Copyright © 2005 ICT Task Force

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The views expressed in this book are those of their individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of the United Nations ICT Task Force, the United Nations itself, any of its organs or agencies, nor of any other organizations or institutions mentioned or discussed in this book, including the organizations to which the authors are affiliated.

Published by The United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 [email protected]

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all those who made this publication possible. Our special thanks go to the contributors to this book, who took the time to write thoughtful articles about the WSIS process and outcomes. We express our deep gratitude to the staff of the United Nations ICT Task Force Secretariat, located in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, who devoted many hours to proofreading the text, especially Enrica Murmura, who managed the project and helped coordinate communication with all the contributors, and to Robert de Jesus, Cheryl Stafford, Daniela Giacomelli, Anna Gedda, Karl Brown and Christine Wenzel who provided valuable assistance and technical expertise in copy-editing, design and lay-out. We also want to thank the Graphical Design Unit of the Outreach Division of the Department of Public Information for patiently working with us on the cover design. We would especially like to thank Dr. Julia Steinberger, who helped edit and critically review the final text. Our recognition also goes to Sarbuland Khan and Sergei Kambalov for their trust and opening the United Nations ICT Task Force Series to our endeavour.

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Contents

Opening Statement vii Secretary-General, United Nations

Preface xi YOSHIO UTSUMI Secretary-General, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Secretary-General, World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)

Introduction 1 WOLFGANG KLEINWÄCHTER Professor for International Communication Policy, University of Aarhus DANIEL STAUFFACHER Ambassador and Delegate of the Swiss Federal Council for the WSIS

PART I: POLITICS and DIPLOMACY 7

Section 1: Intergovernmental Organisations 9

The Millennium Development Goals, WSIS and the United Nations 11 SHASHI THAROOR Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information, United Nations

WSIS and UNESCO 18 ABDUL WAHEED KHAN Assistant Director-General for Communication and Information, UNESCO

The Social Dimension of Technological Development: WSIS and the 23 International Labour Organization JUAN SOMAVIA Director-General, International Labour Organization (ILO)

The World Summit on the Information Society and the World Intellectual 27 Property Organization KAMIL IDRIS Director-General, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

WSIS and the WTO: Trade in the Information Age 30 SUPACHAI PANITCHPAKDI Director-General, World Trade Organization ii

Towards an Inclusive and Development-Rich Information Society: 33 Linking Financing Issues and Development Agendas RADHIKA LAL Policy Adviser, United Nations Development Programme

WSIS and the United Nations ICT Task Force 41 SARBULAND KHAN Executive Coordinator, United Nations ICT Task Force

Section 2: Governments 45

Global Diplomacy and Information Society 47 DAVID A. GROSS Ambassador and Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, United States Department of State

Serving Citizens: e-Government for Everybody 53 ERKKI LIIKANEN Former European Commissioner for Enterprise and Information Society

Strengthening Cooperation, Promoting Development and Moving 55 Towards the Information Society WANG XUDONG Minister of Information Industry of the People’s Republic of China

Building Dynamic Partnerships among Stakeholders: From the World 58 Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to the World Summit of Solidarity (WSS) ADAMA SAMASSÉKOU President of the WSIS Preparatory Committee, President of the African Academy of Languages and Former Minister of of the Republic of

Searching for Consensus 64 ASKO NUMMINEN Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland

Last Minute Diplomacy: The WSIS in Geneva 2003 71 MARC FURRER Secretary of State for the WSIS,

A Tribute To Those Who Made It Happen 79 DANIEL STAUFFACHER Ambassador and Delegate of the Swiss Federal Council for the WSIS

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Section 3: Private Sector 89

Politics and Diplomacy: Business Experience with WSIS from Geneva to 91 Tunis MARIA LIVANOS CATTAUI Secretary-General, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

Information and Communication Technology for Development 93 RAINER HÄNDEL Director, Standards Coordination and Services, Siemens Communications

Section 4: Civil Society 97

Multi-Stakeholderism and Civil Society 99 RENATE BLOEM President, Coordinating Committee of Non-Governmental Organisations

Civil Society in the WSIS – A Rite of Passage 104 KAREN BANKS Director, Association for Progressive Communication (APC)

A New Diplomacy for the 21st Century? Multi-Stakeholder Approach and 110 Bottom-Up Policy Development in the Information Society WOLFGANG KLEINWÄCHTER Professor for International Communication Policy, University of Aarhus

PART II: PRINCIPLES and ACTIONS 115

Section 5: History and Theory 117

The Forgotten History of Global Communication Negotiations at the 119 League of Nations KAARLE NORDENSTRENG Professor, University of Tampere

WSIS: Can the International Community Learn from History? 125 CEES J. HAMELINK Professor, University of Amsterdam

Globalization and Information Society 131 MARC RABOY Professor, University of Montreal

Collective Learning in the World Summit on the Information Society 135 WILLIAM J. DRAKE President, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility and Senior Associate, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development iv

WSIS and Multi-Stakeholderism 147 CLAUDIA PADOVANI Researcher, University of Padua

The WSIS Wars: An Analysis of the Politicization of the Internet 156 KENNETH NEIL CUKIER Technology Correspondent, The Economist

Section 6: Development, Financing and Capacity-Building 163

Human Capacity-Building: The ICT for Development Platform at WSIS 165 2003 WALTER FUST Director-General, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

The Financing Question at WSIS and the Task Force on Financing 171 Mechanisms for ICTD SHOJI NISHIMOTO Co-Chairman, Task Force on Financial Mechanisms (TFFM) and Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP

Private Sector and Multi-Stakeholderism in the WSIS Process 175 AYESHA HASSAN Senior Policy Manager, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

Innovative Financial Mechanisms, Digital Solidarity and the “Geneva 178 Principle” ALAIN CLERC Executive Secretary, Digital Solidarity Fund (DSF)

WSIS: Challenges and Policy Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean 183 CARLOS M. JARQUE Manager, Sustainable Development Department, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

Cities and Regional Governments in the WSIS: From the Lyon Summit 187 2003 to Bilbao 2005 LOUISE LASSONDE Senior Policy Advisor, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)

Volunteers: An Essential Building Block for a Society of Shared 191 Knowledge VIOLA KREBS Director, ICVolunteers and Focal Point of the WSIS Volunteer Family

Section 7: Human Rights, Media Freedoms, Cultural Diversity and 199 Intellectual Property v

Media Freedoms and Article 19 201 RONALD KOVEN European Representative, World Press Freedom Committee

WSIS, Media and the Right to Freedom of Expression 205 ALAIN MODOUX President, International Network of UNESCO Chairs in Communication (ORBICOM)

Media Pluralism and Cultural Diversity 212 ROBIN MANSELL Professor, Dixon Chair in New Media and the Internet, London School of Economics and Political

Community Media and the Communication Divide 218 STEVE BUCKLEY President, World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC)

Security and Privacy in Cyberspace 225 RIKKE FRANK JOERGENSEN Co-Chair, WSIS Civil Society Human Rights Caucus

The Software Challenge 230 GEORG GREVE President, Free Software Foundation

Teaching the Information Society 235 DIVINA FRAU-MEIGS Vice-President, International Association for Media and Communication Research

WSIS and Gender 239 HEIKE JENSEN Chair, WSIS Gender Caucus

Section 8: Internet Governance 243

Agree to Disagree: The Birth of the Working Group on Internet 245 Governance (WGIG) MARKUS KUMMER Executive Coordinator, Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) Secretariat

ICANN and “Internet Governance” 249 VINTON G. CERF Chairman, ICANN