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A PRIMEIRA REVISTA ELETRÔNICA BRASILEIRA EXCLUSIVA DE ASTRONOMIA macroCOSMO .com ISSN 1808-0731 Ano II - Edição n° 17 - Abril de 2005 Astrofísica Elementar A “Anatomia” das Estrelas Projeto: Turismo O erro das Rural Estações do ano revista macroCOSMO com Ano II - Edição n° 17 - Abril de 2005 Editorial Redação [email protected] Elas não passam de grandes esferas de gases incandescentes, alimentadas por reações termonucleares, Diretor Editor Chefe mas possuem um papel fundamental na história e nos Hemerson Brandão processos evolutivos do nosso Universo. Do latim Stella, [email protected] as Estrelas no passado fascinaram e estimularam a humanidade a fazer um estudo detalhado do céu, sendo de suma importância para a regularização dos primeiros Diagramadores calendários. Também foram elas que guiaram gerações de Rodolfo Saccani navegadores em épocas de Grandes Navegações. [email protected] Embora pareçam como pontos brilhantes idênticos e Sharon Camargo imutáveis, as estrelas são muito diferentes entre si, como [email protected] composição, massa cor e luminosidade. O número de Hemerson Brandão estrelas no Universo conhecido pode ultrapassar o valor [email protected] de 10 sextilhões, sendo elas as principais geradoras de energia em nosso Universo atual. Artista Gráfico Todos os elementos que conhecemos hoje em nossas Rodrigo Belote tabelas periódicas, exceto os dois mais simples hidrogênio [email protected] e hélio, foram fabricados no interior de estrelas de grande massa, e por isso a importância das estrelas nos processos de formação de elementos pesados, sem os quais a vida Redatores hoje não existiria. Desse modo, não é errado nos Audemário Prazeres considerarmos filhos das estrelas! Os átomos sintetizados [email protected] no interior das estrelas estão em nosso sangue, em nosso Edgar I. Smaniotto cérebro, em nossos ossos. [email protected] As estrelas não só nos deram a vida, mas como também Hélio “Gandhi” Ferrari a mantêm. O Sol, nossa estrela mais íntima, é a principal [email protected] geradora de energia ao nosso planeta, grande responsável Laércio F. Oliveira pela manutenção da vida na Terra. Originarias de nebulosas de gás e poeira, ao esgotar suas [email protected] reservas de combustíveis, voltam a se desfazerem em Marco Valois nebulosas, e a partir delas, novas estrelas são formadas, [email protected] Naelton M. Araujo fechando assim um ciclo de vida e morte estelar. [email protected] Infelizmente essas gigantescas fornalhas termonucleares Paulo R. Monteiro não são eternas. Estimativas apontam que nos próximos [email protected] 100 trilhões de anos, a era estelífera do Universo terá fim, Rosely Grégio quando todas as estrelas já terão exaurido seus [email protected] combustíveis e não haverá elementos suficientes para a Sérgio A. Caixeta constituição de novas estrelas. Um fim nada animador para nosso Universo, que irá continuar a expandir-se [email protected] eternamente numa longa, negrume e fria era degenerativa, uma era de anãs-negras, estrelas de nêutrons e buracos Colaboradores negros. Emerson R. Perez Boa leitura e céus limpos sem poluição luminosa. [email protected] Hemerson Brandão Diretor Editor Chefe [email protected] 2 revista macroCOSMO.com | abril de 2005 revista macroCOSMO.com Cl imórin [email protected] OUIIIQ! IU macroNOTÍCIAS Hubble, ESA, Eclipse, Gravit Probe B 06 » • ■ Astrodúvidas Deus e a Ciência 09 * Astrofísica Elementar A "anatomia” das Estrelas 11 Projeto de Divulgação Turismo Rural 27 Efemérides__________ Abril de 2005 46 Constelações Zodiacais 61 Constelação de Virgem ^ * * » Mitos Científicos__________________ 65 O erro) das estaçõese do ano macroRESENHA)RESENHA Fontenelle e Voltaire 68 Explorando o Universo,verso,______________ y n Hh47 1 U Guia Digital_______*^ _____________ y o Abril de 2005 ' ^ * * » • * v 1 CO Capa: Canibalismo Cósmico, a màssa de uma estrela gigante, O iMgnja,jnja, sendo sugadcTpor um bura,co negro »* Credito:■dito: ESA, NASA, aiand Felfe Mirabel (French Atomic Energy < Commissionmmission and InstitInstitute for Astronom^and Space Physics/ <CO Conicet of Argentina) © © É permitida a reprodução total ou parcial desta revista desde que citando sua fonte, para uso pessoal sem fins ■ lucrativos, sempre que solicitando uma prévia autorização à redação da Revista macroCOSMO.com. A Revista macroCOSMO.com não se responsabiliza pelas opiniões vertidas pelos nossos colaboradores. Versão distribuída gratuitamente na versão PDF em http://WWW.revistamacrocosmo.com revista macroCOSMO.com | abril de 2005 3 A Revista macroCOSMO.com está lançando o "Censo Astronômico 2005”, o primeiro censo brasileiro criado para esse fim, onde pretendemos durante este ano, traçar um mapa da astronomia em nosso país. Os objetivos principais deste censo, são o de levantar a parcela da população que dedica sua vida à astronomia, desde os entusiastas até os astrônomos profissionais. Conhecer o