DOCSLIB.ORG

MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School Certificate for Approving The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School Certificate for Approving The MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Yuta Kawarasaki Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________ Director Richard E. Lee, Jr. _____________________________________________ Reader Jon P. Costanzo _____________________________________________ Reader Kathleen A. Killian _____________________________________________ Reader Paul J. Schaeffer _____________________________________________ Graduate School Representative A. John Bailer ABSTRACT SURVIVAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SUBZERO TEMPERATURES IN THE ANTARCTIC MIDGE, BELGICA ANTARCTICA: TO FREEZE OR NOT TO FREEZE by Yuta Kawarasaki Low-temperature survival of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is promoted by alternative strategies of freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance. Larvae are freeze tolerant year round. Yet, provided they avoid inoculative freezing, they could remain unfrozen by either supercooling (during acute exposure) or cryoprotective dehydration (during prolonged exposure). The first two projects in this dissertation compared each of these two strategies of freeze- avoidance to that of freeze-tolerance. The purpose of the first project was to compare the induction of the rapid cold-hardening (RCH) response in frozen and supercooled larvae. At the same induction temperature, RCH occurred more rapidly and conferred a greater cryoprotection in frozen versus supercooled larvae. Since the primary difference between these two groups is cellular dehydration, and dehydration without chilling significantly increased larval cold tolerance, it was speculated that cellular dehydration caused by freeze concentration promoted the rapid development of cryoprotection in frozen larvae. The second investigation examined the alternative overwintering strategies of freezing and cryoprotective dehydration. Freezing had little effect on larval body water content and hemolymph osmolality. In contrast, cryoprotective dehydration resulted in a progressive loss of body water, causing a four-fold increase in hemolymph osmolality. Also, freezing and cryoprotective dehydration produced distinctly different patterns of glycogen breakdown. However, post-recovery levels of glycogen were similar in these two groups as were total lipids. In summary, freezing and cryoprotective dehydration were both effective in promoting winter survival of larvae, with only minor differences in energetic costs. The use of cryoprotective dehydration as an overwintering strategy in B. antarctica is constrained by inoculative freezing from environmental ice. Thus, the last project investigated the effect of different microhabitat substrates on larval overwintering by freezing or cryoprotective dehydration. When tested at ecologically-relevant hydration levels, all types of substrate created environmental conditions that were too moist to permit avoidance of freezing by inoculation. Consequently, it is likely that most larvae would likely be forced to overwinter in a frozen state. Yet, dehydrated larvae were found in the field. Therefore, spatial and temporal variations in microhabitat conditions can expose larvae to dehydration stress and potentially allow them to overwinter by cryoprotective dehydration. SURVIVAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO SUBZERO TEMPERATURES IN THE ANTARCTIC MIDGE, BELGICA ANTARCTICA: TO FREEZE OR NOT TO FREEZE A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Zoology by Yuta Kawarasaki Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2013 Dissertation director: Richard E. Lee, Jr. TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page Table of contents ii List of tables iv List of figures v Acknowledgements x Chapter 1: General introduction 1 References 4 Chapter 2: The protective effect of rapid cold-hardening develops more 6 quickly in frozen versus supercooled larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica Summary 7 Introduction 8 Materials and methods 9 Results 13 Discussion 16 References 21 Tables 28 Figure legends 30 Figures 32 Chapter 3: Alternative overwintering strategies in larvae of the Antarctic 38 midge, Belgica antarctica: freezing versus cryoprotective dehydration Summary 39 ii Introduction 40 Materials and methods 42 Results 46 Discussion 49 References 56 Tables 62 Figure legends 64 Figures 65 Chapter 4: Moist hibernacula promote inoculative freezing and limit the 70 potential for cryoprotective dehydration in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica Summary 71 Introduction 72 Materials and methods 74 Results 76 Discussion 79 References 83 Tables 86 Figure legends 87 Figures 88 Chapter 5: Concluding remarks 91 References 94 iii LIST OF TABLES Item Page Chapter 2: 2.1 Table 1. The effect of RCH and cold acclimation on glucose and trehalose 28 levels in larvae of B. antarctica. 