Strategic Alaskaby Marc V
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Billy Mitchell saw its great potential in 1935, and now the rest of the world has finally caught on. Strategic AlaskaBy Marc V. Schanz, Associate Editor USAF photo by SrA. Garrett Hothan ore than ever before, “From an airman’s perspective, [it’s] C-17s are surrounded by low clouds on the Air Force is paying probably the most strategic location,” the runway at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. At right, a map illustrates Alaska’s close attention to its force said Lt. Gen. Dana T. Atkins, command- strategic location. Mstructure in Alaska. Indeed, a major er of Alaskan Command and Alaskan rush of events in the High North has NORAD region. The state’s geographic propelled the 49th state up to the top location “makes it hugely of strategic Raptors stepped in to fill the role of the ranks of service thinking. import to the United States and really temporarily grounded F-15 fleet to in- A resurgent Russia has ramped up important in a global context.” tercept Russian Tu-95 Bear bombers. its long-range bomber flights nearby. A From Alaskan bases, the Air Force changing Arctic climate has uncorked can gain quick access both to the Pa- The Air Sovereignty Mission a flurry of activity in the region as cific and European Theaters. Transiting Many of the Raptor pilots lever- once inaccessible resources now seem across the Arctic, forces could arrive in aged their F-15 backgrounds, and the ready for exploitation. Alaska’s strategic Europe faster than if flying from the East scrambles led to the development of a Arctic location is viewed as useful for Coast of the US, Atkins pointed out. new training plan for the air sovereignty missile defense, air defense, and force This responsive location has helped to mission, said Lt. Col. Orlando Sanchez, deployments to locations ranging from push Alaska to the forefront of USAF’s director of operations for the 525th Europe to East Asia and beyond. And investment queue. Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf. While the military training space available to The reinvigoration of Russian bomber F-22s are no longer on alert, they may USAF there is huge and varied. patrols over Arctic waters in August 2007 perform intercepts in the future. For these and other reasons, the Air was an opening push of that country’s The commander of Russia’s Air Force has started beefing up its forces increasingly assertive power projection Force, Col. Gen. Alexander Zelin, in the state. A visitor there sees that efforts. NORAD’s US and Canadian said in April the country will increase the service has been sending its new- fighters have repeatedly intercepted Rus- its strategic patrols to as many as 30 est and most advanced equipment for sian flights skirting Alaskan airspace. a month. Alaskan service, including brand-new New F-22s at Elmendorf Air Force “It’s been interesting in the last few F-22 fighters and C-17 transports. Base took center stage last fall when years,” said Gen. Carrol H. Chandler, 46 AIR FORCE Magazine / November 2008 chief of Pacific Air Forces, in Septem- continental shelves, according to senior ing capability. “But you know we’re ber. “When I was ... Alaskan Command Russian military officials. Geologists constantly testing each others’ intel commander, we had one intercept in believe major oil and gas deposits could ability, we’re constantly testing each the time that I was there. The Russians potentially become available as the polar others’ reaction ability, and that’s just have continued to put emphasis on ice cap slowly recedes with warming part of it.” long-range aviation; they’ve continued temperatures—a fact that is the focus A big issue in the mix is the filing of to put emphasis on presence in the of increasing attention to the nations standard international flight plans by the Arctic. ... Those numbers have picked claiming Arctic waters. Russians, Atkins said. If an aircraft ap- Staff illustration by Zaur Eylanbekov up considerably over the last three to “I don’t see that abating anytime in proaches a nation’s sovereign boundary four years.” the near future, and the Russians cer- with a flight plan, things would be a lot Chandler suspects that a “competi- tainly have the resources at this point” less complicated, he said. The problem tion for resources” will continue, and to continue to push into the region, said with the Russian long-range bomber perhaps intensify, in the Arctic. Chandler. missions is that “what we’ve witnessed Last year, Russia publicized a subma- ... is these flights occur without these rine trip to the bottom of the seabed at the A Resurgent Russia flight plans.” North Pole—where the crew deposited While Russia’s Arctic bellicosity This