level of an The resolution OFFICE OF PETROLEUM did not concern Douglas because its contract 2. Activities of Standard Oil Co. of COORDINATOR FO'R WA'R, was for gasoline only. Stocks of fuel oil California: Dr: Frey's report leaves- no room washington, June 8, 1942. were extremely low and some marketers were for doubt that up until very recently the MY DEu MR. FuLTON: Pursuant to my in without these products for several days. conduct of Standard of California in relation •tructlons as set forth in my memorandum Neither Maxwell nor the others were ever to the war effort of the petroleum industry of March 8, 1942 to Dr. John W. Frey, Direc completely out of gasoline, however. and the effort of my office has been anything tor of Marketing, Office of Petroleum Coordi Dr. Frey called on Mr. G. W. Stratton, but helpful. The position which it took in nator for War, I have now had completed a president of Douglas, and other officials of the Pacific Northwest, of which the Douglas thorough investigation of the complaint that company, and reports that they had been Maxwell incident is but one example, is illus made to Senator MoN C. WALLGREN of Wash under the impression that the companies trative of what seems heretofore to have ington, and yourself, to the effect that the marketing in the Northwest wer~ operating been its attitude and which I hope is now Douglas Oil & Refining Co., of Los Angeles, under a pooling arrangement whereby the being corrected. has been prevented from supplying gasoline major companies, including Standard Oil ,of Apparently this Standard company saw ln to the Maxwell Petroleum Corporation of California, were selling to Maxwell and others. the wartime situation what it believed to be Tacoma, Wash., and that the Standard Oil This conclusion led to the fear on the part an opportunity to use its superior physical Co. of California in this and other respects of Douglas that their Maxwell outlet would and economic resources to improve its sales was seeking to monopoli2'e the gasoline and be lost. According to Maxwell, however, al position at the expense of its competitors, other markets for. petroleum products in the though he did borrow from companies in the who were less fortunately situated. Both the Pacific Northwest. A copy of this memoran Northwest during the period of acute tanker Deputy Coordinator and I have from the very dum was filed with you on March 6, 1942, shortage, none was purchased. Insofar as beginning taken the firm position that it and shortly thereafter Dr. Frey left for the Dr. Frey was able to determine, this was true would be our aim, insofar as it should prove Pacific coast where he spent approximately and he so advised Mr. Stratton. possible, to have the operations of the petro 1 month conducting a survey of the entire Summarizing the Maxwell-Douglas phase leum industry so conducted that the burdens situation. Since his return, the material of this matter, the following facts have been of the war would be shared equally by large which Dr. Frey collected has been exhaustive established: and small alike and no company permitted, ly reviewed, and I now wish to submit to (a) The interruption of Maxwell's tanker by virtue of wartime conditions, to improve you the following conclusions: service to the Northwest, caused directly by Its position at the expense of its competitors. 1. Contract between Douglas and Max the outbreak of the war, was the primary This was one of the reasons for the issuance well: On October 18, 1940, Douglas entered cause of diminished liftings of gasoline from of recommendation No. 11, signed by me, and into a contract with Maxwell to supply all Douglas. . for recommendation No. 29, signed by the of Maxwell's requirements of gasoline from (b) Since Standard of California was pos Deputy Petroleum Coordinator. and after the completion of the Douglas re sessed of relatively greater tanker carrying In my judgment, it would be hard to find a finery, which was then building, until April capacity in proportion to its then existing more clear-cut case of what the Deputy Co 1, 1951. The contract provided that Max sales outlets in the Northwest, it could, had ordinator and I have had in mind in estab well should take delivery of products in Los it followed our direct request as set forth in lishing the foregoing policy than that exem Angeles thereby placing the obligation to recommendation No. 11 (a copy of which is plified in this tanker situation on the Pacific provide transportation to the Northwest upon enclosed), have done much to alleviate this Northwest. Prior to the war, Standard of Maxwell. The contract also contained a el!-n condition by providing cargo space to California built and acquired a tanker fieet celation clause giving either party the right Maxwell for lifting gasoline from Douglas. of its own to move its products. No doubt to terminate on 1 year's written notice after ThiS Standard refused to do, electing in this was a sound thing for it to do. There April 1, 1942. Although it was expected that stead, and then only after pressure from my were others, however, who depended upon deliveries would commence in April of 1941, office, to loan products to the smaller mar chartering boats in the open market. This the final completion of the refinery was de keters in the Northwest. for them was the sound thing to do. But layed until December 1941, and no shipments (c) The foregoing product loans did pre neither those who owned their own fleets nor were made from such refinery until Sep vent the elimination of Maxwell and others those who chartered from others did what tember 27 of that year. During the interval in the Northwest as independent marketers they did in contemplation of war. Rather, Douglas acted as a broker for Maxwell by of petroleum products, but there can be _no each did what he thought best for himself purchasing gasoline for their account in the question that such loans did not protect at that time. Then came the war, and the Los Angeles market. Although the prices Douglas and could have protected Douglas Government virtually commandeered tankers which Douglas had to pay for this gasoline only if Standard had been willing either to on a percentage basis. Standard of Califor were generally somewhat higher than those carry cargoes from Douglas to Maxwell for nia, having a greater surplus of tankers in provided tn the contract, Douglas absorbed repayment of the loans, or if Standard had relation to its Northwest markets than did the difference. Subsequently, when the refin been willing to receive repayment from Doug others, was thereby put in a position, through ery was completed, open market prices for las in Los Angeles rather than in the North no action of its own but purely as a result of gasoline in Los Angeles had generally declined west. the war, to supply not only all of its own sales below those provided in the Douglas-Maxwell (d) Douglas can be kept whole as of the outlets but also to take over some of those contract and have remained depressed ever present date if repayment for the products of its competitors. Indeed, some of Stand since. According to Douglas, this condition borrowed by Maxwell are made with Douglas ard's officials even went so far as openly to caused Maxwell to become dissatisfied with products received either in Los Angeles by avow that they would use their relatively more the contractual arrangement and led to the loaning company or in the Northwest plentiful transportation facilities to accom numerous threats on the part of Maxwell to through tanker transportation made avail plish this verY. result, and its marketing vice serve notice of· cancelation of the contract. able to Maxwell for lifting Douglas products president pridefully said to Dr. Frey that he It appears that because of this feeling be in Los Angeles. I am addressing such a re had become what he called competitive. As I tween the parties, Douglas expected Max see it, he might more properly have charac well to follow practices which would make quest to Standard, a copy of which is en closed. terized his acts as setting a course to elimi it unnecessary for that company to pur nate competitors, either in whole or in part, chase from Douglas. Accordingly, when (e) It should be noted that Maxwell is at a time when, because of the war, such com Maxwell liftings were reduced materially in Ukely not to be too anxious to repay its bor petitors were unable to protect themselves. the early months of this year, Douglas sus rowings with Douglas products for the rea During the past few weeks, as a result of pected that company of purchasing its re son that Maxwell may well be able to settle constant pressure which has been exerted quirements elsewhere. these loans by purchasing gasoline from the both by my Office, including myself, the During the months of January, February, loaning company at prices below those pro Deputy Coordinator, and Dr. Frey, as well as and March Maxwell's liftings from Douglas vided in the Maxwell-Douglas contract. by various members of industry committees averaged only 189,000 gallons per month, Mor~over, in order to avoid any misunder on the west coast, appointed by me, Standard whereas, the liftings for the last 4 months standing about the conduct of Douglas as a of California appears to have demonstrated of 1941 averaged 641,000 gallons per month. refining organization, I consider it my duty a somewhat more cooperative attitude. Cer This sbarp reduction in liftings was due to to point out that that organization has itself tainly, it has come a long way since that time the lack of tanker transportation facilities. fiagrantly violated recommendation No. 19 late last fall when, as raported to my Office Immediately following Pearl Harbor, the of this office which requests all California by the chairman of the industry marketing transportation situation on the west coast companies to transport and purchase only committee and two of its members, the became critical. - The Hillcone Steamship Co., crude oil produced in accordance with those Standard representative on such committee which carried Maxwell's gasoline, lost the principles of conservation necessary to main fiatly stated that it was his vfew that the service of one of its two tankers in January, tain our supplies for the duration of the committee should sit passively by awaiting and the sailings of the remaining tanker were war. I am enclosing a copy of the recom the recommendations of the Petroleum Co not as frequent as prior to the war. Other mendation and desire to state that I have ordinator and thereafter fight them. relatively small companies using this serv positive evidence that Douglas has, within In conclusion, may I say that Standard's ice were in the same position as Maxwell. the past few months, purchased tens of thou refusal to cooperate with my Office has not Maxwell's greatest concern during this pe sands of barrels of so-called hot oil pro resulted in driving Maxwell, Douglas, or riod appears to have been the difficulty of duced by a single hot-oil o:gerator by the others out of business, but it did create un pbtaining fuel-oil supplies which, ~owever, name of Heise in the Ventura Avenue field. necessary hardship, and it is quite apparent 5194: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 that such a policy, 1f continued, might re collection of data and review by executives, ALCO_A IS STILL IN CONTROL OF THE ALUMINUM sult in very serious consequences. No satis whose time last week has been much occu INDUSTRY factory explanation was given Dr. Frey b-y pied by meetings of local committees under The principal objection to 0. P. M.'s Standard officials for their past tack of coop Coordinator, but I hope to transmit written eration, and the other companies quite nat reply Tuesday. handling of the aluminum program was urally believed it useless to submit a plan for H. D. COLLIER. that it put its trust in Alcoa and almost sharing tanker space in accordance with the completely ignored, and even discouraged, provisions of recommendations No. 11 ~nd [From the Los Angeles Examiner} Alcoa's competitors. While under at No. 29 when the largest owner of tankers re tack by the Truman committee, 0. P.M. fused to join in this effort. I sincerely trust The Standard Oil Co. of California is in no way whatsoever involved in the assertions of announced with much fanfare in the that the request which I am now addressing . summer of 1941, that there were to be to Standard will cause it to cure whatever the Department of Justice concerning rela past inequities have occurred and that tionship between the Standard Oil Co . . of four independent aluminum producers henceforth we shall have no repetition ot New Jersey and Axis countries. This com under the n~w Government financed ex such incidents as you have brought to m-y pany is not in any way interested in the pansion program. But there was no pub attention. Of course, you realize that m-y patents for the manufacture of synthetic lic announcement when two of the four Office, as created by the President, is only rubber under discussion. decided not to enter this field; nor has an office of coordination and consequently STANDARD OIL Co. OF CALIFORNIA. . there been a frank disclosure of the fact there are no statutory penalties which could MARCH 27, 1942. that the further expansion announced be invoked to deal directly with an offending THE ALUMINUM CRISIS-CONFUSION CON in February of this year has been as . company. We have been compelled, there TINUES TO BE THE KEYNOTE OF THE fore, to accomplish a correction of this sit signed 100 percent to Alcoa. Consequent uation through persuasion and such influence ALUMINUM PROGRAM ly, if the present arrangement prevails, as could be brought to bear by the vast ma Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I Alcoa will operate about 90 percent of the jority of those within the petroleum indus· desire to discuss . what appears to be a aluminum capacity in this country. With try who have from the beginning given my crisis in the production of aluminum, a the independents accounting for less Office complete support. strategic material which has a very than 10 percent of the total capacity, I appreciate the helpful interest which the committee, Senator WALLGREN, and your great bearing upon the success of our Alcoa's monopolistic control has been self have taken in this matter. If you desire war effort. . strengthened rather than curtailed by the any further information, I will be glad to At the outset I ask unanimous consent war production program. Criticism of furnish it. to have printed in the RECORD at the con past practices was not enough to bring Sincerely yours, clusion of my remarks certain newspaper about lasting changes. Alcoa and its HAROLD L. ICKES, clippings which support, in part, some of friends appear to be sufficiently in Petroleum Coordinator for War. the statements which I shall make in the fluential and resourceful to survive these Mr. HUGH A. FULTON, course of this address. temporary storms of criticism. Chief Counsel, Special Committee In ves~igating the National Defense The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there What is needed is a thoroughgoing Program, United States Senate. objection to the request of the Senator analysis of current conditions and a from Wisconsin? The Chair hears none, basic, constructive reorganization of the JUNE 13, 1942. and it is so orderecl. governmental machinery for administer Mr. H. D. CoLLIER, (See exhibit A.) · ing the aluminum program, not another President, Standard Oil Co. of California, Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, set of committee hearings. Once and Standard Oil Building, San Francisco, dreamy optimism will not win the war, for all let us nail down the causes of Calif.: nor will vague, misleading generalities Glenn Martin's aluminum shortage and Please inform Special Senate Committee end our shortage problems. The oldest get rid of them. For 2 years now we Investigating National Defense Program by bottleneck of the war production pro have muddled along, practically letting