2.2 Table 2. Effects of freezing, cryoprotective dehydration, and slow 29 dehydration on larval water content, hemolymph osmolality, and freeze tolerance in B. antarctica. Chapter 3: 3.1 Table 1. Effects of freezing and cryoprotective dehydration on 62 cryoprotectant levels, lipid content, and dry mass in larval B. antarctica during the 37-d experiment. 3.2 Table 2. Estimated osmotic contribution of original solutes in the 63 hemolymph due to loss of body water during cryoprotective dehydration. Chapter 4: 4.1 Table 1. Substrate characteristics of different microhabitats of 86 B. antarctica. iv LIST OF FIGURES Item Page Chapter 2: 2.1 Fig. 1. Temperature fluctuations during the late austral summer (February 32 3 − March, 31, 2011) at a representative microhabitat for larvae of Belgica antarctica on Humble Island, near Palmer Station, Antarctica (64°46 S, 64°04W). The broken line indicates the equilibrium melting point of fully hydrated larvae (~−0.7°C). 2.2 Fig. 2. Effects of RCH at different temperatures on (A) organismal 33 survival and (B) cell survival of larval midgut tissues in B. antarctica. RCH responses were induced by exposing larvae to various temperatures for 2 h, prior to testing their cold tolerance at −18°C for 24 h. The control group was directly exposed to −18°C for 24 h. Organismal survival was based on 47–51 larvae (± standard error of proportion). Cell survival was based on 4 or 5 replicates, with each replicate based on the mean of three groups of 100 cells (± s.e.m.). Values with different letters are significantly different within frozen groups. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between frozen and supercooled groups (Bonferroni, family-wise P<0.05). 2.3 Fig. 3. Representative images of the effect of acclimation temperature on 34 cell viability in midgut (MG) tissues of B. antarctica larvae. Tissues were dissected from larvae that survived exposure to −18°C for 24 h. Green indicates living cells, whereas dead cells are stained red. Images of Malpighian tubules (MT) are also shown. v 2.4 Fig. 4. Effect of varying the duration of acclimation at −3°C on (A) 35 organismal and (B) cell survival of larval midgut tissues in B. antarctica. Prior to testing their cold tolerance at −18 or −21°C for 24 h, larvae were exposed to −3°C for various intervals. The control group was directly exposed to −18°C for 24 h. Organismal survival was based on 47–52 larvae (± standard error of proportion). Cell survival was based on 4 or 5 replicates, with each replicate based on the mean of three groups of 100 cells (± s.e.m.). Values with different letters are significantly different within frozen groups exposed to the same discriminating temperature. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between frozen and supercooled groups. Crosses (†) denote significant differences between treatment and control groups (Bonferroni, family-wise P<0.05). 2.5 Fig. 5. Effect of varying the duration of exposure to −5°C on (A) 36 organismal survival and (B) cell survival of larval midgut in B. antarctica. Protective effects of RCH were tested by subsequently assessing larval cold tolerance at −18°C for 24 h. The control group was directly exposed to −18°C for 24 h. Organismal survival was based on 49–55 larvae (± standard error of proportion). Cell survival was based on 4 or 5 replicates, with each replicate based on the mean of three groups of 100 cells (± s.e.m). Values with different letters are significantly different (Bonferroni, family-wise P<0.05). 2.6 Fig. 6. Time course for the loss of protective effects generated by RCH. 37 Following RCH at −5°C for 2 h in the frozen state, larvae were allowed to thaw at 2°C for various intervals and survival was assessed after subsequent exposure to −18°C for 24 h. The control group was directly exposed to −18°C for 24 h. Organismal survival was based on 49–51 larvae (± standard error of proportion). Values with different letters are significantly different (Bonferroni, family-wise P<0.05). vi Chapter 3: 3.1 Fig. 1. Experimental protocol for the subzero exposure. Subsets of 65 samples were removed from the experiment on Days 14, 32, and 37 to assess larval body water content, hemolymph osmolality, cryoprotectant and glycogen levels, and total lipid content. 3.2 Fig. 2. Seasonal changes in temperature at a representative larval 66 microhabitat of B. antarctica on Humble Island, near Palmer Station, Antarctica (64°46 S, 64°04 W). Microhabitat temperatures were measured in 2011−2012 using a single-channel temperature logger. The broken line indicates the equilibrium melting point of winter-acclimatized larvae (−1.1°C; this study). 3.3 Fig. 3. Effects of freezing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eretmoptera Murphyi Schaeffer (Diptera: Chironomjdae), an Apparently Parthenogenetic Antarctic Midge
