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Effects of Expected Service Life Exposures on the Functional Properties and Impact Performance of an American Football Helmet Outer Shell Material

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Effects of Expected Service Life Exposures on the Functional Properties and Impact Performance of an American Football Helmet Outer Shell Material The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-1-2015 Effects of Expected Service Life Exposures on the Functional Properties and Impact Performance of an American Football Helmet Outer Shell Material David E. Krzeminski University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Polymer and Organic Materials Commons, and the Sports Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Krzeminski, David E., "Effects of Expected Service Life Exposures on the Functional Properties and Impact Performance of an American Football Helmet Outer Shell Material" (2015). Dissertations. 168. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/168 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi EFFECTS OF EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE EXPOSURES ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF AN AMERICAN FOOTBALL HELMET OUTER SHELL MATERIAL by David Edward Krzeminski Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE EXPOSURES ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF AN AMERICAN FOOTBALL HELMET OUTER SHELL MATERIAL by David Edward Krzeminski December 2015 The purpose of this dissertation is to gain a greater scientific understanding of the changes in functional material properties and impact performance of an American football helmet outer shell material under expected service life exposures. The research goals are to (i) quantify chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical degradation of an American football outer shell material under expected environmental conditions and (ii) develop a linear drop test impact protocol to employ expected on-field impact conditions to American football helmet components and a plaque-foam (i.e., shell-liner) surrogate. Overall, a step-wise progression of analysis was demonstrated to concurrently quantify and understand changes in material properties at the molecular, microscopic, and macroscopic levels. Changes across chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties were evaluated following laboratory exposures to 480 hours of accelerated weathering, increasing intensities of n-Butyl acetate solvent, and 12 repetitive linear plaque-foam impacts. In Chapter II, an instrumented drop test setup was substantiated to investigate linear impact attenuation performance. In Chapter III, laboratory exposure to UV light, oxygen, moisture, and elevated temperatures induced molecular degradative bi-products and physical aging up to ~1% into the plaque thickness which led to altered aesthetic ii properties, chemi-crystallization, and an increased resistance to surface indentation and tensile deformation. In Chapter IV, solvent-induced plasticization, crystallization, and stress-cracking of up to ~3% into the plaque thickness led to an increase in surface porosity which scattered light and decreased tensile properties. In Chapter V, impact exposure induced rubber-toughener (RT) cavitation that generated voids via delamination at the RT-matrix interface at which led to rings of stress-whitening, strain-induced crystallization, increased butadiene RT density, and shifts surface modulus and tensile properties. This dissertation preliminarily substantiated (i) a drop test setup attempting to accurately replicate on-field impact conditions to investigate linear impact attenuation performance, and (ii) polymer techniques and protocols that could elucidate the rates and degrees of material degradation. iii COPYRIGHT BY DAVID EDWARD KRZEMINSKI 2015 EFFECTS OF EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE EXPOSURES ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF AN AMERICAN FOOTBALL HELMET OUTER SHELL MATERIAL by David Edward Krzeminski A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School the Schools of Kinesiology and Polymers and High Performance Materials at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr. Scott G. Piland, Committee Co-Chair Associate Professor, School of Kinesiology ________________________________________________ Dr. James W. Rawlins, Committee Co-Chair Associate Professor, School of Polymers and High Performance Materials ________________________________________________ Dr. Sergei I. Nazarenko, Committee Member Associate Professor, School of Polymers and High Performance Materials ________________________________________________ Dr. Trenton E. Gould, Committee Member Associate Professor, School of Kinesiology ________________________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey S. Wiggins, Committee Member Associate Professor, School of Polymers and High Performance Materials ________________________________________________ Dr. Karen S. Coats Dean of the Graduate School December 2015 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my Mother and Father for their endless love, sacrifice, and support towards the pursuit and fulfillment of my education. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge each of my co-advisors, Dr. Scott Piland and Dr. James Rawlins. Throughout your mentorship, each of you have challenged me to become a better scientist, and granted me the freedom to pursue my academic and personal interests. Most importantly, you never stopped supporting my pursuit of a Sports and High Performance Materials doctoral degree. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Trenton Gould for his support and guidance as an additional pseudo-co- advisor. I would also like to thank additional members of my PhD committee, Dr. Jeffrey Wiggins and Dr. Sergei Nazarenko, for their contributions to my education. I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the School of Kinesiology, the School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, and the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC W9132T-09-2-0019), as well as the Bayer Corporation and the Der-Tex Corporation for supplying materials. I would also like to thank the equipment operations staff of the University of Southern Mississippi football team, specifically Patrick Stewart and Zack Gatwood. I would like to thank Nadine Lippa, for over the past 4 years you have been my friend, my colleague, and my partner. You have been my foundation every step of the way, and have enriched my life beyond what I ever thought was possible. I would also like to thank Jim Goetz, we started our paths together as graduate students from Day 1 and our friendship will forever be rooted in the memories of 101 and 807. I would like to thank my sister Tanya, for teaching me the courage to speak even when my voice shakes, and being someone her little brother will always look up to. I would also like to thank my grandparents, for the countless sacrifices for their grandson. v I would like to thank my coaches Irv Sigler, Brett Kempema, and David Belowich, for teaching me the relentless pursuit of excellence, to execute the fundamentals to be successful, and that I, too, can be a champion. I would also like to thank Pat Snyder, Andy Douglass, Mike Bailey, Evan Powell, Brian Hunter, Gerry Mayer, Luis Vega, Brian McCarthy, Brian Belowich,Will Schmidt, Katie Benintende, Jess Woods, Jake Cook, Matt Medendorp, Mike Vandervelde, and Paul Reynolds. Additional academic and personal contributions from numerous graduate students, faculty, and staff across the Schools of Polymers and Kinesiology also made this possible: Stephen Foster, Joshua Hanna, Brandon Achord, Stephanie (Messer) Foster, Pirro Cipi, Chrissy Caroselli, Kevin Harman, Greg Curtzwiler, Christina Konecki, Steven Wand, Eric Fowler, Stephen Heinz, Matt Jackson, Sam Tucker, Jeremy Decker, Adam Richardson, Travis Ball, Jake Ray, Olivia McNair, Ashely Johnson, Lea Paslay, Sarah Exley, Brooks Abel, Emily Hoff, Andrew Janisse, Maliha Syed, Kat Frank, Lauren Kucera, Brian Greenhoe, Kyler Knowles, Hanna Knowles, Greg Strange, Daniel Savin, Gary Krebs, Kim Luck, Kim Brandon, Kathy Lee, Debbie Kleckner,Michael Blanton, Dilhan Fernando, Sharathkumar Mendon, Monoj Pramanik, Eric Williams, Michael McDonald, Kevin Davis, Dwaine Braash, Thomas Harris, Kenton McNeese, and Ty Posey. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................. xi CHAPTER I. RESEARCH BACKGROUND ...................................................................1 Introduction American Football Helmet Evolution Brain Injury of Concussion Football Helmet Testing Current Football Helmet Technologies Reconditioning and Recertification Service Life Exposures Helmet Impact Exposure Research Overview References II. INVESTIGATION OF LINEAR IMPACT ENERGY
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