telegram today whether Standard Oil of Cali fornia is prepared to give unqualified ac gram-aluminum-is still plaguing the Alcoa direct the program. This may ceptance to request of Petroleum Coordi aircraft and other war industries. Glenn have made it easier for the defense agen nator in letter June 6 to you. If Standard L. Martin told the press recently that his cies back in 1940, but now that we are Oil of California is not prepared to do so, production of bombers was 20 percent at war I am convinced it is a policy please inform committee exact action Stand below capacity because he cannot get all fraught with danger for the country. ard Oil of California contemplates and rea the aluminum he needs. But the same Why should we be so largely dependent sons why it will not follow recommendations day Jesse Jones assured the Senate Bank on the judgment of a single private cor of Petroleum Coordinator. poration for the supply of so essential a HUGH A. FuLTON, ing Committee that "it looks like we are Chief Counsel, Special Committee In going to have ample aluminum." Alcoa war material as aluminum? Such a mittee Investigating the National added to the confusion with the retort, course is particularly reckless, in vlew of Defen se Program. "if Glenn Martin isn't getting his alumi the fact that maximum output is the num, the fault lies somewhere else," in goal of the war production drive, while JUNE 13, 1942. timating that the aircraft scheduling unit this particular corporation, Alcoa, has HUGH A. FULTON, of \V. P. B. is at fault. Bombers are too for 50 years successfully pursued the Chief Coun sel, Special Senate Commit important for us to be content with buck policy of restricting production to that tee Investigating the National Defense passing. We must find out now what is level which would enable it to remain a Program, Washington, D. C.: monopoly. Unrestricted expansion and Replying your telegram today, while not wrong while we can still remedy the situ accepting Petroleum Coordinator's criticisms ation and not wait for disaster to give distribution, therefore, run counter to the of company's conduct, Standard Oil Co. of birth to a post mortem. natural and acquired characteristics of California is prepared to give unqualified ac Ever since the summer of 1940 when Alcoa. ceptance to specific requests of Coordinator the national defense program was initi ALCOA'S MONOPOLISTIC POLICY DEPRIVED US OF in his letter June 6 to me, except that relat ated, the aluminum program has suf ADEQUATE WAR PREPAREDNESS ing to recommendation No. 11. Since recom fered from confusion and the kettle-call The aluminum bottleneck is neither an mendation No. 11 was issued, our tankers ing-the-pot-black sort of faultfinding. have been requisitioned by United States, act of God nor an inevitable disaster, as and matter now rests solely within jurisdic Attempts have been made in the past to some would have us think. It is largely tion of War Shipping Administration. Con explore the situation, but they never a corporation-made catastrophe, born of cerning recommendation about return of went far enough. Some improvements monopoly. In two respects the alumi borrowed products, Standard is quite willing resulted from the Truman committee num situation is worse than that pre to accept repayment in kind at points con hearings but, as the investigations sub vailing in any other basic war industry. venient to borrowers. None has asked Stand sided, old evils returned and basic defi First, only one corporation, Alcoa, is ex ard to accept repayment at any point dif ciencies remained untouched. Take for ferent from that where loan was made. perienced in the production of aluminum Concerning recommendation No. 29, Stand example the fact that although the and that same company dominates the ard has been active in compliance with this aluminum section was one of the most most strategic fabricating branches of recommendation in all respects and will con severely censured branches of the old the industry, such as aircraft sheet, forg tinue this policy. Complete reply to Co 0. P.M., it was carried over into W. P. B. ings and extrusions. Second, its avail ordinator's letter has been delayed pending lock, stock, and barrel. able facilities were being used at capac- 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5195 ity evf;n before the defense program got suade ·the Government from creating ship was created by Alcoa and I. G. Far under way 2 years ago. Both conditions independent sources of aluminum. ben to enforce this agreement, the terms are directly attributable to Alcoa's his Shortages and priorities developed in of which prohibited Alcoa from partici toric policy of keeping the industry unto aluminum before they appeared in any pating in the development of the mag itself and preventing the rise of competi .. other :lndustry. Civilian requirements nesium industry in the United States, di tion. have not been met since February 1941 rectly or indirectly, without the consent For half a century Alcoa maintained a when priorities were established. From o~ I. G. Farben. · constant vigil against the intrusion of all indications, such as complaints of air Let me say, Mr. President, that mag independent producers. It bought them craft manufacturers and the change-over nesium is only a little less important and out or discouraged them by one device or to plywood planes, even military needs vital to our war effort than is aluminum. another so that they gave up before long. are not being satisfied. These shortages Back in 1931 Alcoa thus gave the Ger The net consequence is that, due to and priorities necessitated a sudden and mans effective control over the develop Alcoa's policy, the Government has the ruthless curtailment by civilian alumi ment of our magnesium industry and a dismal choice of either putting its entire num manufacturers which meant un powerful voice in the determination of faith in this one corporation or entrust employment for cooking utensil work the growth of our aluminum industry. ing part of the expansion program to in ers in my State, as well as· for many After Hitler came into power the Ger experienced and untried producers. In others throughout the Nation. Short mans insisted that the aluminum cartel stead of having the benefit of concurrent ages, priorities, and unemployment permit them to expand productive ca expansion by a number of seasoned oper these were Alcoa's first contributions pacity and output without restraint. ating companies, the war agencies have under the defense program. ' The other cartel members agreed to this found it necessary to limit themselves Alcoa has also failed with respect to modification for Germany, provided it primarily to what Alcoa can do by itself. the financing of new plants. Since the did not result in the export of German On the second count, that of spare summer of 1941, the Federal Govern aluminum to their protected home capacity, Alcoa is equally responsible. ment and not Alcoa has paid for sub markets. Aluminum was the only basic war indus stantially all the expansion of aluminum In other words, Mr. President, under try without extra productive facilities productive capacity, to the tune of $568,- the agreement those who were either di· when the defense program began 2 years 000,000 of public funds. Whether or not rectly or indirectly in the aluminum ago, because it was one of the very few defense officials were justified in 1940 and cartel granted the German manufactur cases of perfect monopoly. When there 1941 in putting their full trust in Alcoa ers, after Hitler came into power, the are no competitors, a monopoly can keep is of historical interest only and I do not right fully to expand productive capacity its capacity down to the abnormally low want to waste time arguing that ques in Germany, provided they would not level which guarantees it an easy sale at tion. As a practical matter, even if they export any of their increased capacity a fat profit for all it produces. Alcoa did were justified then, developments during and thus unset the domestic monopoly just that and thereby deprived this coun that time and right down to date dearly control of the other constituent members try of that safety margin of surplus ca establish that there is no good reason of the cartel. pacity which is a byproduct of real com for continuing to put nearlY all the Gov Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the petition and a godsend in times of ernment's aluminum eggs in Alcoa's bas Senator yield for one observation? emergency. ket. An initial error is understandable, The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. AN Alcoa's traditional high-price policy even though not justifiable, but to per DREWS in the chair). Does the Senator brought in its wake particularly disas sist in this course is worse than stupidity. from Wisconsin yield to the Senator from trous results from the viewpoint of war Not only did Alcoa fail to keep its Dlinois? production. Unreasonable prices during promises but it went further and tried Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. the past two decades discouraged the use to cover up its deficiency with over Mr. LUCAS. . The Senator is making of aluminum by the automotive indus optimistic, misleading advertisements a most interesting argument, and many tries. Under normal competitive condi and public announcements. It minimized of the facts which be is now discussing tions they would have used huge quan the shortage, describing it as a pinch in were brought out before the Committee tities of this modern, light metal. To the supply which was more or less a tem on Patents. After Hitler came into meet their needs the aluminum industry porary matter. Analysis of the testimony power in Germany, those contracts, as I would have had to increase substantially of its omcials before investigating com understand, with the American concern its facilities for producing and fabricat mittees would also show that Alcoa. has and the English concern were renewed, ing aluminum. If Alcoa had not halted customarily confused rather than clari and Hitler had complete information as this trend toward a bigger aluminum fied the issues under inquiry. Despite to the contents of all the contracts be industry, these extra facilities would have this situation the Federal Government tween I. G. Farben and the different been available for defense or war pro has in effect placed the aluminum pro groups in this country. I desire to make duction when the emergency arose, there gram almost completely at the mercy of the observation-and I am sure the Sen by reducing, and perhaps even eliminat this one company without proViding it ator will bear me out as to this fact, ing, the aluminum bottleneck. self with adequate means for checking which seems to me to be so important in In view of the way monopoly has Alcoa's performance and good faith. · connection with what was going on at warped and repressed the aluminum in ALCOA'S POLICIES HELPED TO GIVE WORLD LEADER- that time-that, while Hitler and the dustry, it can be asserted that but for SHIP IN ALUMINUllol AND MAGNESIUM TO NAZI Nazi group apparently knew everything the policy of Alcoa the aluminum crisis GERMANY that was going on, the Government of would be far less serious and much easier Recent disclosures of Alcoa's friendly the United States and the Government to conquer than is adually the case ties with the Nazi government's princi of Great Britain were absolutely in the today. pal stooge in the business world, I. G. dark as to any of the contents of various ALCOA HAS DEFAULTED ON ITS PROMISES TO MEET Farben, accentuate the need for a thor international cartel agreements. That THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY ough reappraisal of Alcoa's role in the has seemed to me to be one of the most · The events of the past 2 years show war-production drive. In 1931 a world detrimental things which could happen that Alcoa has not dealt adequately with cartel in aluminum was formed, includ to. a country which was about to go to the aluminum problems which arise dur ing the Germans as a direct member and war, as Great Britain was at that time, ing a national emergency. When the Alcoa a6 an indirect member. Essentially and as we ourselves did later on. In defense program was inaugurated 2 years the cartel protected the United States other words, Hitler had the advantage. ago Alcoa promised that it would meet market from foreign competition but in He took advantage under those con all reqUirements, both-civilian and mili return Alcoa had to limit its production tracts, to the disadvantage of this coun tary, and that it would provide all the and capacity to domestic requirements. try, when this country was not in a additional capacity required by the pro Simultaneously with the consummation position to know anything about the gram. On both counts it has failed of the· aluminum cartel, Alcoa entered contents of the agreements. miserably. It appears to have made into an agreement with I. G. Farben cov That is the point which we have dis these promises recklessly in order to diS- ering magnesium. An American partner- cussed in the committee, and I desired 5196 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 to bring it out at this particu!ar juncture ing 439 percent for Germany and 25 aluminum plants. Until now only high in the Senator's able argument, and to percent for the United States. This con grade bauxite has been used by Alcoa say that from now on, so far as the Sen trast in relative development is all the and it will continue to use high-grade ator from Illinois is concerned, no inter more remarkable in view of the fact that bauxite in its own private plants. The national cartel arrangement can ever be Germany had neither domestic bauXite Aluminum Section of W. P. B. contends made unless the State Department or deposits, such as we have, nor the vast that low-grade bauxite has to be -.tsed some other governmental agency jn waterpower resources of this country. in the Government plants because do Washington shall approve or endorse or Due to Alcoa's cooperation, the Nazis mestic reserves of high-grade ore are register such agreement, so that the re were able to exert even greater influence limited and imports from South America sponsibility can ultimately be laid right over our magnesium industry. It was are restricted by the shipping bottleneck. at the door of our own Government, if kept pitifully small, a mere fraction of There can be no dispute about the short anything of that sort should ever happen Germany's. I. G. Farben representatives age of ships but there is serious doubt again. were executives of the American Mag as to whether domestic deposits of high Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I appreciate very nesium Corporation and the Magnesium grade bauxite are as limited as Alcoa much the Senator's comment, and it Development Corporation, the partner and other private mine owners would serves to buttress the point I am at ships set up here by Alcoa and I. G. Far have us believe. This whole question of tempting to make. I agree with him 100 ben to operate their magnesium business. high-grade versus low-grade ore is im percent in the statement he has made If Senators will bear in mind the doc portant because the low grade requires concerning the disadvantage to our Gov trine of corporate law enunciated by the more processing, more labor, and more ernment v1s-a-vis the Nazi government Nazis which I outlined a few moments chemicals than does the high-grade va because of this situation. I also desire ago they will see the added significance riety. If we turn to low-grade bauxite to add a further comment in a slight di of this statement. while high-grade ore is still available, gression; and that is-and the Senator Alcoa was as much a partner of I. G. we are wasting me11, materials, and will weli remember it if he had an op Farben in magnesium as Standard Oil time, and are slowing down the war portunity to be present, or I am sure he of New Jersey was in synthetic rubber production