    ERETMOPTERA MURPHYI SCHAEFFER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMJDAE), AN APPARENTLY PARTHENOGENETIC ANTARCTIC MIDGE P. S. CRANSTON Entomology Department, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SWl SBD ABSTRACT. Chironomid midges are amongst the most abundant and diverse holo­ metabolous insects of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. Eretmoptera murphyi Schaeffer, 1914, has been enigmatic to systematists since the first discovery of adult females on South Georgia. The rediscovery of the species as a suspected introduction to Signy Island (South Orkney Islands) allows the description of the immature stages for the first time and the redescription of the female, the only sex known. E. murphyi larvae are terrestrial, living in damp moss and peat, and the brachypterous adult is probably parthenogenetic. Eretmoptera appears to have an isolated position amongst the terrestrial Orthocladiinae: the close relationship with the marine Clunio group of genera suggested by previous workers is not supported. INTRODUCTION In the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions, the Chironomidae (non-biting midges) are the commonest, most diverse and most widely distributed group ofhoi ometa bolo us insects. For example, Belgica antarctica Jacobs is the most southerly distributed free-living insect (Wirth and Gressitt, 1967; Usher and Edwards, 1984) and the podonomine genus Parochlus is found throughout the sub-Antarctic islands. Recently, Sublette and Wirth (1980) reported 22 species in 18 genera belonging to 6 subfamilies of Chironomidae from New Zealand's sub-Antarctic islands. One sub-Antarctic midge that has remained rather enigmatic since its discovery is Eretmoptera murphyi. Two females of this brachypterous chironomid were collected by R. C. Murphy from South Georgia in 1913 and described, together with other insects, by Schaeffer (1914).
    [Show full text]
  • Vertical and Horizontal Trophic Networks in the Aroid-Infesting Insect Community of Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico
    insects Article Vertical and Horizontal Trophic Networks in the Aroid-Infesting Insect Community of Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Mexico Guadalupe Amancio 1 , Armando Aguirre-Jaimes 1, Vicente Hernández-Ortiz 1,* , Roger Guevara 2 and Mauricio Quesada 3,4 1 Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico 2 Red de Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico 3 Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190 Michoacán, Mexico 4 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190 Michoacán, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 June 2019; Accepted: 9 August 2019; Published: 15 August 2019 Abstract: Insect-aroid interaction studies have focused largely on pollination systems; however, few report trophic interactions with other herbivores. This study features the endophagous insect community in reproductive aroid structures of a tropical rainforest of Mexico, and the shifting that occurs along an altitudinal gradient and among different hosts. In three sites of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, we surveyed eight aroid species over a yearly cycle. The insects found were reared in the laboratory, quantified and identified. Data were analyzed through species interaction networks. We recorded 34 endophagous species from 21 families belonging to four insect orders. The community was highly specialized at both network and species levels. Along the altitudinal gradient, there was a reduction in richness and a high turnover of species, while the assemblage among hosts was also highly specific, with different dominant species.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuous Up-Regulation of Heat Shock Proteins in Larvae, but Not Adults, of a Polar Insect
    Continuous up-regulation of heat shock proteins in larvae, but not adults, of a polar insect Joseph P. Rinehart*†, Scott A. L. Hayward†‡, Michael A. Elnitsky§, Luke H. Sandro§, Richard E. Lee, Jr.§, and David L. Denlinger†¶ *Red River Valley Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND 58105; ‡School of Biological Sciences, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom; §Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056; and †Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Contributed by David L. Denlinger, August 8, 2006 Antarctica’s terrestrial environment is a challenge to which very the cessation of synthesis of most other proteins. Yet there are few animals have adapted. The largest, free-living animal to suggestions that some Antarctic species may respond somewhat inhabit the continent year-round is a flightless midge, Belgica differently. Both the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii (5) antarctica. Larval midges survive the lengthy austral winter en- and an Antarctic ciliate, Euplotes focardii (6), constitutively cased in ice, and when the ice melts in summer, the larvae complete express hsp70 and show no or modest up-regulation of this gene their 2-yr life cycle, and the wingless adults form mating aggre- in response to thermal stress. This response is thought to be an gations while subjected to surprisingly high substrate tempera- adaptation to the cold, but constant, low temperature of the tures. Here we report a dichotomy in survival strategies exploited polar sea. The range of temperatures experienced in Antarctic by this insect at different stages of its life cycle. Larvae constitu- terrestrial environments, however, is quite different from that of tively up-regulate their heat shock proteins (small hsp, hsp70, and the ocean, and the midge faces a much broader range of hsp90) and maintain a high inherent tolerance to temperature temperatures in its natural habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera: Drosophilidae)