is one of the goals of improved a titanium Russian flag, symbolically has been on the rise, commanders in mil-to-mil relations with the Russian marking territory. the region say the moves have to be Far East Military District commanders, The Canadians derided the expedition kept in perspective. Atkins added. “It seems too simple to as a “stunt,” with Prime Minister Ste- “Is it Cold War games all over again? I say that, but if they would just adhere to phen Harper making a trip to Canada’s don’t think so,” said Brig. Gen. Thomas the protocols that we have all accepted, Arctic region to unveil several major L. Tinsley, who led the 3rd Wing at then I think a lot of the perceived ten- military investments, and following Elmendorf until his death in July. The sion will evaporate.” with a new defense strategy, outlining moves are not hollow, however, and The US Coast Guard cooperates new capabilities in the North. represent Russia’s “desire to bring closely with the Russians just across Russia’s focus on Arctic operations their Air Forces back up to the speed the Bering Strait on issues ranging from is a part of the country’s push to as- they were.” fishing to limiting piracy, Atkins said. sert its own interests over Siberia’s Tinsley noted that Russia has doubled This month a survival search and rescue extended continental shelf—the largest the fuel it allots to its strategic aviation exercise was to be conducted, and this and least explored so far of the world’s forces in order to bring back lost train- past summer US forces participated in AIR FORCE Magazine / November 2008 47 USAF photo by A1C David Carbajal a homeland defense exercise where a likely to be another record low point,” An F-15C from the 60th Fighter Squad- simulated hijacking took place—with Meadows said. ron takes off from Elmendorf Air Force command and control elements in both Russia, Canada, Norway, the US, Base on a Red Flag-Alaska mission. Alaska and Russia simulating the track- and Denmark (through Greenland) are ing and handing off of the aircraft. in the process of researching the polar Both Atkins and Gen. Victor E. Renu- seabed to support their respective claims art Jr. at NORAD have been working for extended continental shelves. The The Air Force’s Elmendorf and Eiel- to invite some of the Russian Far East disputes, which are being addressed son Air Force Bases have seen wholesale Military District commanders to visit in several transnational forums, have changes over the past year. Alaska to continue building between long-standing implications for access Until 2007, Elemendorf hosted a pair the two militaries professional relation- to resources ranging from petroleum of F-15C squadrons, an F-15E squadron, ships—which haven’t always been as to natural gas and minerals that are and C-130s for tactical mobility. close as the Coast Guard’s. assessed to be under the Arctic Cap. Up at Eielson, the 354th Fighter Wing “I’m the new guy. I’m going to try to featured a squadron of F-16s and an keep building that professional rapport,” A Tyranny of Distance A-10 squadron. Atkins quipped. “It would be great to The Arctic may become a busier Most of these aircraft are now gone, get a rapport like the [Coast Guard’s]. maritime route. With less ice-cap re- replaced by state-of-the-art succes- ... I’d like to achieve the same kind of strictions, it becomes beneficial to move sors or equipment tailored to unique professional tie.” global commerce across the north rather missions. In addition to renewed tensions with than through traditional routes. Atkins said the Pacific Theater’s Russia, increased air and maritime “Who’s going to protect those airways tyranny of distance makes it no accident traffic is a growing concern at Alaskan and waterways?” Tinsley asked. “Those that the only C-17 squadrons perma- Command. Climate conditions have domains are very important to us.” nently stationed outside the continental revealed a host of new Arctic transna- tional issues. Navy Capt. Tom Meadows, ALCOM’s director of plans and policy, has worked USAF photo on the command’s climate change studies in the Arctic since early 2007, when then- commander Air Force Lt. Gen. Douglas M. Fraser put together a symposium to talk about the changing climate in the region and its strategic implications. It “was a bit of an eye opener for some drastic changes that were taking place,” Meadows recalled. The driver of all the renewed activity is the size of the polar ice cap during the summer months, which, according to Meadows, reached a record low point in December 2007. This year “is An Elmendorf-based F-22 intercepts a Russian Tu-95MS Bear bomber near Alaska. 48 AIR FORCE Magazine / November 2008 The 3rd Wing’s F-22 Raptors deployed to Guam for the first time this July.