drive, insofar as aluminum is has read it-to refer to the able analy and the results were equally disastrous concerned, which is essential to the suc sis of the utilization of cartels and cor in both cases. Despite our anti-Axis pre cess of that effort. It is essential, there porations as a part of the Nazi economic war sentiments, and despite our declara fore, to make certain that there is not war policy presented to the Senate Pat tion of war against Germany in Decem sufllcient high-grade bauxite to supply ents Committee. ber 1941, not until April of this year, the new Government plant before decid Early the Nazis did an unusual thing, 1942, were these intimate and dangerous ing to run it on low-grade ore. from a legal standpoint. They, of ties between Alcoa and the Nazis broken. No such precautions were taken by course, maintained and declared that all And even then, it was brought about only the Aluminum Section of W. P. B. Long German companies owned in Germany after a long investigation by the Anti before it even knew what the high-grade were nationals of Germany, and would trust Division and a Federal grand-jury bauxite reserves were, it decided to use be treated as such, but they also an ·indictment. It is significant that Alcoa low-grade ore in the Government plants. nounced a new doctrine, so far as cor preferred to pay fines and accept a con On September 15, 1941, Arthur H. porate law is concerned, in my ken, sent decree rather than try to prove its Bunker, Chief of the Aluminum Section, namely, that American-owned compa innocence in a court of law. told the Truman committee that- nies in Germany were to be brought on Despite Alcoa's record, it has enjoyed a our program suggests that not one single all fours with the wholly owned com greater latitude under the war-produc ton of high-grade bauxite enter into the panies situated in Germany, and that tion program than any other corpora production of aluminum metal-not 1 ton German-owned American. companies, in tion of which I know. Because it was a because the demands on this country for torporated under the laws of the States perfect monopoly when the defense pro high-grade bauxite, for which there are no of the United States, were to be placed gram began in 1940, Alcoa was the Gov substitutes at all, are very great. on the same legal footing as wholly ernment's only source of technical data That statement was made before any owned companies in Germany. on aluminum within the industry itself. compreh~nsive survey of bauxite re If Senators will pause to consider what Substantially, that situation has re sources of this country had been com that meant they will realize that the mained unchanged down to this very pleted, and so Mr. Bunker could not have companies which were formed by I. G. hour. During these 2 years the defense known whether or not there was enough Farben, or other great German trusts, in and war agencies have neglected to bUild high-grade bauxite here for use in alumi connection with American corporations, up competent, independent staffs which num production. The first Nation-wide were, so far as German law was con could reach decisions and appraise con bauxite survey was released by the Bu cerned, and so far as the activities of the ditions independently of Alcoa. As a reau of Mines and the Geological Survey German Government were concerned, re result, we never had, and we do not have on November 1, 1941, a month and a half garded as being on the same basis and now, any machinery for checking up on after Bunker's statement, and even that were treated in the same way as if they what Alcoa is doing or what Alcoa pro survey was inadequate. The Aluminum had been corporations wholly owned by poses the war agencies of the Nation Section's decision to use low-grade baux German citizens and incorporated under shall do. The urgent need for the Fed ite for the manufacture of aluminum the laws of Germany. eral Government to step in and shoulder was, therefore, necessarily based on With Germany free to expand its pro responsibility for the operations as well what they were told by Alcoa and other duction while · all other produeers, in as for the financing of the aluminum pro bauxite owners and not on independently cluding Alcoa, continued to operate gram is indicated not only by what Alcoa ascertainable facts as to available under cartel restrictions, the Nazis had has done in the past few years but also by reserves. the opportunity to become the world's the dangerous trend of the current ex Private owners of bauxite deposits are palm largest aluminum producers. pansion program. The goal of the war ing off on the Government their low-grade How the cartel played right into the production drive, maximum output right ore hands of Hitler is shown by a compari now, appears to be ignored whenever it The views and recommendatio~~ of son of German and United States pro conflicts seriously with the private busi the private bauxite industry sho~:.:· ·· 'llOt duction for 1930, the year before the ness interests of Alcoa and other ,affected be taken at face value, because they ·!'l1).7e cartel was formed, and 1938, the year corporations. Illustrative of the general every incentive to minimize the utiliza before ·the war broke out. In 1930 Ger pattern are the arrangements which tion of high-grade bauxite and to maxi many produced less than one-third as have been made for the mining of the mize the consumption of low-grade ore much aluminum as did the United States, ore of aluminum, bauxite, and its chem during the war period. Until now low the figures being 31 ,000 and 104,000 ical purification. grade bauxite has had very little market metric tons, respectively. But by 1938 BAUXITE ability in this country. After the war, ·the Nazis had shot ahead of this country. Government plants are unjustifiably being with the superabundance of ships·, high- Germany then produced 167,000 tons as denied high-grade bauxite ·· grade bauxite from South America will against our 130,000-the relative in The present plan of W. P. B is to use come into this country at low enough a:eas.~s in output from 1930 to 1938 be- low-grade bauxite in the Government prices to drive low-grade domestic , 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5197 bauxite out of the market. Conse it nets the mine operators the largest fore the Truman committee that "our quently, the war period is the only time possible profit. This war is not, or at program suggests that not one single ton when the owners of low-grade deposits least should not be, run to secure for of high-grade bauxite enter into the can realize any attractive profits on these private interests the largest possible production of aluminum metal-not one otherwise worthless ores. Naturally, profits. Instead of catering to the ap ton * * * ." Mr. Bunker should have while the war market lasts, bauxite petite for fat profits, W. P. B. should . known when he made the statement that owners will do all in their power to dis plan bauxite operations on the basis of it was misleading. He knew that only pose of the inferior bauxite. the availability of reserves and nothing the Government alumina plants were go As for high-grade bauxite, the situa else. As long as there are high-grade ing to operate exclusively on low-grade tion is entirely different. Relatively deposits in existence, the use of low-grade ore while the private plants of Alcoa and speaking, the available supply of high ore is gross inefficiency. The crucial Reynolds were to continue to use prin grade is considerably less than that of question is, therefore, how much high cipally high-grade bauxite. He must low grade, while the market for it is grade bauxite is there in this country have known these facts because such was larger and more stable. Domestic high and how long is it likely to last? the unfair and lopsided arrangement' grade bauxite commanded profitable High-grade bauxite reserves are ample at least which he approved and helped put into prices before the war and is likely to do until1946 or 1947 force. so after it is over. At least domestic Since Government officials were willing These misleading statements regarding high-grade bauxite will be better able to to rely on the data and advice supplied the true state of affairs by the chief of compete with South American bauxite by private industry, no thorough check W. P. B.'s aluminum section are inexcus than will low-grade ore. That is clear up has been made of this country's high able but they are understandable. Mr. a:1d plain on the face of it. Further grade bauxite reserves. Alcoa, however, Bunker was in an awful predicament. If more, the rising tax rates are constantly did make a survey of the Arkansas re he revealed all the facts, he would have cutting the net profits so that the mining sources in connection with the recent had to run the gantlet of public de of, high-grade bauxite may well be less antitrust trial. Its experts estimated that nunciation and attack for applying the profitable during the war than it will be Arkansas had between 20 and 30 million bauxite shortage to Government plants afterward. Perhaps the most important tons of high-grade bauxite on May 1, only. He would have been hard put to influence bearing down on the owners 1940. This estimate probably tends to find the answers to such embarrassing of bauxite deposits is their fear that the understate rather than exaggerate the questions as to why it was decided that unrestrained use of high-grade bauxite size of these domestic deposits because no high-grade bauxite would be available during the war will leave them without Alcoa was interested at the time in prov for the Government plants, while, at the any high-grade ore for the post-war ing that it had to go abroad to assure it same time, it was decided to expand period in their own plants. self of an adequate supply of raw mate Alcoa's private plants to enable them to Mining is a "wasting asset" industry rial. Mining operations between May 1, use even greater quantities of high-grade which means that every ton of high 1940, and January 1, 1942, probably re ore than they had ever used before. grade bauxite mined and sold during the duced the Arkansas reserves about 1,000,- Equally misleading were other asser war depletes the supply available for sale 000 tons. We, therefore, started 1942 tions by Mr. Bunker about high-grade during later years. Mine operators are with nineteen to twenty-nine million bauxite. He claimed that there were no particularly sensitive to t:qis fact, when, tons of Arkansas high-grade bauxite, as substitutes for high-grade bauxite in the as is the case with high-grade bauxite, yet unmined. abrasive and chemical industries, imply their reserves may be exhausted by the Taking the minimum estimate of 19,- ing that there was a substitute in the war program. They naturally try to save 000,000 tons, Arkansas could supply all aluminum industry. As an engineer, Mr. themselves from the possibility of being the needs of this country, as they are now Bunker should know better than that. put out of business. They urge the estimated until late in 1946 even if there High-grade bauxite is as essential to greatest use of low-grade bauxite, there were no accumulated stock piles or im aluminum manufacture as it is to the by reducing the demand for their pre portations from South America. If Al production of certain abrasives and cious high-grade ore, and, incidentally, coa's more optimistic estimate is used chemicals. reap windfall profits on the ordinarily as the basis of calculation, these deposits Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President- worthless low-grade ore. Obviously, it is would last until 1950. A more realistic The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. to the selfish interest of the private seller computation would take into account the THoMAS of Utah in the chair). Does of bauXite to overstate the advantages of fact that a substantial stock pile of high the Senator from Wisconsin yield to the using low-grade ore and to play down the grade bauxite was available at the be Senator from Utah? disadvantages of such a procedure. ginning of this year and considerable Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I am glad to yield. Government officials have catered too much quantities of Guiana bauxite are still to private bauxite interests reaching our ports. Recognizing these Mr. MURDOCK. I am reluctant to interrupt the Senator's fine address. Under these circumstances those re factors, the date of exhaustion would probably be postponed until late 1947 or Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I welcome the sponsible for the aluminum program interruption. should have found out what the extent 1948 even if Alcoa's estimates are taken at their minimum. Mr. MURDOCK. In connection with of our high-grade reserves was, inde the discussion of bauxtte, however, I pendently of the private owners. In The sharp contrast between Alcoa's estimates and Mr. Bunker's statements wonder if the Senator's investigations stead, the defense officials have relied on have led him into the alunite field? Alcoa and other mine operators and have indicates how badly the elemental ques tion of bauxite reserves has been han Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I given prime attention to their interests am going to mention that as I go along, and wishes. For example, Mr. Bunker dled by the responsible Government agencies. It appears from the informa and if I do not touch upon it sufficiently told the Truman committee that bauxite I wish the Senator from Utah would sup deposits are one-third high grade and tion available to me that either the pub lic officials are the innocent dupes of the plement anything I have to say. two-thirds low grade, and "since we want Mr. MURDOCK. I agree with the to operate that field by taking a cross private interests, or they are consciously helping Senator as to much that he said with section of ore out," it will be necessary the corporations preserve their reference to Mr. Bunker, and I should like to mine two tons of low-grade bauxite best ores for more profitable post-war to add a great deal to it. I have run into along with every ton of high grade. operations. Whichever is the reason, the the same barriers and the same obstruc What he failed to state is that there is situation is intolerable, and responsibil tions which have confronted everyone no technological necessity for "taking a ity should be placed in more competent else who has tried to interfere in any way cross-section of the ore" in any such hands. with the aluminum program. ratio. The country has been confused with respect to Mr. LA FOLLETTE. And, of course, For over 40 years high-grade bauxite the bauxite program the Senator's State, if he will pardon me, has been mined in this country without Some of Mr. Bunker's statements on has a great interest in the subject be anyone finding it~_ necessary to extract the bauxite situation make one wonder cause of the large deposits of alunite in twice as much low-grade ore in the proc whether he was misled by private indus Utah. ess. The only excuse for the kind of op try. For example, his statement was Mr. MURDOCK. That is true, and I erations suggested by Mr. Bunker is that misleading when he flatly asserted, be- think before the war is over the country 5198 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . JUNE 15 will find out that the high-grade alunite luctantly agreed to include an alunite The excuse given for keeping the plant deposits of Utah are just as good and plant in the GovBrnment expansion pro so small is-that the r.eserv.es of alunite do efficient for the production of aluminum gram. This recognition is more of a not warrant a larger plant. According as is high-grade bauxite. moral victory than a material one, be to the Bureau of Wnes, Utah reser·.res Mr. LA FOLLETTE. And yet, Mr. cause the p1ant finally authorized is in alone could keep a plant six times as President, the only plant, as the Senator significant in size, accounting for only large as the one authorized running