    Zootaxa 1069: 1–32 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 1069 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Molecular systematics and geographical distribution of the Drosophila longicornis species complex (Diptera: Drosophilidae) DEODORO C. S. G. OLIVEIRA1, 2, PATRICK M. O’GRADY1, 3, WILLIAM J. ETGES4, WILLIAM B. HEED5 & ROB DeSALLE1 1Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; email: [email protected] 3Department of Biology, University of Vermont, VT, USA; email: [email protected] 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; email: [email protected] 5Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; email: [email protected] Abstract Here we examine the phylogenetic relationships of eleven species previously hypothesized to be members of the Drosophila longicornis complex (repleta group, mulleri subgroup) using combined analyses of four mitochondrial genes. This complex, as currently redefined, is composed of the longicornis cluster (D. longicornis, D. pachuca, D. propachuca, and D. mainlandi), the ritae cluster (D. desertorum, D. mathisi, and D. ritae), and several miscellaneous species (D. hamatofila, D. hexastigma, D. spenceri, and an undescribed species “from Sonora”). A maximum likelihood inference also includes the huckinsi cluster (D. huckinsi and D. huichole) as the most distant members in the longicornis complex, a condition not recovered using maximum parsimony. We were unable to diagnose species in the triad of sibling species D. longicornis, D. pachuca, and D. propachuca using rapidly evolving mitochondrial DNA data, and we discuss possible species concept conflict for this triad.
    [Show full text]
  • Refuse Containers As a Source of Flies in Honolulu and Nearby Communities
    Vol. XVII, No. 3, August, 1961 477 Refuse Containers as a Source of Flies in Honolulu and Nearby Communities Donald P. Wilton DIVISION OF SANITATION HAWAII STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH HONOLULU, HAWAII {Submitted for publication December, I960) The garbage can has long been recognized as an important site of domestic fly production. Quarterman et al. (1949) found garbage cans second only to the city dump as a source of flies in Savannah, Georgia. They reported fly breeding in or under 60 per cent of the containers examined. Fifty per cent of the infested media detected by Schoof et al. (1954) in fly breeding surveys conducted in Charleston, West Virginia were garbage. A similar situation was found by Siverly and Schoof (1955) in Phoenix, Arizona. Kilpatrick and Bogue (1956) demonstrated fly emergence from ground surfaces under and near garbage cans at Mission and Pharr, Texas. As an illustration of the significance of garbage as a breeding medium for domestic flies, it was stated by Siverly and Schoof (1955) that as many as 70,000 flies have been produced by one cubic foot of this material. Campbell and Black (i960) reporting on an investigation of prepupal migration of fly larvae from refuse containers in Concord, California recommended twice-a- week refuse collection during hot weather. They suggested that this would remove refuse before any significant migration (and hence, any significant fly production) could occur. Often, however, routine refuse collection fails to remove all the material in the can. As pointed out by Quarterman et al. (1949), a sludge-like deposit which is not dislodged when the container is upended frequently builds up in the bottoms of neglected cans.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2, Chapter 12-19: Terrestrial Insects: Holometabola-Diptera
    Glime, J. M. 2017. Terrestrial Insects: Holometabola – Diptera Nematocera 2. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 2. 12-19-1 Interactions. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. eBook last updated 19 July 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/>. CHAPTER 12-19 TERRESTRIAL INSECTS: HOLOMETABOLA – DIPTERA NEMATOCERA 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cecidomyiidae – Gall Midges ........................................................................................................................ 12-19-2 Mycetophilidae – Fungus Gnats ..................................................................................................................... 12-19-3 Sciaridae – Dark-winged Fungus Gnats ......................................................................................................... 12-19-4 Ceratopogonidae – Biting Midges .................................................................................................................. 12-19-6 Chironomidae – Midges ................................................................................................................................. 12-19-9 Belgica .................................................................................................................................................. 12-19-14 Culicidae – Mosquitoes ................................................................................................................................ 12-19-15 Simuliidae – Blackflies
