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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(HFM-263)TP/970 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-263 The Transition of Military Veterans from Active Service to Civilian Life (Transition du service actif à la vie civile des anciens combattants) Final Report of Task Group HFM-263. Published April 2021 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(HFM-263)TP/970 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-HFM-263 The Transition of Military Veterans from Active Service to Civilian Life (Transition du service actif à la vie civile des anciens combattants) Final Report of Task Group HFM-263. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) is to help position the Nations’ and NATO’s S&T investments as a strategic enabler of the knowledge and technology advantage for the defence and security posture of NATO Nations and partner Nations, by conducting and promoting S&T activities that augment and leverage the capabilities and programmes of the Alliance, of the NATO Nations and the partner Nations, in support of NATO’s objectives, and contributing to NATO’s ability to enable and influence security and defence related capability development and threat mitigation in NATO Nations and partner Nations, in accordance with NATO policies. The total spectrum of this collaborative effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of scientific research activities, a Group specialising in modelling and simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the information management needs of the organization. • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. The scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created under one or more of these eight bodies, for specific research activities which have a defined duration. These research activities can take a variety of forms, including Task Groups, Workshops, Symposia, Specialists’ Meetings, Lecture Series and Technical Courses. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by STO or the authors. Published April 2021 Copyright © STO/NATO 2021 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-2291-5 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only by those organisations or individuals in N ATO Nations defined by the limitation notice printed on the front cover. The approval of the STO Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii STO-TR-HFM-263 Table of Contents Page List of Figures viii List of Tables ix HFM-263 Membership List xi Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 – Introduction 1-1 1.1 Relevance to NATO 1-2 1.2 References 1-2 Chapter 2 – Country Report: Canada 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 The Armed Forces: Structure and Personnel 2-1 2.2.1 Demographics 2-1 2.2.2 Attrition Rates 2-2 2.3 Transition: Policies, Procedures and Entitlements 2-7 2.4 Community and Social Support for Veterans 2-10 2.4.1 Royal Canadian Legion 2-10 2.4.2 Wounded Warriors of Canada 2-10 2.4.3 True Patriot Love Foundation 2-11 2.4.4 Veterans Emergency Transition Services 2-13 2.4.5 Veterans Transition Network 2-13 2.4.6 Canadian Legacy Project 2-13 2.4.7 The Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans in Canada 2-14 2.4.8 Canada Company 2-14 2.4.9 Mood Disorder Society of Canada 2-15 2.4.10 Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry Foundation 2-15 2.4.11 Quilts of Valour 2-15 2.4.12 Naval Association of Canada 2-16 2.4.13 Prince’s Operation Entrepreneur 2-16 2.4.14 Outward Bound Canada 2-16 2.5 Emerging Challenges and Initiatives 2-17 2.6 Transition-Related Research 2-22 2.7 Conclusion 2-36 2.8 References 2-37 Chapter 3 – Country Report: Estonia 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 STO-TR-HFM-263 iii 3.2 The Armed Forces: Structure and Personnel 3-1 3.2.1 The Structure of the Armed