at well knows, for the use of that process one-half of 1 percent of the ~ndustry's capacity. for 10 years. On the basis of will produce only about one-half of 1 per capacity. the size of the plant they have permitted cent of the total program as it has been Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will to be established the Utah reserves alone thus far outlined. the Senator from Wisconsin yield? will make it possible to operate that plant Mr. MURDOCK. That is true; and Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. for 40 years. we had the greatest difficulty in the world Mr. MURDOCK. I should also like to There are also alunite deposits in the even in getting Mr. Bunker to approve make the observation that, in my opinion, State of Washington and, in addition, that small amount. Mr. Bunker in allowing on1y the construc the process can be applied to aluminum . Mr. LA FOLLETTE. You had to blast tion of a very small, impracticable unit bearing clays which are abundant in the your way in to get one-half of 1 percent. for alunite, hoped to demonstrate the West. But most important of all is the All three industries, that is the alumi high cost of alunite, and thereby discour basic contradiction in the W." P. B. Alu num industry, the abrasive industry, and age its use in the production of aluminum. minum Section's attitude. If the short the chemical industry, require substan Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Yes. And what age of high-grade bauxite is so severe tially the same quality of bauxite. When do Senators suppose the record will be that there is none available for Govern any of them resort to inferior grades of with respect to the Government alumi ment plants, why has W. P. B. failed ore, preliminary purification becomes num plants when the post-war period to make greater use of the alunite de necessary. So no matter what Mr. comes? I was here, Mr. President, and posits? The answer is that, when it Bunker says, the abrasive and chemical saw the valiant Senator from Nebraska comes to discussing alunite, "we have industries would be at no greater dis [Mr. NoRRIS], who sits next to me, fight planned that if the emergency so require, advantage than the aluminum industry here an almost single-handed battle for we can take care of this country's needs if they had to use lower grades of baux years to save Muscle Shoals, and finallY, on the fully expanded program for a ite. as the. result of that fight, because of his great many years from Arkansas.'' That As a matter of fact, the abrasive in efforts, the great Tennessee Valley :Au is what Mr. Bunker told the Truman dustry, at least, can curtail its consump thority under President Roosevelt was committee. tion of domestic high-grade ore more develop~d. This kind of smart-aleck double talk advantageously than can the aluminum Mr. President, can you not hear Sena on the 'part of the public officials in industry. In the manufacture of abra tors 4 or 5 or 10 years from now-God cbarge of the aluminum production pro sives, the bauxite must be thoroughly knows how long it will be, when the war gram is intolerable. If there is enough dried first, it being heated preliminarily is over-thundering in the Senate Cham- . bauxite for a great many years, why to the point where all the chemically ber, telling that the Government's alumi waste valuable shipping space to bring combined water ·is driven of! from the num operation was a complete failure? bauxite from Dutch and British Guiana? ore. The aluminum industry, on the They will say, "Look at the high cost of If, as is the case, ore reserves are limited other hand, uses a partially dried baux these Government plants. We must turn and can be exhausted by a long war, the ite. -Consequently, the ore boats bringing them over to Alcoa, or someone else who . alunite process should be utilized to the high-grade bauxite from South America really knows how to operate this busi maximum as a precautionary measure. to this country for the aluminum in ness." I can hear them all now, Mr. More direct and independent governmental dustry carry as cargo a substantial President. They will say the same thing action needed to rehabilitate the bauxite amount of water contained in the ore. about alunite. program If, however, the abrasive industry were Mr. HILL. Mr. President, will the Sen These and similar defects will perme to use this imported bauxite, the water ator -yield? ate the bauxite program as long as a pri could be dried out completely before Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. vate monopoly continues to dominate shipment. The boats, the ships-and Mr. HILL. Does the Senator doubt· public war policy in this field. There is every Senator knows how prec:ous every that that is one reason why the Govern a basic conflict between the narrow one of them is at this hour-used to meet ment plants are using only the low-grade profit interests of the · private corpora the needs of the abmsive trade would bauxite, so that the cost will run high and tions which mine bauxite and the wel then be able to carry 40 percent more so that the high cost can be pointed to fare of the war-production drive. As bauxite than they do now. This shift to illustrate the inefficiency, the waste, has been shown, the pressure of the pri from domestic to foreign bauxite _by the and the incompetency of anything that vate operators is against a too rapid ex- · abrasive industry would thus result in smacks of Government operation? ploitation of our best , bauxite deposits a more efficient use of our ships in the Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Of course, Alcoa · even though such a course is essential if war-production program. is running these plants, but it will not maximum production is to be attained Neglect of alunite process aggravates raw bother them much to be in an incon at the earliest possible moment. Private material shortage sistent position, because all the way operators are also unhealthily interested The insincerity of W. P. B.'s position through they have been in an inconsist in putting the Government plants on on the bauxite ~hortage is also revealed ent position in this situation. Further such an uneconomic basis as to prevent by its unreasonab:e, protracted, persist more, there is the other reason I have their being operated competitively after ent, and dogged opposition to the alunite suggested, name1y, that because there is the war, although, as I have stated, the process. This process makes it possible an admitted limit to the amount of high public already has $586,000,C4JO invested to substitute alunite for bauxite as the grade bauxite in this country, it is to the in aluminum plants. raw material for aluminum. At first the advantage of the private operators to The improvement of the bauxite pro Aluminum Section refused to have any keep as much of the high-grade for gram cannot wait until a private mo thing to do with it and did everything themselves and for the post-war period nopoly gets a broader and less selfish possible to discourage its sponsors. Yet as possible, because they .know, or at view of its role in this war. Government I reemphasize that Mr. Bunker, chief of least they have every reason to believe, must step in firmly and tell this private the section, before the Truman committee that they can successfully compete with monopoly in clear and unmistakable tried to defend himself on the ground the high-grade bauxite from South terms what is to be done in the public that there was such a shortage of high America with their own high-grade interest and in the interest of winning grade bauxite that he had to use low bauxite, whereas they might find it diffi the war. grade ore in the Government's plant. cult to compete with-indeed, they prob Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi However, the alunite people refused to ably could not compete with-the low dent, will the Senator yield? give up, and, finally, after laying their grade ore unless there is technological Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. case before the Truman committee and advance, which there undoubtedly will Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I do not getting the approval of the Bureau of be. I am not, however, touching on that want to divert the Senator from his very Mines, Q..)vernment defense officials re- question in this particular speech. interesting discussion of the subject, but 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5199 does he not know that exactly the same trated the monopoly ring to any substan aluminum. The Government's aluminum situation exists with respect to other tial degree. busines should be as integrated as Al strategic materials, such as magnesium, Government must recognize that today coa's enterprise. This means one com iron, and steel? I do not think it can be aluminum is a war necessity, dominated prehensive and cohesive unit, instead of successfully contradicted that there are by monopoly; and consequently its sup a dozen different agencies dabbling in the in high Government places representa ply and distribution have become a Gov Government's aluminum program. A tives of private industries in various ernment responsibility. It must also face Federal Aluminum Authority should be strategic materials, who are acting as the fact that newcomers are loath to set up with full responsibility and equally policemen to prevent exactly what the enter this industry ·because of its mo broad authority. This all-inclusive or Senator said about aluminum-any pos nopolistic atmosphere and pressures. ganization could then staff itself with sible competition of Government plants Consequently Government has had to competent technical people who will en with private production after the war is provide the funds for expansion ever able the Government to stand on its own over. They are willing to hamstring the since the summer of 1941. The direct feet and not be dependent on Alcoa for Government effort at this time for that investment of the United States Govern the determination of executive policy in purpose. ment in aluminum plants now totals the aluminum field. Unless a centralized Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I appreciate the $568,000,000. Mr. President, that is not organization of the scope suggested here statement of the able Senator from Mis chicken feed, even in these days of huge is set up, I venture the prediction that souri. I have not made the study of expenditures. the war-production program as far as other materials which I have tried to The public power developments which aluminum is concerned will continue to make, with able assistance, in connection supply the electric power for almost all be warped by the overweening desire of with the aluminum situation. In the fu the public and private aluminum plants private corporations to protect their post ture I intend to discuss further aspects constitute a substantial indirect invest war business and economic interests. A of the aluminum situation, as time per ment of public funds in the aluminum firm, independent attitude on the part mits. industry. All told, about three-quarters of the Government in concept and in Production schedules for each mine billion dollars of public moneys have deed will be a powerful stimulus to the should be determined on the basis of the been put into aluminum plants and aux aluminum program. It will make pos need for the ore and not according to the iliary facilities. · In contrast, the total sible, for the first time, the realization of owner's preferences. Instead of giving assets of the private aluminum com the full potentialities of our country in Alcoa and its friends all the wheat and panies are about half a billion dollars, this strategic war industry. the Government plants all the chaff, all and a good share of that will be paid More fighting planes will reach our battle should share alike. Everybody is in this back to the companies through the spe fronts when the aluminum crisis is ended war and must share equally in its obliga cial amortization provisions. Thus, even Every day the aluminum crises is al tions and sacrifices, so far as that is hu from a financial point of view, the Fed lowed to continue we are failing to pro- manly possible. There is no reason why eral Government is the largest and most duce planes, and the United Nations are good and bad bauxite should not be al important factor in the aluminum indus losing brave fighting men, who died un lotted proportionately to private plants try today. necessarily for lack of them. The short as well as public plants. As a matter of Whether we like it or not the Govern age of aluminum forgings has already fact, since the new Government plants ment is in the aluminum business in a lost for us one out of every five Martin are more modern than Alcoa's plant at big way. We have been driven into it as bombers from this year's output, to men East St. Louis, a good argument could be a result of the policies of a monopoly tion only one large manufacturer. In the made for giving the public plant more and as a matter of practical necessity, recent giant air raids over Germany the than its proportionate share of the high and not pursuant to any ideology, Al British lost only 3 to 4 percent of their grade bauxite. Under present war condi coa forced us into it, not the radicals. bombers, according to reports, while be tions~ bauxite supply is a Government The problems facing this unusual kind cause of this aluminum policy war we are responsibility; and since private monop of public enterprise should therefore be losing 20 percent of them before they oly interests have failed to live up to the met on the basis of business realities, even go into action. This is no time for requirements of the situation and their and not theoretical objectives. patience, excuses, and promises. Such promises, Government must accept all The question is merely, Shall we run strategic losses on the production front the burdens which go with that respon our aluminum business in a way to win are intolerable, especially in light of the sibility. the war or continue the anomalous sit fact that because of the mishandling of RECOMMENDATION uation of having our most serious com the aluminum problem half such a loss A centralized integrated Federal aluminum petitor, Alcoa, run our business? Is it at is considered prohibitive on the fighting authority is needed aU reasonable to expect Alcoa to run the front. Other phases of the aluminum program Government's aluminum enterprise efii Even more serious than the known have been handled as badly as bauxite ciently and economically, and thereby losses is the inhibiting and paralyzing has been and are as seriously in need of create for the post-war years a formid effect which the aluminum shortage has correction. Ever since the defense pro able competitor? After battling for half had on military developments ' and de gram began in the summer of 1940, the a century to prevent the establishment of sign. There have been promising reports officials responsible for the aluminum a competitor, is there much likelihood on a 52-knot destroyer, but the fact that branch have been excessively sensitive to that Alcoa will voluntarily reverse its it required large amounts of aluminum- the desires of private monopoly in this efforts and unstintingly devote itself to 300 tons per destroyer-was considered industry and inexcusably indifferent to the task of locating, designing, and op a serious objection to its adoption. Like the public welfare. Deposing the head erating publicly owned plants as best it wise, development of aluminum-hulled man does not seem to make much differ can? Yet, that is the premise on which torpedo boats has been hampered by the ence, that device having been tried twice the Government's aluminum program scarcity of aluminum. In the aircraft without producing any material improve llas been founded and has continued to field, too, because of these shortages, ment in the situation. What is needed is operate down to the present hour. It there is a concerted desire to get away a reorientation of the ·entire aluminum is high time that this problem is faced from aluminum. · program to cope with the peculiar condi squarely and the Government assumes Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will tions prevailing in a monopoly-domi full responsibility for its aluminum the Senator yield? nated industry. It may be sufficient in plants. Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. other industries to concentrate primarily This new approach is meaningless un Mr. MURDOCK. In yesterday's news on the task of getting the companies al les it is implemented with appropriate paper we read that because of the short ready in the business to operate at top machinery for putting the new policy age of aluminum the Government had speed. In the case of aluminum, it is not into practice. Whatever may be the vir already contracted with a certain firm, enough since it is primarily a one-corpo tues of the present diversification of au the name of which I forget, for the pro ration industry. A specific formula must thority and responsibility among the duction of airplanes from stainless steel. be devised to meet the situation, particu various war agencies when it comes to Mr. LA FOLLETTE. The Senator has larly since new companies have not pene- other materials, it is unsuitable for given an example in point. I apprecWte 5200 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 the Senator's help in buttressing my ar newspaper correspondents on the "produc In another vast building that was not even gument. tion for victory" tour arranged by the Na in exist~mce a year ago, the B-26's, the Army's tional Association of Manufacturers. medium bombers, are turned out. Training and cargo planes have been At the bomber plant Glenn L. Martin, To the reporters was shown the 140,000- designed out of aluminum into plywood president and founder of the company, pound Mars, the largest flying boat In the and steel. Whatever the relative merits chose not to boast that 1941 production world. of these materials, any change of design had been quadrupled. Instead, he Mr. Martin expressed the opinion that with at this time means less output, a waste charged-and in no uncertain terms--that enough really huge transports and bombers of valuable manpower, and a needless the Government's early failure to give his like the Mars, the Panama Canal could be sacrifice of brave men fighting for the company a sutftciently high priority rating, bombed out of existence, the battleship and cause of the United Nations on the far and the consequent flow of aluminum to his a two-ocean navy could be scrapped, and still company on "a too little and too late" basts, the country could get by. flung battlefront of this global war. had held down his potentional production by The shift is not an improvement but 20 percent. [From the New York Times of May 9, 1942] merely an effort to make more aluminum At the 16-way Bethlehem-Fairfield Yard, available for combat planes and bombers. ·which was not even organized prior to RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION ASKS March 1941, officials told how 40 keels al $5,000,000,000 AnDmONAL FuNDS FOR ExPAN• Even fighting planes are being redesigned SION OF WAR INDUSTRIAL PLANTS in some details, I am informed, to circum ready had been laid; how the twenty-fifth vent aluminum bottlenecks. All such re "liberty ship" was to be launched the next WASHINGTON, May 8.-Jesse Jones, Secre- day, and how 172 ships were scheduled to tary of Commerce, asked Congress today to designing to save critical materials means come off the ways before the end of 1943. grant $5,000,000,000 of additional borrowing a loss of output without any compen authority to the Reconstruction Finance Cor satory gains in improved design or in pro WAYS OF SPEEDING PRODUCTION poration so that it might carry on a vast pro duction. Substitutions of materials will .b.t both plants concrete inEtances of how gram of war plant expansion, purchase of vital not win our production battles here any new speed-up processes for manufacturing materials, and the financing of many other more than evacuations will win military certain parts of ships and planes had cut war activities. precious hours--and even days--from produc Testifying before a Senate banking subcom battles abroad. An end to the aluminum tion schedules were explained and demon mittee, Mr. Jones said that the new funds problem will mean not only more planes strated. would be needed to finance an aluminum but also better ones for our fighting men. An official spokesman for the Maritime plant expansion program, which he said would I say, Mr. President, that they are en Commission sanctioned use of some specific result in an annual capacity of 2,100,000,000 titled to the best that this country can figures pertaining to the 10,500-ton standard pounds of the metal by early 1943. produce for them. ized cargo vessels known as Uberty ships. "It looks like we are going to have ample Lastly, I should like to urge immediate Throughout the Nation two liberty ships are aluminum," the lending chief asserted. leaving the ways daily and a building sched "Production," he said, "already has reached attention to this pressing problem as a ule of 105 days has been fixed. a rate of 1,000,000,000 pounds annually, com major step in the successful integration At Bethlehem, according to A. B. Homer, pared with 300,000,000 pounds 2 years ago of the American and British war-produc vice president, the schedule Is nearing 90 and 540.000,000 pounds last year." tion machines. It has been suggested in days, and, according to J. M. Willis, general Mr. Jones said that commitments by the high quarters that the United States manager, a 75-day schedule 1s the goal. Reconstruction Finance Corporation and Its should concentrate on the production of Furthermore, Mr. Homer said, Bethlehem, subsidiaries in the wartime lending and bombers and the British on fighter planes. which has 350 ships, naval and merchant, spending program now totaled $14,300,000,000, The benefits from this arrangement ap under construction at its various plants of which $576,000,000 had been canceled for throughout the country, promises "to deliver various reasons and $565,000,000 repaid. pear, to the layman, at least, to be merchant ships of approximately 1,000,000 "The total," he said, "was divided between many. They reputedly have the best tonnage" this year alone. $1,500,000,000 in loans and the remainder in fighters, we the best bombers. We could But the Uberty shipyard, opposed as It is purchases or Investments. About $11,000,- fiy our bombers over, but we must crate to the U-boat challenge, now holds the spot 000,000 of the total," he testified, "had not yet and ship our fighters, losing ships and light. The sprawling new yard employs 23,000 been disbursed, although outlays had now man-hours in the process. But bombers men, Including 3,500 at a fabrication and pre reached $10,000,000 or $12,000,000 a day. require much more aluminum per plane assembly plant. Under present law the Reconstruction Finance The company was fortunate enough to find Corporation may borrow $9,130,000,000." than do fighters, and therefore the adop "We've done a lot of Interesting things, all tion of this plan would require another an old Pullman factory, virtually idle for 10 years, not far from the yard; the factory even of which cost money," Jones remarked. big jump in aluminum production. This was equipped with monster presses which, He said that commitments for aircraft-plant time, Mr. President, instead of listening with a little adapting, could be turned to production totaled $1,912,000,000; magnesium while the monopolies explain why it can shipbuilding purposes. plants, $360,000,000; synthetic-rubber plants, not be done, let us listen to the men fight The old plant is so big that complete plates $700,000,000; steel plants, $734,000,000; ord in~ and dying who would like to tell us it for four ships can be fabricated and assembled nance manufacture, $468,000,000, and ship must be done and done now. And who there at. one time. So now the steel plates yards, $182,000,000, out of total defense plants pour in, are pr~sed into shape, riveted or corporation commitments of $6,391,000,000. knows best, those who can lose our war "Magnesium production," he said, "would here or those who can win it for us over welded together, roll out and are carried on fiat cars to the yard, where the boys on a reach 600,000,000 pounds annually under the there? program, compared with 33,000,000 pounds a ExHmiT A round-the-clock schedule bang them into ships. year ago, while synthetic rubber production [From the New York Times of May 9, 1942] would be 800,000 tons per year, compared with A "BOSS PLATE" EVERY 2 MINUTES 25,000 tons last year. The program includes PLANES AND SHIPS POURING INTO WAR . T. S. McElroy, manager of the yard, said an Increase of 10,000,000 tons in the annual QUADRUPLING FLOW OF BOMBERS IN YEAR, there were so many time-saving devices in capacity of steel plants.". MARTIN REGRETS LACK OF ALU.:\UNUM the fabrication plant that they couldn't all SLOWING OUTPUT-TIME CUT BY BETHLE• be named. He explained one. There's a [.From· the New York Times of May' ll, 1942] HEM-LiBERTY VESSELS TAKE WATER IN 90 thing on a ship called a boss plate, two on the DAYS, SOON IN 75, AS AGAINST SCHEDULE OF stern of each vessel. GIANT PLANT POURS ALUMINUM SHEETS-IM 105 When Bethlehem's men started building MENSE WAR-BORN BUILDING OF ALCOA IN (By Sidney ·M. Shalett) liberty ships they had to hammer out boss. TENNESSEE Is LARGEST OF KIND IN UNITED BALTIMORE, May 8.-In a way, it was too plates by hand over a forge. That took STATES-MULTIPLIES PRODUCTION-IT AND bad that any wishful thinkers in the Axis 2 days. So Bethlehem took an old Pullman OLD PLANT WILL GIVE 50 TIMES LATTER'S camp, who would like to regard American ·press, rigged up a special die for it at a cost PRE-1939 RATE-BOTTLENECK SCOUTED manufacturers as complacent, could not of $1,500, and now they stamp out boss plates (By Sidney M. Shalett) have Yisited two war plants in the Balti automatically. It takes 2 minutes. KNOXVILLE, TENN., May 10-The Aluminum more area yesterday. Bona :fide assembly-line production is in Co. of America offered yestertlay its rebuttal It would not have been good· news for progress at two of the Martin bomber plants to the freq1,1ent accusation that aluminum Hitler & Co., for they would have heard a in the Baltimore area. is the bottleneck holding up the tools of war. pioneer aircraft maker complain because he It is not, of course, the moving assembly It displayed its new war-born fabrication was able only to quadruple his output this line of the pre-war auto plants, for planes plant, a place so immense that the mind year and a big-scale shipbuilder promise to aren't built that way. In one cavernous hardly can realize it actually exists and its lop off more than 25 percent from the Mar building, where the Navy's heavy patrol production boss made the fiat promise that itime Commission's own time schedule for bombers, the PBM-3's, are built, the hulls are by the end of the year it will be turning out building "liberty .ships." stacked in ways and specialized crews of 50 times more sheet aluminum-the stuff The Martin bomber plants and the Beth workmen, each trained to a specific job, do that goes into airplanes-than was producec! lehem-Fairfield shipyard were visited by the moving-not the planes. prior to 1939. 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5201 The I!ew plant is a giant among giants in as antiquated as a 1918 airplane. Still lt at least of the projected increase in pig-iron the Nation's war industry-true, not yet a turns out the aluminum. capacity will be completed. Even the cur fully grown giant, but one that is going to It was Mr. CHANDLER who announced the tailed expansion program will cost about perform awesome feats of strength once it production possibilities for the expanded $1,500,000,000, of which industry would pro· reaches full growth. aluminum company plant near Knoxville. vide $500,000,000. This year's steel output One year ago, only a few steel girders "In 1938 we saw the war coming on and may total 85,00Q,OOO tons. marked the spot on the red clay hill in the rushed our expansion plans," he said. "In CUBA A SOURCE OF NICKEL Knoxville area where the country's biggest 1939, when our guess proved right, we aluminum fabricating plant was to rise. Yes doubled our production. In 1940 we doubled Discussing other metals of which there is a terday, newspaper correspondents on the it again. shortage, Mr. Batt said the Government had "production for victory" tour of war plants, "In 1941 utilizing the West Plant alone we allocated $20,000,000 for the production of sponsored by the National Association of made 4.2 times as much as we made in 1939. nickel in Cuba from 1 percent ore, while de Manufacturers, saw how fast and how well In 1942, with the North Plant partly in velopment of low-grade domestic manganese the planners had built. It was up, it was in operation, we now are producing aluminum ores would cost the Government $40,000,000 action, and from its miraculous mills, the at 13Y:z times the 1939 rate. And our ultimate and private industry $6,000,000. This devel war metal is rolling forth in shiny sheets, goal, which we will reach by the end of the opment, which would produce more than longer than city blocks. year, is 25 times the 1939 figure, or 50 times 600,000 tons a year, would suffice with im SKIN FOR FIGHTING PLANES the pre-1939 rate. We can do it too." ports from Latin America to cover American needs, it was stated. The United States alone, by the end at 1943, On chrome development the Government will be producing 2,100,000,000 pounds of [From the New York Times of June 4, 1942] is spending more than $10,000,000 and pri aluminum a year-more than seven times the THIRTY PERCENT CUT Is SLATED IN STEEL, Ex vate industry about $1,500,000. Development amount produced 5 years ago--and Canadian PANSION-8HORTAGES WILL REDUCE PROJECT of low-grade ores in Montana will produce ore will add another 400,000,000 pounds to ED 10,000,000 TON RISE IN CAPACITY, BATT more than 500,000 tons of 40-percent chro the pot. WARNS-PLANTS TO "PATCH, PRAY"-ciVIL mium concentrate a year, some chromium But the Aluminum Co., through its IAN Goons WILL BE HELD TO MINIMUM SUB continues to come from abroad and there is $215,000,000 self-financed war-expansion pr,o SISTENCE LEVEL, WAR PRODUCTION BOARD a sizable stockpile. A broad program of do gram intends to do all 1t can to maintain OFFICIALS DECLARE mestic tungsten production 1s expected to its position as the top aluminum producer. triple this year our 1939 output of 4,000 tons. Aluminum ore-alumina, as it is called-is (By John McCormac) WASmNGTON, June 3.-The American peo· As regards aluminum, expansion com derived commercially from bauxite, a min pleted or in progress will give a total supply eral coming chiefiy from South America and ple were warned today that "our civilian economy is fast going on a minimum subsist in 1943 of more than· 2,500,000,000 pounds of Arkansas. The soft-spoken aluminum mak aluminum. The Government is spending ers of the Tennessee foothills are fabricat ence standard," that industry must now get ready to "patch and pray," and that even $568,000,000 on this expansion program and ing pig aluminum into skin for fighting private industry $85,000,000. Actual produc· planes, sinews for battleships, and other tools many war materials are now short. The warning was delivered at a press conference tion of aluminum this year should be 1,083,• of war, and of what they promise to do fur 000,000 pounds. Production of magnesium ther to win the war. by William L. Batt, chairman of the Require ments Committee of the War Production this year should approximate 170,000,000 At the outset of the tour of the plant, A. D. pounds. The Government is spending $319,- Huddleston, regional manager, and E. M. Board, and A. I. Henderson, newly appointed Director of Materials. 