Conservation Options for the Baiji: Time for Realism?

Conservation Focus: Baiji, Freshwater Dolphin

GUANG YANG,∗†§ MICHAEL W. BRUFORD,† FUWEN WEI,‡ AND KAIYA ZHOU∗ ∗Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China †School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3TL, United Kingdom ‡Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China

The baiji, or Yangtze River dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), a conservation action plan for cetaceans of the Yangtze has become something of a cause c´el`ebre in conservation River was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Agricul- biology over the last 15 years due to its high-profile, crit- ture in 2001. Attention from the conservation commu- ically endangered status and the public impact of articles nity has given rise to two international workshops, one and books such as Last Chance to See (Adams & Carwar- in 1993 and most recently in 2004 (Zhou et al. 1994; dine 1990). This species, endemic to the Yangtze River, Braulik et al. 2005; Dudgeon 2005). What has emerged is is thought to be on the verge of extinction due largely that a solid estimate of the remaining baiji population size to extreme anthropogenic pressures (e.g., dam construc- is lacking, but it is likely to be extremely small, perhaps tion, agricultural and industrial pollution, riverine devel- <100 individuals (Dudgeon 2005 and references therein). opment, boat traffic, and fishing) associated with living in Given the baiji’s extreme rarity and perceived recent neg- an exploited habitat, where the surrounding human pop- ative demographic trends, extinction of this species is ulation is equivalent to as much as 5% of the world’s total. thought to be likely in the short term, possibly within the As a result, the Chinese government has categorized the next 25 years (Zhou et al. 1994). baiji as a grade I national key protected animal. The 2004 workshop focused on strategies for capture, Some natural and seminatural reserves have been estab- translocation, and ex situ management of the remaining lished in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and baiji from the Yangtze River as part of a last attempt to

§email [email protected] Paper submitted August 1, 2005; revised manuscript accepted February 16, 2006.

620 Conservation Biology Volume 20, No. 3, 620–622 C 2006 Society for Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00464.x Yang et al. Conservation Options for the Baiji 621 save the species from otherwise inevitable extinction. and breeding has been observed in both the Wuhan Insti- Two main options were discussed, although no consen- tute of Hydrobiology dolphinarium and in the seminatu- sus was reached on the optimal approach: (1) transloca- ral reserve, to which more than 20 individuals have been tion of all remaining individuals to a 21-km oxbow lake, translocated successfully (Du et al. 2003). originally part of the Yangtze River, at Tian-e-Zhou, Hubei The argument advanced for the imperative of ex situ Province, and (2) translocation of individuals to the In- management (Dudgeon 2005) is that the wild popula- stitute of Hydrobiology dolphinarium in Wuhan. It was tion will in any event go extinct in the near future, thus agreed that the one option not available to the conserva- interventional management would potentially have noth- tion community was to leave the remaining population ing to lose and everything to gain. However, we question in situ because this would lead to certain extinction. We whether an interventional course of action would result question the decision to ignore this option in light of in a prolongation of time to extinction for this species. evidence on likely chances of success of capture, translo- Classical k-selected species, and especially populations cation, and ex situ propagation of the baiji. In doing so, of larger vertebrates not under direct persecution, have we consider wider conservation implications for Yangtze persisted for long periods of time at undetectable densi- River biodiversity and especially the fate of the other en- ties (e.g., Baskaya & Bilgili 2004; Fitzpatrick et al. 2005). demic cetacean, the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neopho- Additionally, the population could conceivably survive for coena phocaenoides asiaorientalis), the only population a longer period than currently anticipated by persisting at of finless porpoise that lives in fresh water. low densities and evading detection. Under this scenario Our thesis rests on three points: First, the current it remains possible that any future remediation measures prospects of capturing a viable group of baiji for con- could arrive in time to reverse the decline of this species, servation (even a nuclear breeding unit) seem extremely as has happened, for example, with some previously com- improbable given the available evidence. The population mercially hunted cetaceans (Branch et al. 2004). Further- in the Yangtze is currently subsisting at very low densities more, given the putative social nature of the baiji, which and is almost undetectable with available survey methods, has been observed swimming in groups during previous as recent intensive boat-assisted surveys have revealed surveys (Zhou et al. 1994), any remnants of natural social (Zhang et al. 2003). A field survey carried out as recently and foraging behavior may have a higher chance of being as March 2006 by a team from China, the U.S., U.K., and maintained if the population is left in situ. Switzerland failed to locate any baiji in the wild (Dalton The option of translocating the remaining population 2006). Individuals are occasionally sighted at three sites to Tian-e-Zhou oxbow lake, a seminatural reserve, has along the river (e.g., there were three sightings of one been discussed as an alternative to the dolphinarium. As to two individuals at two locations in 2004; Braulik et al. a natural system that is more controllable than the river 2005), but the prospects for capturing a sufficient number itself, it is a potentially attractive compromise between of individuals to establish a demographically and genet- the wild state and captivity. However, the one time this ically viable ex situ population (see Bryant et al. 1999) approach was tried (for a single female in 1995) it was not seem very remote. successful. In addition, Tian-e-Zhou has a population of Second, we argue that even in the unlikely event that approximately 26 finless porpoises that were translocated enough baiji could be captured to launch a viable ex situ previously and are beginning to breed. Translocating baiji program, it is not clear that such a program would in- to this reserve could compromise the success of the cur- crease the probability of survival of the baiji as opposed rent program with porpoises. Indeed, translocating both to leaving the population intact in situ. Apart from the species into the reserve was explicitly ruled out during notable exception of a single male (Qi-Qi), who survived the workshop in 1993 (Zhou et al. 1994), although the re- in captivity for 23 years, past propagation and survival cent workshop reversed this decision with the proviso of rates for this species, and for cetaceans in general, are not a phased release and monitoring process. We argue that promising (Dudgeon 2005). To date, although the mean to introduce remaining baiji into this reserve potentially survival time for captive baiji is 1403.3 ± 3018.6 days for compromises not only the future of the currently increas- captive and seminatural reserve dolphins, including Qi- ing finless porpoise population but would represent a Qi, mean survival time is only 268 ± 328.5 days if Qi-Qi major risk to the baiji due to potential for agonistic inter- is excluded, a clear outlier in the data (calculated from actions, disease transmission, and competition for limited Liu and Zhang [2001], Liu et al. [2002], and Braulik et al. food resources. (The entangled body of the single female [2005]). In addition, no breeding has been recorded in released in 1995 was discovered, and it was determined captivity. In contrast to the baiji, these methods have met to have been emaciated before it became entangled [Dud- with more success for the finless porpoise. The survival geon 2005].). time of captive finless porpoises is on average 1083.9 ± Our final point is perhaps a more philosophical one and 1215.6 days (Liu et al. 2002, data for porpoises in the rests on the role of objective scientific advice in conserva- seminatural reserve are not available to our knowledge), tion of charismatic organisms. Given the strong evidence