    [Show full text]
  • Trapping Drosophila Repleta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Using Color and Volatiles B
    Trapping Drosophila repleta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) using color and volatiles B. A. Hottel1,*, J. L. Spencer1 and S. T. Ratcliffe3 Abstract Color and volatile stimulus preferences of Drosophila repleta (Patterson) Diptera: Drosophilidae), a nuisance pest of swine and poultry facilities, were tested using sticky card and bottle traps. Attractions to red, yellow, blue, orange, green, purple, black, grey and a white-on-black contrast treatment were tested in the laboratory. Drosophila repleta preferred red over yellow and white but not over blue. Other than showing preferences over the white con- trol, D. repleta was not observed to have preferences between other colors and shade combinations. Pinot Noir red wine, apple cider vinegar, and wet swine feed were used in volatile preference field trials. Red wine was more attractiveD. to repleta than the other volatiles tested, but there were no dif- ferences in response to combinations of a red wine volatile lure and various colors. Odor was found to play the primary role in attracting D. repleta. Key Words: Drosophila repleta; color preference; volatile preference; trapping Resumen Se evaluaron las preferencias de estímulo de volátiles y color de Drosophila repleta (Patterson) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), una plaga molesta en las instalaciones porcinas y avícolas, utilzando trampas de tarjetas pegajosas y de botella. Su atracción a los tratamientos de color rojo, amarillo, azul, anaranjado, verde, morado, negro, gris y un contraste de blanco sobre negro fue probado en el laboratorio. Drosophila repleta preferio el rojo mas que el amarillo y el blanco, pero no sobre el azul. Aparte de mostrar una preferencia por el control de color blanco, no se observó que D.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera) Diversity in a Patch of Costa Rican Cloud Forest: Why Inventory Is a Vital Science
    Zootaxa 4402 (1): 053–090 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C2FAF702-664B-4E21-B4AE-404F85210A12 Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science ART BORKENT1, BRIAN V. BROWN2, PETER H. ADLER3, DALTON DE SOUZA AMORIM4, KEVIN BARBER5, DANIEL BICKEL6, STEPHANIE BOUCHER7, SCOTT E. BROOKS8, JOHN BURGER9, Z.L. BURINGTON10, RENATO S. CAPELLARI11, DANIEL N.R. COSTA12, JEFFREY M. CUMMING8, GREG CURLER13, CARL W. DICK14, J.H. EPLER15, ERIC FISHER16, STEPHEN D. GAIMARI17, JON GELHAUS18, DAVID A. GRIMALDI19, JOHN HASH20, MARTIN HAUSER17, HEIKKI HIPPA21, SERGIO IBÁÑEZ- BERNAL22, MATHIAS JASCHHOF23, ELENA P. KAMENEVA24, PETER H. KERR17, VALERY KORNEYEV24, CHESLAVO A. KORYTKOWSKI†, GIAR-ANN KUNG2, GUNNAR MIKALSEN KVIFTE25, OWEN LONSDALE26, STEPHEN A. MARSHALL27, WAYNE N. MATHIS28, VERNER MICHELSEN29, STEFAN NAGLIS30, ALLEN L. NORRBOM31, STEVEN PAIERO27, THOMAS PAPE32, ALESSANDRE PEREIRA- COLAVITE33, MARC POLLET34, SABRINA ROCHEFORT7, ALESSANDRA RUNG17, JUSTIN B. RUNYON35, JADE SAVAGE36, VERA C. SILVA37, BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR38, JEFFREY H. SKEVINGTON8, JOHN O. STIREMAN III10, JOHN SWANN39, PEKKA VILKAMAA40, TERRY WHEELER††, TERRY WHITWORTH41, MARIA WONG2, D. MONTY WOOD8, NORMAN WOODLEY42, TIFFANY YAU27, THOMAS J. ZAVORTINK43 & MANUEL A. ZUMBADO44 †—deceased. Formerly with the Universidad de Panama ††—deceased. Formerly at McGill University, Canada 1. Research Associate, Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 2C2, Canada. Email: [email protected] 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Plant Phenology and Pollinator Diversity Across Alaskan National Parks a Pilot Study
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Tracking Plant Phenology and Pollinator Diversity Across Alaskan National Parks A Pilot Study Natural Resource Report NPS/AKRO/NRR—2021/2291 ON THE COVER Clockwise from top left: A. Mocorro Powell collecting pollinators in Denali NPP; long-horned beetle on common yarrow; K. Fuentes scoring phenophases on common yarrow in Klondike Gold Rush NHP; bumble bee on fireweed NPS/Jessica Rykken Tracking Plant Phenology and Pollinator Diversity Across Alaskan National Parks A Pilot Study Natural Resource Report NPS/AKRO/NRR—2021/2291 Jessica J. Rykken National Park Service Denali National Park and Preserve PO Box 9 Denali Park, AK 99755 August 2021 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Dynamics of Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Drosophila
