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Contraints for an Interpretation of the Italian Geodynamics: a Review Vincoli Per Una Interpretazione Della Geodinamica Italiana: Una Revisione

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Contraints for an Interpretation of the Italian Geodynamics: a Review Vincoli Per Una Interpretazione Della Geodinamica Italiana: Una Revisione Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d’It. LXII (2003), pp. 15-46 16 figg. Contraints for an interpretation of the italian geodynamics: a review Vincoli per una interpretazione della geodinamica italiana: una revisione SCROCCA D. (1), DOGLIONI C. (2), INNOCENTI F. (3) ABSTRACT - To properly frame the seismic data acquired RIASSUNTO - Per un opportuno inquadramento dei dati with the CROP Project, the geophysical and geological charac- sismici acquisiti nell’ambito del Progetto CROP negli ultimi anni, teristics of the Italian region and a review of magmatism are vengono sinteticamente descritte le principali caratteristiche geo- briefly illustrated and commented. fisiche, magmatologiche e geologiche della regione italiana. A description of the crustal and lithospheric structure is Le informazioni disponibili sulle struttura crostale e lito- coupled with a synthesis of the available geophysical data sets, sferica sono accompagnate da una sintesi dei dati relativi alle namely: Bouguer gravity anomalies, heat flow data, magnetic anomalie gravimetriche di Bouguer, al flusso di calore, alle ano- anomalies, seismicity, tomography and present-day stress field. malie magnetiche, alle caratteristiche sismologiche e al campo Several magmatic episodes with different geodynamic signifi- di stress attuale. cance occurred in Italy. A review of magmatism in the Alps Inoltre, viene fornita una panoramica degli eventi magma- and in the Apennines is provided; igneous products are distin- tici che hanno caratterizzato la complessa evoluzione geodina- guished, in the Tyrrhenian and circum-Tyrrhenian region, in mica della regione in esame. Una particolare attenzione è stata relation with the nature of the dominant magmatic source. dedicata al magmatismo della regione tirrenica e circum-tirre- Finally, the tectonic evolution of the Alps and the Apen- nica; i prodotti ignei sono stati distinti in relazione alla natura nines is synthesised together with a comparison of the main della sorgente magmatica dominante. morphological, structural and geodynamic features of these Infine, sono state incluse una breve ricostruzione dell’e- two orogens. voluzione tettonica delle Alpi e degli Appenini ed un confron- All these datasets highlight a complex geodynamic setting to tra le caratteristiche morfologiche, strutturali e geodinami- characterised, apart from the relatively stable foreland areas, by che di questi due orogeni. two very different orogens: the Alps and the Apennines. Tutte queste differenti fonti di dati mettono in luce un The Alps represent a double-verging orogen with a long quadro geodinamico caratterizzato, a parte le aree di avampae- lasting geological evolution: this orogen shows a quite well se relativamente stabili, dalla presenza di due orogeni molto developed lithospheric root and a documented overthrusting differenti: le Alpi e gli Apennini. of the Adriatic plate over the European plate from Cretaceous Le Alpi rappresentano un orogene con doppia vergenza e to present. una lunga evoluzione geologica; tale orogene è caratterizzato The Apennines are rather a rapidly migrating thrust belt, da radici litosferiche abbastanza sviluppate e dal documentato developed mainly in Neogene times during the eastward roll- sovrascorrimento della placca adriatica su quella europea, avve- back of the subducting Adriatic plate; this orogen is associat- nuto dal Cretacico all’attuale. ed with a back-arc basin (Tyrrhenian Sea) characterised in some Gli Appennini, invece, sono una catena in rapida migra- part by oceanic crust and high heat flow. zione sviluppatasi prevalentemente durante il Neogene, in risposta all’arretramento flessurale della placca adriatica in sub- duzione; questa catena è associata con un bacino estensionale di retro-arco (il Mar Tirreno) che presenta in alcune zone una crosta oceanica ed un elevato flusso di calore. KEY WORDS: Geodynamics, magmatism, tectonics, Italy PAROLE CHIAVE: Geodinamica, magmatismo, tettonica, Italia (1) Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria - CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5 - 00185 Roma. (2) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5 – 00185 Roma. (3) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Via S. Maria 56 – 56127 Pisa 16 SCROCCA D. - DOGLIONI C. - INNOCENTI F. 1. - INTRODUCTION part of it (among the others: CASSINIS, 1983; WIG- GER, 1984; NICOLICH, 1989; NICOLICH & DAL PIAZ, The geology of Italy is a lively system that can be 1992; NICOLICH, 2001). traced from the early Paleozoic Hercynian orogen, Updated interpretation for part of the Italian throughout the Mesozoic