Forces 3-1 3.2.2 Personnel 3-2 3.2.3 Veterans 3-4 3.3 Transition: Policies, Procedures and Entitlements 3-5 3.4 Community and Society Support for Veterans 3-6 3.5 Emerging Challenges and Initiatives 3-7 3.6 Transition-Related Research 3-7 3.7 Conclusion 3-7 3.8 References 3-8 Chapter 4 – Country Report: The Netherlands 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 The Armed Forces: Structure and Personnel 4-1 4.2.1 Structure of the Armed Forces 4-1 4.2.2 The Personnel System 4-2 4.2.3 Intake, Advancement and Outflow of Military Personnel 4-4 4.2.4 Veterans 4-5 4.3 Transition: Policies, Procedures and Entitlements 4-6 4.3.1 Every Serviceman or Servicewoman Who has been 4-7 Discharged Voluntarily or Because His or Her Contract has Ended 4.3.2 Unfitness for Work 4-10 4.3.3 Military War and Service Victim/Veteran with Deployment- 4-10 Related Care Needs 4.3.3.1 Support for Service Victims and for Veterans with 4-10 Deployment-Related Care Needs 4.3.3.2 Non-Material Care and Assistance 4-10 4.3.3.3 Material Care and Assistance 4-11 4.3.3.4 Financial Measures 4-13 4.3.3.5 Assistance 4-13 4.3.3.6 Counselling During the Process of Finding Work 4-13 4.3.3.7 Debt Counselling 4-14 4.4 Community and Society Support for Veterans 4-14 4.4.1 The Netherlands Veterans’ Institute 4-14 4.4.2 The National Veterans’ Day Committee and the Netherlands 4-15 Veterans’ Day Foundation 4.4.3 Veterans’ Platform Association 4-15 4.4.4 National Fund for Peace, Freedom and Veteran Care (vfonds) 4-16 4.4.5 Other Social Initiatives 4-16 4.4.5.1 Hulp voor Helden – Stichting Koninklijke PIT Pro 4-16 Rege (Help for Heroes ‒ Royal PIT Pro Rege Foundation) 4.4.5.2 Stichting Onbekende Helden (Unknown Heroes 4-16 Foundation) iv STO-TR-HFM-263 4.4.5.3 Stichting Ondersteuning Veteranen Activiteiten 4-17 (Veteran Activities’ Support Foundation) 4.4.6 The Position of Veterans in Society 4-17 4.4.7 Support for Every Dutch Person 4-18 4.5 Emerging Challenges and Initiatives 4-19 4.5.1 Societal Trends 4-19 4.5.2 Developments in the Area of Recognition of and Appreciation 4-20 and Care for Veterans 4.5.3 Developments in Support Provided During the Move from One 4-21 Job to Another for Service Personnel Making the Transition to Civilian Society 4.5.4 Development in the Area of Research into the Transition 4-21 4.6 Transition-Related Research 4-21 4.7 Conclusion 4-25 4.8 References 4-25 Chapter 5 – Country Report: Norway 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 The Armed Forces: Structure and Personnel 5-1 5.3 Transition: Policies, Procedures and Entitlements 5-2 5.4 Community and Society Support for Veterans 5-4 5.5 Emerging Challenges and Initiatives 5-5 5.6 Transition-Related Research 5-6 5.7 Conclusion 5-7 5.8 Sources Consulted 5-7 Chapter 6 – Country Report: United Kingdom 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 The Armed Forces: Structure and Personnel 6-2 6.3 Transition: Policy, Procedures and Entitlements 6-7 6.3.1 Covenant 6-7 6.3.2 Veterans’ Strategy 6-8 6.3.3 Resettlement Policy and Procedures 6-10 6.3.3.1 Types of Service Leavers (SLs) 6-10 6.3.3.2 The Transition Process 6-11 6.3.3.3 Transition Support Programs and Services 6-11 6.3.4 New Transition Policy 6-14 6.3.5 Health Care and Related Resources for the Wounded, 6-14 Injured, Sick 6.4 Community and Society Support for Veterans 6-15 6.4.1 NGOs, Charities 6-15 6.4.2 Other Government Departments 6-15 6.5 Transition-Related Research 6-16 6.5.1 Families and Transition 6-17 6.5.2 Spouse Employment 6-18 STO-TR-HFM-263 v 6.5.3 Housing 6-19 6.5.4 Family Engagement with Transition Support 6-19 6.6 Conclusion 6-20 6.7 References 6-20 Chapter 7 – Country Report: United States 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 The Armed Forces: Structure and Personnel 7-2 7.2.1 Accession 7-2 7.2.2 Attrition 7-2 7.2.3 Separation and Transition Home 7-4 7.3 Veterans in the U.S.