    doi: 10.1111/jeb.12988 Adaptive dynamics of cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila S. RAJPUROHIT*, R. HANUS†,V.VRKOSLAV†,E.L.BEHRMAN*,A.O.BERGLAND‡, D. PETROV§,J.CVACKA † & P. S. SCHMIDT* *Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA †The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic ‡Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA §Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Keywords: Abstract cuticular hydrocarbons; Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are hydrophobic compounds deposited on Drosophila; the arthropod cuticle that are of functional significance with respect to stress experimental evolution; tolerance, social interactions and mating dynamics. We characterized CHC spatiotemporal variation; profiles in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster at five levels: across thermal plasticity. a latitudinal transect in the eastern United States, as a function of develop- mental temperature during culture, across seasonal time in replicate years, and as a function of rapid evolution in experimental mesocosms in the field. Furthermore, we also characterized spatial and temporal changes in allele frequencies for SNPs in genes that are associated with the production and chemical profile of CHCs. Our data demonstrate a striking degree of paral- lelism for clinal and seasonal variation in CHCs in this taxon; CHC profiles also demonstrate significant plasticity in response to rearing temperature, and the observed patterns of plasticity parallel the spatiotemporal patterns observed in nature. We find that these congruent shifts in CHC profiles across time and space are also mirrored by predictable shifts in allele fre- quencies at SNPs associated with CHC chain length.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocontrol Characteristics of the Fruit Fly Pupal Parasitoid Trichopria Drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) Emerging from Diff
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Biocontrol characteristics of the fruit fy pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Received: 17 April 2018 Accepted: 20 August 2018 Diapriidae) emerging from diferent Published: xx xx xxxx hosts Jiani Chen1,2, Sicong Zhou1,2, Ying Wang1,2, Min Shi1,2, Xuexin Chen1,2,3 & Jianhua Huang 1,2 Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) is an important pupal endoparasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and some other fruit fy species, such as D. suzukii, a very important invasive and economic pest. Studies of T. drosophilae suggest that this could be a good biological control agent for fruit fy pests. In this research, we compared the parasitic characteristics of T. drosophilae reared in D. melanogaster (TDm) with those reared in D. hydei (TDh). TDh had a larger size than TDm. The number of maximum mature eggs of a female TDh was 133.6 ± 6.9, compared with the signifcantly lower value of 104.8 ± 11.4 for TDm. Mated TDh female wasp continuously produced female ofspring up to 6 days after mating, compared with only 3 days for TDm. In addition, the ofspring female ratio of TDh, i.e., 82.32%, was signifcantly higher than that of TDm, i.e., 61.37%. Under starvation m treatment, TDh survived longer than TDm. TDh also survived longer than TD at high temperatures, such as 37 °C, although they both survived well at low temperatures, such as 18 °C and 4 °C. Old-age TDh females maintained a high parasitism rate and ofspring female ratio, while they were declined in old-age TDm.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses of Invertebrates to Temperature and Water Stress A
    Author's Accepted Manuscript Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective M.J. Everatt, P. Convey, J.S. Bale, M.R. Worland, S.A.L. Hayward www.elsevier.com/locate/jtherbio PII: S0306-4565(14)00071-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.05.004 Reference: TB1522 To appear in: Journal of Thermal Biology Received date: 21 August 2013 Revised date: 22 January 2014 Accepted date: 22 January 2014 Cite this article as: M.J. Everatt, P. Convey, J.S. Bale, M.R. Worland, S.A.L. Hayward, Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective, Journal of Thermal Biology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jther- bio.2014.05.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water 2 stress: A polar perspective 3 M. J. Everatta, P. Conveyb, c, d, J. S. Balea, M. R. Worlandb and S. A. L. 4 Haywarda* a 5 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK b 6 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, 7 Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK 8 cNational Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, 9 Malaysia 10 dGateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand 11 12 *Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]