Conservation Biology Volume 20, No. 3, June 2006 622 Conservation Options for the Baiji Yang et al. that the baiji is on an irreversible decline toward extinc- Science Foundation Commission of China grant no. tion, we argue that it is the responsibility of the scientific 30470253 to G. Yang. community, using the balance of evidence available, to advise when resources could be instead directed toward Literature Cited a species with a realistic chance of a successful outcome. Adams, D., and M. Carwardine. 1990. Last chance to see. Ballentine We believe this scenario applies to the Yangtze finless Books, New York. porpoise. There are fewer than 2000 individuals of this Baskaya, S., and E. Bilgili. 2004. Does the leopard Panthera pardus still endemic freshwater subspecies surviving in the river (Yu exist in the Eastern Karadeniz Mountains of Turkey? Oryx 38:228– 2003) and ex situ propagation appears realistic on cur- 232. rent evidence (Liu et al. 2002). The financial and other Branch, T.A., K. Matsuoka, and T.Miyashita. 2004. Evidence for increases in Antarctic blue whales based on Bayesian modelling. Marine Mam- resources directed at a failed attempt to capture and prop- mal Science 20:726–754. agate baiji could instead potentially be put toward scien- Braulik, G. T., R. R. Reeves, D. Wang, S. Ellis, R. S. Wells, and D. Dud- tific research and conservation efforts to identify the in- geon. 2005. Report of the workshop on conservation of the baiji and trinsic and extrinsic factors needed to ensure survival of Yangtze finless porpoise. Baiji Foundation, Zurich. a viable finless porpoise population in the medium term. Bryant, E. H., V.L. Vackus, M. E. Clark, and D. H. Reed. 1999. Experimen- tal tests of captive breeding for endangered species. Conservation It is also possible that any future ameliorative actions de- Biology 13:1487–1496. signed to conserve the finless porpoise may have a ben- Dalton, R. 2006. Last hope for river dolphins. Nature 440:1096. eficial impact on the few remaining baiji in the Yangtze Du, B., H. Li, and X. Zhang. 2003. Progress in the conservation research River. of baiji. Zoological Research 24:395–400. This last point is a controversial one because it acknowl- Dudgeon, D. 2005. Last chance to see: ex situ conservation and the fate of the baiji. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosys- edges, through its concentration on another species, that tems 15:105–108. we are choosing a management option that effectively ig- Fitzpatrick, J. W., et al. 2005. Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus nores the extinction risk to the baiji. However, it is our principalis) persists in continental North America. Science 308: contention that the conservation community is likely to 1460–1462. be faced with similar decisions in the coming decades IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1993. Baiji dolphin PHVA workshop. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group report, IUCN, Gland, due, in part, to the ongoing extinction debt (Tilman et Switzerland. Available from www.cbsg.org (accessed April 28, al. 1994) facing species (especially large mammals) to- 2006). day. Therefore, perhaps it is timely that the conservation Liu, R., and X. Zhang. 2001. Captive husbandry of the baiji, Lipotes community specifically acknowledged this problem and vexillifer. China Science Foundation 15:174–176. the dilemma it poses. Instead of making unrealistic (and Liu, R., K. Wang, and Q. Zhao. 2002. Rearing of cetaceans in captivity in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 22:130–136. sometimes expensive) management plans aimed at res- Ministry of Agriculture. 2001. Action Plan for Conservation of Chinese cuing species that objective evidence suggests cannot be River Dolphins. Ministry of Agriculture, China. rescued, more effective conservation might result if we Tilman, D., R. M. May, C. L. Lehman, and M. A. Nowak. 1994. Habitat took a targeted approach to conserving those species and destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371:65–66. habitats with the highest likelihood of persistence. Yu, D. 2003. Progress on conservation biology of Yangtze finless porpoise. Journal of Anhui University Natural Science 27:98–103. Zhang, X., D. Wang, R. Liu, Z. Wei, Y.Hua, Y.Wang, Z. Chen, and L. Wang. 2003. The Yangtze River dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer): pop- Acknowledgments ulation status and conservation issues in the Yangtze River, China. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:1–64. Zhou, K. Y., S. Ellis, S. Leatherwood, M. Bruford, and U. S. Seal, editors. This work was made possible by a U.K. Royal Soci- 1994. Baiji population and habitat viability assessment report. SSC ety Incoming Fellowship to G. Yang and Cardiff Univer- Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, World Conservation Union, sity, November 2004–June 2005, and a National Natural Apple Valley, Minnesota.

Conservation Biology Volume 20, No. 3, June 2006