000,000 to finance the expansion and private Chandler, superintendent of fabricating industry $20,000,000. . plants, were informed that Glenn Martin, AB an indication of the seriousness of the builder of bombers, had told the group 2 days situation, it was declared that the previously HEAVY RISE IN COPPER USE before that lack of a steady fiow of aluminum planned 10,000,000-ton steel expansion pro The Government is spending $180,000,000 to his plant in the Baltimore area was cutting gram would be cut by 30 to 35 percent be for copper development and private capital bomber production one-fifth. · cause of shortages in materials. $40,000,000. As compared with a 1939 con REPORTS ON TIME DELIVERIES To keep the military machine running full sumption of 800,000 tons for civilian uses, blast and to produce enough goods for essen about 1,800,000 tons of copper will be ob ''We are not behind," Mr. Huddleston said, tial civilian requirements, it would now be "we are ahead. We are producing our tained this year from domestic production necessary, said Mr. Batt, to plan at long range and imports and none will be available for monthly quota of aluminum, and more. We concerning the material requirements, and to have a stock pile of several million pounds nonessential civ111an users. make schedules carefully to meet them; to The Government has a sizable stock pile of of aluminum, boxed up and ready to go out." revise specifications to reduce the amounts of Mr. Huddleston explained that the Alumi tin, is getting about 18,000 tons a year from scarce materials used; to make a widespread Bolivia, and small quantities here and there num Co. does not fill orders as it did 1n use of substitutes, such as concrete or creo the pre-war days. It makes its aluminum around the world. But this is only a fraction soted wood for steel, molybdenum for tungs of normal consumption of 100,000 tons a at the direction of the Government, and ten, and secondary molybdenum for virgin sends it out when and where the aircraft year, and means that glass and fiber con aluminum; to obtain a vast increase of civilian tainers will replace tin for civilian use. scheduling unit of the War Production cooperation with the salvage program to Board at Dayton, Ohio, tells it. So, if Glenn In the expansion of chemical plants the speed up the fiow of scrap, particularly of Government and private industry are spend Martin isn't getting his aluminum, the fault metals and rubber. lies somewhere else, Mr. Huddleston said. ing more than $1,500,000,000. Shortages exist "He's getting everything we're told to give WARNS WORK MAY BE DELAYED in ammonia, butadiene, styrene, and other him-and on time," he declared. "AB the vast production machine which has chemicals for synthetic rubber; sodium ni Viewed as a purely physical spectacle, the been created over the last 2 years swings into trate for fertilizer; chlorine, phenol, toluene, new North Plant was tremendously impres action," said Mr. Batt, "the difficulty of pro aniline, benzol, coal-tar products, fats and sive. The plant is so vast that the tour viding materials to feed it will become more oils, and glycerine. had to be made in midget trucks, not much and more apparent. I see times ahead when It was pointed out by Messrs. Batt and bigger than an Army jeep. Molten metal was a shipway may stand idle for lack of steel Henderson that the raw materials situation poured into 3,300-ton ingots; ingots were and an ammunition line may slow down for "!Vas at its worst now because it was necessary converted into huge "sandwiches" (two layers lack of copper and brass. to build up backlogs for the new fabricating of high purity aluminum with a chunk cf "The past months have been relatively plants. tough alloy between) and the sandwich easy. The mllltary has taken from the civil Never before has the United States had a went into two break-down mills of 7,000,000 ian to meet its needs. From here on out it national income of $110,000,000,000, ·and pounds' pressure. will be a continuous problem to provide ma never before has so large a proportion of it The metal came out of the mill reduced terials to meet the needs of our fighting been expended for the production of heavy from 8 inches to three-quarters of an inch. forces." goods, which consume enormous quantities Then it went to the continuous mill, which Mr. Batt announced that revision of the of materials. mashed it, rolled it, bounced it, sprayed it, war plant expansion program had been made and turned it out a block-long sheet no more necessary by the shortage of materials, par [From the New York Times of June 5, 1942] than an eighth of an inch thick. Coiling, ticularly in metals. Although the steel in dustry was now operating at more than 99 MANY SUBSTITUTES BEING USED IN MAKING 01• more heating, rolling, shearing, and trim TRAINER PLANES-WOOD, PLASTICS, FABRIC, ming, and the aluminum, now in polished percent of capacity, there is a shortage of steel. AND STEEL AR:.: TAKING THE PLACE OF ALUMI• rectangular sheets, was ready for the plane NUM-AMOUNT OF OTHER METALS Is RE .. factories. Steel capacity has been increased about The Aluminum Co. has another fabricat 5,000,000 tons. Of the projected 10,000.000- DUCED ing plant-the West Plant, near Knoxville. ton increase, now being reviewed by Donald WASHINGTON, June 4.-Wood, plywood, plas .. This plant, 20 years old, used to be con Nelson, head of the War Production Board, tics, steel, and fabric are being used in in• sidered "Pretty hot stuff" an o1Hcial said, prob_ably only 65 or 70 percent would be creasing quantities in the manufacture ot but now, alongside the North Plant, lt looks completed, said Mr. Batt. About 70 percent training planes to save aluminum and othel s2o2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENAT.E JUNE 15 11trateglc materials for combat types, the War wares and railroad trains-but it still was one of_ the chief 1terns in the cost of the Department said today. far from having found its place in the sun. metal. The result is an aluminum ingot, of Conversion has gone so far that one trainer Despite the abundance, it was difficult to no use until it is pressed down into a sheet bas wooden fuel tanks. Use of steel 1n an extract and relatively expensive. Within the less than a sixteenth of an inch thick. other model has saved 1,246 pounds of alumi next 12 months, however, the United States num for each plane. y.rill be producing the metal at a rate of Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, Use of substitutes has tapped new fields of 2,100,000,000 pounds a year, more than seven I suggest the absence of a quorum. skilled labor and new plant facilities. Thus, fold the production of 5 years ago, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the furniture industry is making many sub enough to replace every railroad passenger clerk will call the roll. contracted parts. car in the country three times a year. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and · To conserve aluminum it has been decided This has been largely a triumph of engi the following Senators answered to their that most twin-engined trainers must be of neering and technology. In one vital proc wood. Three types are planned for produc ess alone at this plant, company engineers names~ tion, the AT-10, AT-13, and AT-15, each explain, the rolling of aluminum has been Aiken Glass O'Mahoney . speeded up fiftyfold. Otherwise the factory, Andrews Green Overton about the size of a medium bomber. Bailey Guffey Pepper The Beechcraft AT-10 advanced twin-en which even now covers more ground than Bankhead Gurney Radcliffe gined trainer, which has the woocien fuel any other plant in the country, must have Barbour Hayden Reed tanks, obtains about 85 percent of parts for been increased in size 10 times to give the Barkley Herring Rosier the body from subcontractors without pre same output. · Bone Hill Russell vious experience in aircraft construction. Brewster Holman Schwartz PRICE FALLING STEADILY Bridges Hughes 'Shipstead Careful designing reduced the metal used In the last 2 years, due to these develop Brown Johnson, Cali!. Smathers in the basic structure of this plane to 97 ments and the mass production which they Bulow Johnson, Colo. Smith pounds, or 1.6 percent of the weight. Only made possible, the price of the metal has been Burton La Follette Spencer 13 percent of the total gross weight of the cut from 20 cents to 15 cents a pound, and Butler Langer Stewart trainer, excluding engines and propellers, is Capper Lee Taft the end still is far from ·sight. Caraway Lucas Thomas, Idaho of metal, which is used for brackets, tail Today the entire effort is directed to win wheel attachment structure, spar attach Chandler McCarran Thomas, Okla. ning the war. But in the company's labora Clark. Idaho McFarland Thomas, Utah ments, engine nacelle attachment fittings·, tories are new aluminum alloys with copper, Clark. Mo. McKellar Tobey aileron hinges, wing fittings and the like. manganese and magnesium which promise to Connally McNary Truman The fuel tanks are lined with synthetic ma be stronger, lighter, and cheaper for peacetime Davis Maybank Tunnell terial which can readily be patched or re Doxey Mead Tydings industrial uses. They are not being brought Ellender Millikin Vandenberg placed. into production at present because they still The Fairchild AT-13 twin-engined advance George Murdock Van Nuys require much experimentation and it is un Gerry Murray Wheeler trainer incorporates a number of scientific wise to change hors.es in the middle of a Gillette Norris White methods in handling modern plastic-bonded stream. plywoods. The wings are of wood, fabricated But the Aluminum Age may well succeed The PRESIDING OFFICER. Sev under a special process, and the fuselage of the Iron Age, now in its twilight. enty-five Senators having answered to wood with plywood covering. No other American industry is watched so their names, a quorum is present. The AT-15 Boeing Stearman advanced zealously by the Army and Navy. Every pound PRESERVATION OF FREEDOM AND LIB- trainer has fabric-covered wooden wings and of the light, silvery metal 1s precious to the a fuselage of tube steel construction. war effort and the new technical methods for ERTY UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG The North American AT-6 single-engined its extraction and fabrication are closely Mr. RADCLIFFE. Mr. President, yes advanced trainer, soon to go into production, guarded. terday in celebrating Flag Day, we real represents a revolutionary development in The manufacture of 2,000,000,000 pounds volving the replacement of aluminum· with of sheet aluminum a year will require more ized that our :flag has recently taken on low-carbon steel sheet, which is expected to electric power than was consumed in 1940 in a new significance and has acquired prove comparable to aluminum alloy in 27 of the 48 States. The amount of current added luster. A few years ago, in ac strength, weight and safety. Use of plywood required . to make a pound would light the cordance with a re·solution · p~ssed by the and steel on these trainers will eliminate 75 average American home for 10 days. For Congress of the United States, a commit percent by weight of aluminum alloy, or about every pound, 9 pounds of other rna terials are tee, -of which I was chairman, was ap 1,246 pounds per plane. required. The saving on 1,000 such trainers would pointed to arrange for the national cele provide enough aluminum for 400 pursuit PROGRAM BEGUN IN 19 3 8 bration of the one hundred and twenty planes or 150 medium bombers. The present program got under way late fifth anniversary of the writing of the Another version of this plane, the AT-6A, in 1938, after Munich. War still was far in Star-Spangled Banner. That celebra calls for fabrication of the outer wing panels, the future, but the Aluminum Co. officials tion, as Senators may remember, was wing tips, ailerons, flaps, tabs, and the en saw that the country was bound to arm held in September 1939, most appro tire empennage and rear monocoque section itself, especially in the air. The expansion, priately, in Baltimore at Fort McHenry, of the fuselage in resin-bonded plywood. primarily undertaken to supply the needs of where the Star-Spangled Banner was Redesigning of the Vultee BT-15 single the aircraft manufacturers, has been stepped engined basic trainer saved 565 pounds of up as other needs have arisen. written, and it was largely attended. As aluminum and 6 pounds of magnesium per The second phase came in October 1941, we joined in that homage to our :flag, plane. The fuselage, formerly covered with when the Defense Plant Corporation let the none of us foresaw the events, momen aluminum sheet, is now fabric covered. Re first contracts in a program to add another tous and tragic to this country and to designing of the earlier model, BT-13, is also 512,000,000 pounds to the country's produc the world, which have since happened. being studied. tive capacity. The third phase, first an On that day in 1939, our :flag was recog nounced in February, will add about 600,000,- nized as an outstanding symbol of lib [From the New York Times of June 9, 1942] 000 pounds more. This is far more of the metal than, it is believed, · the Axis Powers erty and democracy. Today most as ALUMINUM STREAM FLOWS ENDLESSLY-NE~ will be able to produce. suredly it is still so regarded, and with YEAR EXPECTED To SEE AN OUTPUT ON BASIS The abundance of aluminum is deceptive. ever-increasing brilliance, glory, and OF 2,100,000,000 POUNDs-RoLLING SPEEDED It is far more common, for example, than promise. FIFTYFOLD - ITS SOURCE FORMS ONE iron. Any clay bank contains plenty of it. It Never before have the eyes of the world TwELFTH OF EARTH'S CRUST-BIG JoB Is occurs, however, in a finely distributed form looked more intently and eagerly upon REFINING and the job is to extract it. Most clays are KNOXVILLE, TENN.