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Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- CHRYSOBALANACEAE

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Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- CHRYSOBALANACEAE Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- CHRYSOBALANACEAE CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco-plum Family) A family of about 17 genera and 460 species, trees and shrubs, of tropical and subtropical areas, especially tropical America. References: Prance (1970). Licania Aublet (Gopher-apple) A genus of about 200 species, mainly of tropical America, but with a few species in Africa and Asia. References: Prance (1970)=Z. Licania michauxii Prance, Gopher-apple, Ground-oak. Cp (GA, SC): sandhills, dry sandy pinelands; rare north of GA (SC Rare). May-June; September-October. Se. SC south to s. FL, west to LA, becoming abundant and ubiquitous in dry sandy habitats in the southern part of its range. Prance (1970) considered our species most closely related to L. retifolia Blake of Mexico. [= K, Z; Chrysobalanus oblongifolius Michaux -- RAB; Geobalanus oblongifolius (Michaux) Small -- S] CISTACEAE (Rockrose Family) A family of about 8 genera and 180 species, shrubs and herbs, of warm temperate and subtropical areas, centered in Mediterranean Europe. References: Arrington & Kubitzki in Kubitzki & Bayer (2003). 1 Plant a shrub, usually much branched from the lower stem; flowers solitary, terminal on the branches; leaves 1-3 mm long and scalelike, or 3-7 mm long and acicular; capsule cylindric, more than 2× as long as wide . Hudsonia 1 Plant a suffrutescent herb, usually little branched from the lower stem (often much branched above, and in Lechea with specialized short basal shoots at ground level); flowers axillary or terminal in branching inflorescences; leaves 4-50 mm long, mostly linear, lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic; capsule globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, ovoid, or obovoid, less than 2× as long as wide. 2 Flowers of 2 types, the chasmogamous with 5 showy yellow petals, the cleistogamous lacking petals; pubescence of the stem stellate; leaves 10-50 mm long, alternate; plants with shoots of one type only, not producing short basal shoots; capsules 1.3-12.5 mm long, the larger capsules of chasmogamous flowers at least 2.0 mm long . Crocanthemum 2 Flowers of 1 type, with 3 inconspicuous, dark red petals; pubescence of the stem simple; leaves 4-15 mm long (to 30 mm long in L. pulchella and L. mucronata), linear to linear-elliptic, 0.5-4 mm wide (to 13 mm wide in L. mucronata), alternate, opposite, or whorled; plants with shoots of two types, the short, prostrate to ascending basal shoots produced late in the season and overwintering; capsules 0.9-1.7 mm long .............................................. Lechea Crocanthemum Spach 1836 (Frostweed, Rockrose) A genus of about 20 species, of eastern North America, California, Mexico, and s. South America. The eastern North American species previously attributed to Helianthemum are in a clade distinct from the Old World Helianthemum, and should be recognized as Crocanthemum. References: Daoud & Wilbur (1965)=Z; Wilbur & Daoud (1964)=Y; Arrington & Kubitzki in Kubitzki & Bayer (2003). Identification notes: The identification of most of our species of Crocanthemum requires an understanding of the 2 types of flowers produced. Chasmogamous flowers have showy yellow petals and larger sepals, the free portion of the 2 linear outer sepals usually linear, (0.7-) 1.3-5.5 mm long, the free portion of the 3 broader inner sepals 2.5-12 (-14) mm long. Cleistogamous flowers lack petals and have smaller sepals, the free portion of the 2 linear outer sepals 0.2-3 mm long, the free portion of the 3 broader inner sepals 1.5-4.8 mm long. In some species (C. canadense, C. bicknellii, C. propinquum) the chasmogamous flowers open earlier (April-July) than the cleistogamous (June-September). In others (C. corymbosum, C. georgianum, C. nashii, C. rosmarinifolium), the two types of flowers open at the same time (March-June) or cleistogamous flowers are nearly always absent (C. carolinianum). Capsules from chasmogamous flowers are larger and contain more seeds than those from cleistogamous flowers. 1 Leaves 1-4 (-7) mm wide, (5-) 7-15× as long as wide; capsules from chasmogamous flowers 2-3 mm long, with 1-3 (-6) seeds; capsules from cleistogamous flowers 1.3-1.7 mm long, with 1 (-2) seeds . C. rosmarinifolium 1 Leaves 2-20 mm wide, 2-6 (-8)× as long as wide; capsules from chasmogamous flowers (2.4-) 3-9 (-10.5) mm long, with 6-92 (-135) seeds; capsules from cleistogamous flowers 1.5-4.2 mm long, with 1-20 seeds. 2 Leaves basally disposed, the largest and most prominent leaves in a basal rosette; stem leaves 2-5 below those subtending flowers or fruits; stem with spreading trichomes to 2.5 mm long; lower surface of leaves sparsely pubescent, the surface readily visible; cleistogamous flowers usually never produced; capsules 6-9 (-10.5) mm long, with 80-92 (- 135) papillate seeds ................................................................ C. carolinianum 2 Leaves predominantly cauline (in some species a rosette of closely spaced smaller and caducous leaves present at the ground’s surface); stem leaves 5-20 below those subtending flowers or fruits; stem glabrate to densely puberulent (the pubescence not long and spreading); lower surface of leaves densely pubescent, hiding the surface; cleistogamous 254 Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- CISTACEAE flowers regularly produced, either intermixed with the chasmogamous or in separate inflorescences; capsules 1.3-7 (-8.5) mm long, with 1-46 papillate, reticulate, or smooth seeds (pebbled to somewhat papillate in H. nashii). 3 Ovary and capsule densely stellate pubescent .............................................. C. nashii 3 Ovary and capsule glabrous. 4 Chasmogamous flowers usually solitary, terminal or subterminal, later overtopped by lateral branches; seeds papillate, 35-46 per chasmogamous capsule, 5-9 (-12) per cleistogamous capsule; chasmogamous capsules (4-) 6-7 (-8.5) mm long, cleistogamous capsules (2-) 2.3-3.0 (-3.8) mm long; upper surface of cauline leaves with some long simple trichomes mixed with the shorter stellate trichomes . C. canadense 4 Chasmogamous flowers usually (1-) 2-18, rarely overtopped by lateral branches (often 1-3 in cymes in H. georgianum); seeds smooth or reticulate, 12-35 per chasmogamous capsule, 1-20 per cleistogamous capsule; chasmogamous capsules (2.4-) 3.5-5.7 mm long, cleistogamous capsules 1.5-4.2 mm long; upper surface of cauline leaves with the shorter stellate trichomes only. 5 Chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers borne together, the two types of flowers open at the same time (March-June); seeds smooth, 15-35 per chasmogamous capsule, 4-20 per cleistogamous capsule; outer sepals of the cleistogamous flowers 1.4-3.0 mm long; inner sepals of the cleistogamous flowers 2.0- 4.8 mm long; [plants of the outer Coastal Plain (primarily barrier islands) of NC and SC]. 6 Flowers borne in dense many-flowered flat-topped cymes terminating the stem and sometimes also the main branches; capsules of the cleistogamous flowers 1.6-3.8 mm long, with 4-8 (-10) seeds; pedicels and calyx with 0.5-1.5 mm long simple trichomes mixed with the shorter stellate trichomes; outer sepals of both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers with an expanded, obtuse, spatulate tip, 0.3-1.2 mm wide ................................................ C. corymbosum 6 Flowers borne in loose 1-7-flowered cymes or racemes at the ends of the main branches; capsules of the cleistogamous flowers 3.0-4.2 mm long, with 12-20 seeds; pedicels and calyx with short stellate pubescence only; outer sepals of both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers linear, 0.2- 0.5 mm wide ....................................................... C. georgianum 5 Chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers borne in separate inflorescences, the chasmogamous flowers opening earlier (April-July) than the cleistogamous flowers (June-September); seeds reticulate, 12- 26 per chasmogamous capsule, 1-2 (-3) per cleistogamous capsule; outer sepals of the cleistogamous flowers 0.2-1.2 (-1.8) mm long; inner sepals of the cleistogamous flowers 1.7-2.5 (-3.0) mm long; [plants of the Mountains and less commonly the Piedmont of NC and VA, and very rarely the Coastal Plain of VA]. 7 Stems mostly 20-50 cm tall, clustered, arising from an upright caudex; free portion of the outer sepals of the cleistogamous flowers linear, (0.3-) 0.6-1.2 (-1.8) mm long, about 3-5× as long as wide; free portion of calyx of the chasmogamous flowers (2.4-) 3.5-4.5 (-8) mm long; cleistogamous capsules sharply 3-angled in cross-section; leaf with broadly cuneate base . C. bicknellii 7 Stems mostly 10-30 cm tall, scattered, arising from horizontal elongate rootstocks; free portion of the outer sepals of the cleistogamous flowers rudimentary, knob-like, 0.2-0.5 mm long, 1-2× as long as wide; free portion of calyx of the chasmogamous flowers (0.7-) 1.5-3.0 (-4.0) mm long; cleistogamous capsules somewhat rounded in cross-section; leaf with narrowly cuneate to attenuate base . .................................................................C. propinquum Crocanthemum bicknellii (Fernald) Barnhart, Hoary Frostweed, Plains Frostweed, Plains Sunrose, Bicknell's Hoary Rockrose. Mt (GA, NC, VA), Pd (NC, VA): woodlands, glades, barrens, rock outcrops, and grassy balds, to at least 1500m in elevation; rare (GA Special Concern, NC Rare, VA Rare). June-July (chasm.), July-September (cleist.); August-October. ME and s. Ontario west to MN and s. Manitoba, south to ne. GA, e. TN, AR, KS, and CO. [= S; Helianthemum bicknellii Fernald -- RAB, C, F, G, K, W, Y, Z] Crocanthemum canadense (Linnaeus) Britton, Canada Frostweed, Canada Sunrose. Cp (GA, NC, SC, VA), Pd (NC, SC, VA), Mt (NC, VA): fields, woodlands, forest edges, roadsides, disturbed areas; common (uncommon in VA Mountains and VA Piedmont) (GA Special Concern). April-May (chasm.), May-August (cleist.); June-October. Nova Scotia and ME west to MI and MN, south to e.
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