opening of Tethys oceans region have then been proposed for the Alps to the later closure of these oceanic embayments, (KISSLING, 1993; SCARASCIA & CASSINIS, 1997; WALD- during the Alpine and Apenninic subductions. In HAUSER et alii, 1998) and for the Ligurian, Tyrrhen- spite of the long standing geological and geophysi- ian and Ionian Seas and adjacent on-shore areas cal studies, many unsolved questions remain about (SCARASCIA et alii, 1994). its structure and geodynamic evolution. Overall, the Italian crust is generally continental The huge amount of new NVR seismic data apart in the Tyrrhenian abyssal plain where a 10 km acquired with the CROP Project (about 1250 km thick Late Miocene - Pliocene oceanic crust is pres- onshore and more than 8740 km offshore) has ent (fig. 2), and in the Ionian Sea, where a Mesozoic brought a new valuable input to improve our under- oceanic crust is buried underneath a thick pile of standing of this part of the Mediterranean region. sediments (CATALANO et alii, 2001). Aim of this contribution is to briefly review the Stable areas (Sardinia, Adriatic sea and Puglia) main geophysical and geological features of the Ital- have Moho depths at about 30 km while the crust is ian region to properly frame this relevant data-set, thicker underneath the Alpine belt (45-55 km) and now available to the scientific community. The final is thinner in west Tuscany and Latium (20-25 km). references, only partly cited in the text, are an Several different Moho discontinuities may be updated collection of articles which might be help- distinguished: a new forming Neogene-Quaternary ful to the reader for further studies. Moho with low velocities in the Tyrrhenian basin and The present day geological and geomorpholog- western Apennines (Tyrrhenian Moho), an old Pale- ic setting of the Italian peninsula is marked by the ozoic-Mesozoic Moho in the Padano-Adriatic-Iblean two orogens, the Alps to the north, and the Apen- foreland areas (Adriatic Moho), and another Paleo- nines along the peninsula and Sicily (fig. 1). Very zoic-Mesozoic old Moho in the Alpine belt and Sar- limited areas in Italy have not been involved by the dinia (European Moho). The available data outline a two orogenic waves, i.e. the Puglia region, part of framework where the Adriatic Moho overrode the the Iblean Plateau (SE-Sicily), a few areas in the Po European Moho in the Alps while the Adriatic Moho and Venetian plains, and the Sardinia island. These underthrust the Tyrrhenian Moho to the south. foreland areas, even if not or weakly compressed by the orogenic waves, underwent subsidence or uplift movements connected to the migration of the Alpine or Apenninic fronts. 2.2. - LITHOSPHERE THICKNESS The present day Apenninic foredeep can be fol- lowed on the external side of the Apenninic chain The properties of the lithosphere-asthenos- from Southern Apennines to the Po Plain where it phere system and their lateral variations were clear- interferes with the older Southalpine foredeep. ly focussed in Italy and surrounding regions during Furthermore, the Apennines are characterised on the 1980’s (CALCAGNILE & PANZA, 1980; PANZA et their west side by the presence of a back-arc basin, alii, 1980; PANZA, 1984; SUHADOLC et alii, 1990). A the Tyrrhenian sea, developed from Miocene times. map of the lithospheric thickness, compiled by Before describing the geodynamic and the tec- PANZA et alii, (1992) and based on an analysis on the tonic evolution of the Alps and the Apennines, the surface waves dispersion, is represented in figure 3. available geophysical and geological data and a Although the distinction between the new litho- review of magmatism will be briefly illustrated and sphere in the Tyrrhenian back-arc basin and the old commented in the following chapters. subducting Apulo-Adriatic lithosphere has not been represented in this map, the main features of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system can be easily 2. - GEOPHYSICAL DATA recognised. The lithospheric thickness in foreland areas 2.1. - MOHO ISOBATHS varies from 70 km in the northern Adriatic Sea to about 110 km to the south-east in Puglia. In the In the last decades several reconstructions of Tyrrhenian Sea, lithosphere thickness thins to 20-30 the Moho-discontinuity isobaths, based on seismic km. Along the Alps belt the lithosphere shows the data, have been proposed for the Italian area or for higher thickness (up to 130 km in western Alps). CONTRAINS FOR AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ITALIAN GEODYNAMICS: A REVIEW 17 Fig. 1 – Synthetic tectonic map of Italy and surrounding seas; 1) Foreland areas; 2) foredeep deposits (delimited by the –1000 m isobath); 3) domains cha- racterised by a compressional tectonic regime in the Apennines; 4) thrust belt units accreted during the Alpine orogenesis in the Alps and in Corsica; 5) areas affected by extensional tectonics: these areas can be considered as a back-arc basin system
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