-Endlessly the silvery too poor, unless recently devised processes the :flag as an outstanding symbol of river flows like a mountain torrent, sunlight prove highly successful, to be worked profit· justice and of humanity. Our :flag bears from high factory windows flashing in weird ably. witness today that the cause of liberty, ·patterns against its eternal undulations. It The richest source is a red, hard clay, baux though fiercely and cruelly :flouted and is America's river of victory. ite. This is not abundant in the United assailed, is more firmly entrenched tl.lan The silvery river is the everlasting flow States. There are considerable deposits in at any time since the bloody war of ag of sheet aluminum through the presses and &kansas and much richer ones in British gression against Europe was begun by over the production line of the Nation's larg and Dutch Guiana. Bauxite is subjected to a est single industrial plant, located in the chemical process, out of which comes a white the Nazis, and since the slimy treachery Nashville area by the Aluminum Co. of Amer powder which looks like sugar. of Pearl Harbor. ica. Up to the outbreak of war the strong, This is alumina, a combination of alumi It may be said that Germany and · light metal, which forms a twelfth of the num and oxygen. Before it can be made into Japan, after making enormous conquests crust of the earth, was finding its way into a metal the oxygen must be removed. This of territory, have not been required to many industrial uses-especially household is done by electricity, the cost of which is surrender their loot; that they have not 1942 CONG ~RESSfONAL RECORD-SENATE 5203 been stopped ~n their tracks; that they of stopping full in their tracks the Axis We hear much in these days of stock are still carrying on their nefarious marauders and of driving them back to piles and inventories, of the vast num schemes of conquest. True it is, but the their own countrtes, thereby relieving the ber of airplanes which we are con world for them is changing fast. We hear world from the incubus and· misery of structing. In fact, the suggestion a year of the capture by the Germans of a city in subjugation. The way to that end may ago that we might build as many as 50 - Africa and of most violent assaults by be long, arduous, and fraught with much 000 airplanes a year seemed merely 'a them on Sevastopol. We realize the suffering, but. quite definitely that gleam f.antastic iridescent, and Utopian dream gravity of a :Jincer movement by which ing goal is visible. It can be reached pro Now it is, in essence, reality. Already the African and European armies of vided the members of the Allied Nations our rate of airplane production is greater Germany seek to form ·a coalition in Asia will make that effort of which they are than that of any other nation in the Minor and Suez, with the hope that they capable. No one, whether in the ranks world. The submarine remains a serious may join the Japanese forces in forming of the Allied Powers or in the hosts of the menace, but we are building ships faster a continuous line of conquest from the Axis, now doubts for a moment that such and faster. We are launching two a day, Atlantic to the Pacific. We face the effort will be made, and made success and soon three a day, and even more will still but partially controlled fury of the fully. But we, the people of the United be our record. submarine and the resulting menace to States, those of Great Britain and her Our armed forces are increasing rapid our shipping, and, thereby, to the cause dominions, of Russia, China, heroic ly. They are being outfitted with all of ourselves and our Allies. These Greece, and all the other peoples of the necessary equipment. Many of our mis events and dangers do not frighten us; world who have been tortured by the takes are being rectified, and solutions they do not dishearten us. We now brute might of the Axis, must put forth have been found for many of our har know that the Nazi might is not in the greatest possible effort. This they assing problems. vincible, and must soon reckon upon a realize and this they are ready to do. In spite of setbacks, some of which second front, being obliged to do what It is necessary that we win a just peace. should have been avoided, we have made Bismarck had dreaded, that is, to fight It is even more essential that we preserve tremendous progress in carrying out our at one and the same time upon both it, after it shall be won. Peace will not war program under the farsighted, re eastern and western fronts. be durable unless it is just. We must sourceful, and vigorous leadership of We know that in a short time the not make the mistake of 20 years ago President Roosevelt, assisted by his many Japanese will be faced with a force which thinking that a lasting peace could b~ competent aides, and in cooperation with they cannot withstand. The battle of secured in one stroke, and that then the the Congress of the United States-co Midway Island a few days ago may not job was done. We believed at the time the Versailles Treaty, whatever its mer operation which has been very effective. have turned the tide of the war, but it The -Bible says, in substance, that a shows that the sinister schemes of the its, was made that the task was really completed. We should have known that people without vision will perish. We Japanese to dominate the Pacific will know that we need vision, sound and come to naught; that the day of reckon the work of keeping peace had only begun. Had we really understood the constructive vision. We know also that ing for them and their fellow conspira it is essential that we now do many con tors, Germany and Italy, is inevitable. problem, many mistakes in policy could have been avoided, and probably the crete things, more in both variety and The Axis Powers can see no end of signs number than ever before. We must of eventual defeat. The convincing Nazis would not have attempted to clutch at world domination. ~pend money freely whenever necessary demonstration of the effectiveness of our Ior our war purposes. But we must econ fighting forces; the indomitable patriot Almost invariably a patient underesti mates the time necessary for a full re omize, saving every dollar and every ism and persistence of Russia; of Great penny the spending of which is not es Britain and her Dominions; of China; the covery from a serious operation, or from any form of grave illness. Nature re sential. We must be ready to make any epoch-making treaty between England changes in our policies that our war pro and Russia and the understanding be quires a long time before there can be a complete physical readjustment. Mean gram demands. But let :us continue to tween the United States and Russia, both cherish the basic principles of our Gov of which were recently announced; the while, a sensitiveness of mood persists, and an erratic instability of opinion is ernment, and to hold fast to those eco rapid growth of the war resources of the nomic, industrial, financial, and political Allies, especially in the air-all these are often quite noticeable. This result is true also of nations policies which have been so helpful in gloomy portents of disaster to the Nazis the building up of our Nation. Let us and their fellow conspirators against the especially those which have been sub~ jected to severe strains, as from a long preserve them except insofar as the tem peace and security of the world. porary demands of our war program re The world was shocked a day or so war. The recovery period really is pro tracted far beyond what apparently is quire otherwise, or whenever our judg ago by the hideous destruction of a town ment, after very mature consideration in Czechoslovakia, by the murder of all necessary. Public opinion is fitful. In ternal unrest and disorders frequently approves permanent changes. ' the male citizens in that town, and by As I said a moment ago, we hear much the carrying away of all its women and arise. Often there is an illogical dis content with what has been and is and of stockpiles and inventories of war ma children. It was a cruel illustration of continued attempts at experiment~tion terials that are essential to our war the kind of savage butchery which has often ill-advised, are· characteristic of ~ program. One of the stockpiles which made Tamerlane and Attila, the Hun nation in process of recuperation. Under we are accumulating is very real, indeed infamous in the pages of history. ' the most favorable circumstances this although it is intangible and invisible: Certainly this bloody act was prompted war-racked world cannot heal readily. It is the spirit of our people and of the by a premonition of defeat. It betrayed Sufferings have been too acute to permit people of our allies. It is the convicti6n the foreboding and the desperation which of an easy and quick recovery. So, at the that we will find such a solution to our is beginning to possess the minds of the best, the next 20 or more years will be a problems as will bring an end to the in Nazis, especially as the haunting thought period of continued convalescence. For solent attempt of the Axis to subjugate seizes them that their bloodthirsty efforts years we must reckon with acute cases and to control the world. That is not to superimpose their will upon conquered of the irritation of convalescence as an overconfidence. That opinion rests upon Europe will eventually fail completely, inevitable problem in the life of n:ations a clear knowledge of many dominant and that the nations which are now as it is in that of individuals. During facts. One is that we are not going to be under their heel will, at the first possible those years, those of us who are young disheartened by further conquests of the ~oment, arise and drive out the bloody today will have much of the responsibil Axis, should they occur. Another is that mvaders. All these are signs of the times ity for international health. Never in in this war we can finish successfully and they bring ever-mounting despair to history has such an opportunity been what we have begun. the Axis. given to work for the healing of nations So, when we ~onsider our ever-mount For long dreary months those who re and the welfare of humanity. But do ing stockpiles and inventories of war m ~ sisted the Nazis could reckon upon little not be surprised nor disheartened if we terials, we realize that one of our most except hope. Now they see, actually or meet again and again with the often valuable possessions is our firm and un potentially, within their hands the means seen irritation of a convalescent. shakable pUrpose to help preserve for LXXXVIII--328 5204 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 ourselves and the remainder of the world vote which they might need some day. It The editorial proceeds: may be taken for granted that they did take _ freedom and liberty. We sJ:lall rest from They had only to notify Senator LANGER our labors only when that essential and such a. mortgage on the Senator from North Dakota. "" that an installment on the mortgage was due Indispensable result shall have been ac- to force him into action. complished. · · The best view of Senator LANGER's action is that he is paying on the mortgage held by The editor continues: CALL OF THE ROLL , one or more Senators from the West Coast States who wanted the Alaskan road to ex It is a shameful thing that this condition Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Pres tend northward through the mountains. exists. Ident, I suggest the absence of a q~orum. They had only to notify Senator LANGER No sensible interpretation can be The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. that an installment on the mortgage was placed upon these remarks other than MAYBANK in the chair). The clerk will due to force him into action. There is no other explanation, whereas · this is an ade that I entered into a corrupt and crim call the roll. inal agreement with several Members of The Chief Clerk called the roll, and quate explanation. It is a shameful thing that this condition the Senate, agreeing to vote as they would the following Senators answered to their exists. It is a handicap to North Dakota that direct or force me to vote in the event names: it should exist. But only those who insist on they cast their votes in favor of my being Aiken Glass O'Mahoney closing their eyes to facts will miss further seated. Andrews Green Overton evidences that it does exist. These develop · Mr. President, I submit that this is no Bailey Guffey Pepper ments are bound to occur from time to time Bankhead Gurney Radcliffe charge of incompetence, general derelic Barbour Hayden Reed as the various Senators who have claims on tion of duty, log rolling, or the like. It Barkley Herring Rosier Senator LANGER exercise their rights of col Bone H1ll Russell lection under their mortgage. is a direct charge of a criminal con Brewster Holman Schwartz spiracy by myself and by Members of this Bridges Hughes Ship.stead Mr. President, it is not an uncommon body. Brown Johnson, Calif. Smathers thing in this Nation to }lave critical Bulow Johnson, Colo. Smith I denounce it as being utterly false. I Burton La Follette Spencer items and editorials published about state that I have had no agreement, di Butler Langer Stewart members of our Government. To this rectly or indirectly, expressly or by im Capper Lee Taft practice, I, of course, have not the slight plication, with any Member of this body C.araway Lucas Thomas, Idaho est objection, for there is nothing more Chandler McCarran '.rhomas, Okla. at any time to cast my vote in any man Clark, Idaho McFarland Thomas, Utah important in any democratic nation than ner, fashion, or form, or to do anything Clark, Mo. McKellar Tobey pref:.ervation of the freedom of the press. else for his vote or support. Connally McNary Truman It is one of the cornerstones upon which Davis Maybank Tunnell If this editorial were truthful, the peo Doxey Mead Tydings the foundation of democracies rests. It ple of the country would have a just right Ellender Millikin Vandenberg is one of the characteristics differentiat to have disrespect and contempt for this George Murdock Van Nuys ing governments of free peoples from Gerry Murray Wheeler body. G1llette Norris White governments of tyrants with whom we If it is permitted to go unchallenged, I are now engaged in mortal combat. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy greatly fear the editorial, now repub In passing, it might be observed that lished in other newspapers, will cause the five Senators having answered to their freedom of the press can be undermined names, a quorum is present. people of the country to believe that it is and weakened to a point of destruction truthful. It would, in my opinion, be a THE illGHWAY TO ALASKA-QUESTION OF by forces other than autocratic govern cowardly act on my part to permit it to PERSONAL PRIVILEGE ments. Indeed, the freedom of the press go unchallenged. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I rise may be said to be held in trust by the Mr. President, throughout the long and to a point of personal privilege. publishers of the press in all parts of our trying experience wherein my right to sit It concerns a false and ·malicious country. But it can be undermined by in this Chamber was challenged, I suf charge against a majority of the Mem those few editors and publishers possess fered in silence to await judgment of bers of this body and myself appearing ing a part of this trust when wantonly my peers. I had been twice elected to the in an editorial in the Bismarck Tribune, or maliciously they publish charges of high office of attorney general of North published at Bismarck, N. Dak., in the crime against members of our Govern Dakota, and twice elected to the highest issue of May 28, 1942. ment when no basis of fact exists and office in the State-that of chief execu when the slightest investigation would tive-by my own people. I quote the editorial: demonstrate such charge to be false. PAYING ON A MORTGAGE Then in a free election of free people It is aiso important to maintain respect I was duly elected by the same free peo Many North Dakotans were surprised when for our Government and all its branches. ple to represent, in the United States Senator WILLIAM LANGER blared forth with If the people lose respect and confidence his opposition to the prairie road to Alaska. Senate, the State in which I was born Since he is a Prairie State Senator everyone in their Government, it cannot endure. and where I have lived all my life. supposed that he ""NOuld favor the prairie While we are engaged in the contest to It was not easy to sit silently by for route. preserve democracies and freedoms in all day after day and week after week while But no one need have been surprised at parts of the world, we should not over these debates were proceeding, but I this. Neither need they be surprised at many look our obligation to preserve these in thought that to be the proper and digni things Senator LANGER doubtless will do from stitutions inviolate at home. time "to time in the future. He has political fied course. debts to pay-and they are not owed to the The aforementioned editorial charges The greatest satisfaction I experienced people of North Dakota, but to the Senators that I mortgaged my vote to an unnamed in the vote of the Senate on this issue who voted to keep him in the Senate. number of unnamed Senators of the 52 was the feeling that each Senator in a When the Senate voted to seat Senator who after some 3 weeks of debate upon free land, in this country, was free and LANGER, by a count of 52 to 30, it was 1m- the floor of the Senate voted that I remained free to vote as his conscience . mediately clear that the North Dakotan was should be seated as a United States Sena dictated. It was also of no small interest under a very real obligation to those 52 Mem tor when my right to hold that office was bers of the Senate. Politics being what it to me to note that such votes were cast is-and Senator LANGER being the kind of challenged. This editorial charges that by the Members of this body without re man he is-only those who believe in Santa certain Members of the Senate of what gard to the sections of our country which Claus will contend that North Dakota's junior are called practical politician type would they represented. Member in the Senate had not made plenty not hesitate to place a mortgage on a vote An examination of the roll-call vote of promises. which they might need some day. will show that I was supported by old Some of the men who voted to seat him Such a malicious and vicious charge Democrats and young Democrats, by lib doubtless would scorn to make a certain kind might be passed over without notice, had of deal. They refrained from defending Mr. erals and those of a more conservative LANGER's record, but voted to seat him on the editorial ceased at this point, but it leaning, by Members of long and contin the ground that North Dakota alone has the proceeds to state: ued service in the Senate and by Senators right to select its representatives. But It may be taken for granted that they did more recently chosen. This list included others-of the "practical politician" type take such a mortgage on the Senator from Members from the deep South and Mem would not hesitate to place a mortgage on a. North Dakota. bers from the far Northwest, Maine Re- 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5205 publicans and Democrats from Texas, tlemen used their own money to win their into the acts of a Senator committed prior to those who had most fervently supported elections." his election and which have nothing to do the administration and those who had There can be no comparison of these cases with the purity of elections. Nor was it in with that of Senato·r LANGER. The record tended that the Senate should impose other most vigorously opposed it; ahd those discloses that in the Lorimer, Newberry, and qualifications than those enumerated In the who opposed my seating were from the Smith cases, also in the Vare case, the peti· Constitution. Such matters are reserved to same groups. Indeed, any person of in tions requesting that they be not seated were the States. telligence in scanning the roster of this based entirely upon corruption of the elec Of course, the Senate has jurisdiction over roll call would find only humor, if the tions in which they claimed to have been acts committed after membership in the Sen charge was not so vicious, in the asser elected to the Senate. There was no such ate has been acquired and has the power to tion that this vote came about through contention by petitioners in the Langer case. expel. Such question did not arise here. They did not attack the legality of the Mention has been made in various sources any corrupt agreement. It would ac election. credit to me a promise and an attempt that the British Parliament has complete You state the three men you mention spent power to impose any kind of qualification to ride two fast moving horses traveling their own money. The record is to the con upon its membership. The Parliament of in opposite directions at the same time. trary. A summary of the nature and dis Great Britain does not act under a constitu I had, previous to this vote, cast my position of these cases, taken from the record, tion limiting the power of its members. At own vote on important and vital mat is set forth below. one time they imposed a qualification making ters for a year preceding in the United Each of the cases you mention and the it necessary for a member to be a communi Vare case deal with corruption of elections cant of the State Church of England. Many States Senate. The scanning of the rec and therefore, within constitutional provi ord would furnish proof that I sought other qualifications were imposed which, if sions, the election certificates of the men permitted by the Senate of the United States, the support of no group at any time. were involved, with the exception of the New wotild undoubtedly lead to dangerous impo Some of my votes were cast when the berry case. Their election was held to have sitions in times of great national controversy. change of a single vote would alter the been obtained by corrupt means. As stated, We are a Nation of many religious and po result. The record will show that I that question did not arise here. litical faiths. Our citizenship is composed of voted independently. I voted each time The House and Senate have always recog many races. Among these are citizens of as my conscience directed, and notwith nized their _power to examine the legality of every State. History shows that religious, standing an editorial to the contrary, I elections because the validity of the election racial, and political passions at times rise be certificate is involved. yond reason. The framers of the Constitu propose to continue to so do so long as I In my opinion, the question in these cases tion anticipated this and therefore reserved am honored with membership in this involves the power of the Senate, under sec to the people of the States the right to elect body which I cherish and honor so much. tions 3 and 5 of article I of the Constitution. a man to the Senate of their own choosing. Mr. SHIPSTEAD subsequently said: Section 5, as you know, provides that "Each Otherwise isn't it plain that they feared the Mr. President, in ·view of the remarks of House shall be the judge of the elections, re Senate, under such conditions, might impose the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. turns, and qualifications of Its own Mem obnoxious qualifications of its own and bers, • • • ." We are not left in doubt thereby thwart a free choice of the people in LANGER] this afternoon, I desire to say what is meant by the word "qualifications" in selecting their representatives in the Senate? that when the Langer case was before the that sentence, for they are set forth in sec We must not forget this National Govern Senate I had intended to discuss it but tion 3, as follows:· "No person shall be a ment was created by the States. it had been discussed for 3 weeks, it was Senator who shall not have attained to the It cannot be denied that only to the extent late in the afternoon, and I did not want age of 30 years, and been 9 years a citizen of that these limitations have-- served to re to take the time of the Senate when a the United States, and who shall not, when strain public officials, executives, legislators, vote was about to be had. I had not elected, be an inhabitant of that State for and courts from usurping powers not granted which he shall be chosen." As petitioners did have we been able to preserve a free gov intended to discuss it since, but, in view not contend that LANGER did not meet these of the criticism of the Senate for that ernment. qualifications, and as there was no conten I find nowhere in the Constitution nor in vote, and also because newspapers tion'that LANGER. had obtained his election by the decision of any court any recognition of throughout my section of the country corrupt means. the question then was, Has the power of the Senate to override the ver have criticized my vote, I ask unanimous the Senate the right to impose other quali dict of a sovereign State's electorate in the consent to have inserted in the · RECORD fications on a Senator-elect who appears to selection of a Senator, provided the machin take his seat? ery of election has not been corrupted and some correspondence I have had with an In the Constitutional Convention other editor friend of mine, who violently dis the qualifications laid down in the Consti qualifications were proposed. For instance, it tution have been met. agreed with the vote of the Senate. I was proposed that certain property qualifica ask that it be printed following the re tions should be included. This was voted It has been stated in various sources that marks of the Senator from North Dakota down. Provisions were also offered to the because LANGER. was a Republican, Republican convention delegating to the Senate the politics entered into his seating. This is an this afternoon. It consists of two letters unworthy assumption. There were more and some memoranda dealing with other power to impose such further qualifications as the Senate might see fit. This was debated than twice as many Democrats voted to seat cases involving the eligibility of a Sena and rejected, on the ground that power in the him as Republicans. tor's election, which have been consid Senate to impose other qualifications would You will note that 16 Republicans and 36 ered and disposed of by the Senate. make lt possible for the Senate to subvert Democrats-a total of 52-voted that, on the constitutional government. arguments and evidence presented, Senator The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without LANGER should be seated. I think we have a objection, it is so ordered. The sovereign people of the various States, by representatives in the Constitutional Con right to assume that they concurred in these The matter referred to is as follows: vention, created the Federal Government and views. Twenty-two Democrats and· 8 Re WASHINGTON, D. C., April 23, 1942. limited 'its power. They imposed such limita publicans voted to the contrary. I think we Mr. WALTER K. MICKELSON, tions upon the qualifications of a Senator as have a right to assume that they dissented Editor, The Journal, New Ulm, Minn. they deemed necessary. For the creature of from these views. MY DEAR WALTER: I have your e_ditorial of the sovereign States to impose other limita With best wishes, I am, April 2, 1942, before me, in which you dis tions upon its creator, the States, who send Yours sincerely, agree with my position in the Langer mat duly elected representatives here with an un HENRIK SHIPSTEAD. ter. Evidently, if present in the Senate, you disputed certificate of election, would be to P. S. The official record in the cases you would have voted to deny Senator LANGER. his usurp power that is an attribute inherent in mention is herewith attached, with proper seat. sovereignty. The creature would then arro authoritative citations to substantiate my At the outset, I want to state that my vote gate to itself power retained by its creator. contention that the cases you mention have was not cast for an individual but for the In other words, the creature would constitute no basis for comparison or parallel, as you principle that the will of the people, fairly itself the keeper of its creator's conscience. seem to believe. expressed, shall govern, provided constitu In dealing with the qualifications cf a Sen tional qualifications are met. If we depart ator seeking membership it is plainly in Frank L. Smith of Illinois was denied his from that great principle, then we change tended that the rights of the various States seat upon the basis of a report of a special our form of government. should be protected in sending to the Senate committee showing that he had expended In your editorial you state: whom they choose, provided only that the $458,782 in his dectioJ+, and out of that sum "After reading all the testimony and the candidate for admittance meets the constitu $203,000 was contributed by officers of large speeches which appeared in the CoNGRES tional qualifications. utility corporations, Including the Insull SIONAL RECORD we wonder why they ousted Clearly the people never intended that the crowd, doing business in Illinois when Smith, Lorimer, Newberry, and Smith and yet seated Senate should take upon itself the duty of at that time, was chairman of the Illinois LANGEB. At least the three first-named gen- making itself a grand or petit jury to inquire Commerce Commission, with which these 5206 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 15 utility companies had business before (CoN majority or two-thirds vote, would, in my CALL OF THE CALENDAR GRESSIONAL RECORD, VOl. 69, pt. 2, p. 1718) . opinion, be an arrogation of the power of In addition, the Senate refused to seat dictatorship over the will of the people of the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I ask William S. 'Vare of Pennsylvania. The rea States. unanimous consent that the Senate pro son for refusing a seat to him was because It would be just as sensible for Congress to ceed to consider measures on the calen at the primary election at which Vare was arrogate to itself the power to change the dar to which there is no objection, begin alleged to have been nominated as a candi Constitution without submitting any pro ning at the end of the last.call. date for the Senate, there were numerous and posed change to the people of the States for The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there various insta.nces of fraud and corruption in their ratification. If such assumption of his behalf. To insure his nomination there rower should become the rule, it would then. objection? The Cha~r hears none, and was expended a sum exceeding $785,000 (CoN in the course of events, be possible for the the clerk will proceed to call the measures GRESSIONAL RECORD, VOL 71, pt. 3, p. 3413). Senate to delegate such power to the Presi on the calendar. William Lorimer was denied his seat be dent as other legislative powers have been AMENDMENTS TO NATIONAL SERVICE cause the Senate claimed corrupt methods delegated. This has been done on the LIFE INSURANCE ACT OF 1940 and practices were employed in his election assumption that the· power to legislate in to the Senate. The Senate claimed that at cludes the power to delegate. I do not agree The Senate proceeded to consider the least 10 votes of members of the illinois Leg with this assumption, but after the camel -bill REPORT Now I yield to the Senator from Colo after the words "the sum of", to strike The existing municipal debt readjustment rado. out "$5,500" and insert "$5,000"; and on provisions of the Federal Bankruptcy Act Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Presi page 2, line 2, after the words "the sum were originally adopted in 1937 and as since dent, I concur in everything the Senator of", to strike out "$1,000" and insert extended will expire June 30, 1942, by their own terms of limitation. Their constitu has said with respect to the bill. In Col "$100." tionality was sustained by the United States orado some irrigation and drainage dis The amendments were agreed to. Supreme Court in the Bekins case in 1937. tricts, which are undergoing bankruptcy, The amendments were ordered to be Debt adjustments under the act have been very badly need the extension provided engrossed, and the bill to be read a third numerous, and have been confined largely to for in the measure. I hope the bill may time. the Southern and Southwestern States. be considered and enacted because the The bill was read the third time, and Proceedings under the act have been com time is very limited. prehensively studied by a committee of the passed. Mr. PEPPER. :r..~r. President, let me municipal law section under the title of ask the Senator from Oregon [Mr. Mc ANDREW J. BISSINGER-ADJUSTED Municipal debt readjustments under the , SERVICE CERTIFICATE Federal Bankruptcy Act, and have been fUlly NARY], who has objected to present con discussed at meetings of the section. It is sideration of the bill, if the explanation The bill (H. R. 3337) to provide for the the conclusion of the section that the results is of any help to him. issuance of a duplicate adjusted-service of the proceedings have been advantageous Mr. McNARY. The explanation is certificate to Andrew J. Bissinger, was to both bondholders and the municipalities. satisfactory. The able Senator from considered, ordered to a third reading, It is reported to the section that t~ere are Colorado also explained it to me. I have numerous important situations in which pro read the third time, and passed. ceedings will be necessary but cannot be no objection. Mr. GEORGE subsequently said: Mr. instituted prior to the present expiration date. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there President, when Calendar No. 1488, The municipal law section favored the ex Ctbjection to the present consideration of House bill 3337, was called, there was no tension of 1939 and now urges the association House bill 7066? objection, and the bill was passed. I to approve a further extension. There being no objection, the bill