perfil e interesses dos astrônomos brasileiros e destacar as regiões onde concentra-se a astronomia. Atualmente em nosso país, a astronomia está muito dispersa, individualista. Felizmente muito tem ocorrido para reverter essa situação, como grandes encontros anuais de astronomia, reunindo astrônomos de todo o país, em grandes "Star Partys” (verdadeiras festas de astronomia). No ultimo grande encontro em Brotas/SP, o ENAST - Encontro Nacional de Astronomia, reuniu mais de 600 astrônomos, desde entusiastas até mesmo profissionais. Através do Censo, poderemos saber quais são os nichos em que a astronomia se aglomera, e assim estimular um maior contato entre eles, organizar encontros regionais e nacionais com maior eficácia, e destacar aquelas regiões aonde a astronomia ainda não chegou, planejando assim estratégias de divulgação. O censo estará on-line por um período máximo de doze meses, contando a partir de janeiro de 2005. O levantamento final será aberto e publicado nas edições da Revista macroCOSMO.com. Posteriormente, todos os dados serão publicados no site da Revista, para indexação em sites de busca na internet. Estaremos contatando a imprensa geral e instituições relacionadas com a astronomia, caso tenham interesse em divulgar e/ou utilizar o levantamento deste censo. Agradecemos às centenas de astrônomos que já participaram e convidamos a todos nossos leitores para participarem deste censo, acessando a página da Revista macroCOSMO.com. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato através do e-mail: [email protected] Se você ainda não preencheu o questionário, acesse-o em: http://WWw.revistamacrocosmo.com/censo.htm 4 revista macroCOSMO.com | abril de 2005 CAMPANHA NACIONAL DE APOIO PELA REALIZAÇÃO DO 1.° VOO ORBITAL DO ASTRONAUTA BRASILEIRO E PELA CONTINUIDADE DO BRASIL NO PROJETO DA ESTAÇÃO ESPACIAL INTERNACIONAL (EEI). A Campanha " Quero ver o Verde e o Amarelo no Espaço" continua e estaremos recebendo assinaturas on-line até a apreciação do projeto pela Câmara dos Deputados e pelo Senado. A data ainda não está confirmada, mas a AEB - Agência Espacial Brasileira, deverá encaminhar o projeto até o mês de abril, no mais tardar. Aproveitamos a oportunidade para divulgar as palavras do nosso Ministro da Defesa, vice-presidente José Alencar, em publicação do dia 2 7/01, no JB Online: "O tenente-coronel-Aviador Marcos Pontes, que está em Houston há seis anos, foi convidado a participar de uma missão espacial russa em 2006, integrando a equipe que irá a uma Estação Espacial com 100 metros de comprimento por mais de 100 de diâmetro, o equivalente a dois campos de futebol. Para o vice-presidente da República e ministro, ''é a prova da competência do homem brasileiro e da evolução tecnológica de nossa indústria aérea''. Estamos torcendo para que o convite, já aceito pelo TCel Marcos Pontes, se concretize e possamos assim ver nossa bandeira no espaço em 2006! Colabore com o Comitê assinando nosso abaixo-assinado e divulgando nosso site. Comitê Marcos Pontes - www.comitemarcospontes.cjb.net revista macroCOSMO.com | abril de 2005 5 O futuro administrador da Nasa, Michael Griffin, “Quando regressemos ao espaço, será com um sugeriu nesta terça-feira, 12 de abril, pela primeira novo veículo, para o qual haverá uma nova análise vez, a possibilidade de enviar uma missão para de riscos. Nesse momento, devemos reconsiderar consertar o telescópio espacial Hubble. a decisão” sobre o Hubble, disse Griffin, ao A missão consertaria e substituiria os comparar as descobertas do telescópio com a giroscópios e as baterias do telescópio que em teoria da relatividade de Albert Einstein. mais de dez anos de operações enriqueceu o Segundo fontes legislativas, a possibilidade de conhecimento humano sobre astronomia, salvar o Hubble será comemorada pela mostrando lugares do espaço que nunca haviam comunidade científica, que protestou quando sido vistos. foram canceladas as missões de reparo. Depois do desastre do ônibus espacial Griffin também informou que uma de suas Columbia, há mais de dois anos, o então prioridades será garantir a segurança dos ônibus administrador da agência espacial, Sean O’Keefe, espaciais, que ainda devem operar até 2010. decretou a virtual pena de morte para o Hubble, Acrescentou que enquanto for o administrador ao afirmar que uma missão de reparação seria da agência espacial tentará equilibrar os muito perigosa para os astronautas. programas científicos, de prospecção e de O desastre do Columbia matou os sete aeronáutica. tripulantes da nave e obrigou a Nasa a cancelar
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  • NSL3 Variant Map for 2300AD

    NSL3 Variant Map for 2300AD

    2300AD Star Map based on Near Star List III Human Homeworld / Colony Homeworld -60 to -30 ly A Blue Human Outpost Trade Route - Chinese Arm -30 to -10 ly F White Kafer Homeworld / Colony Major Trade Route - Chinese Arm Other Route - Chinese Trade Route - American Arm -10 to +10 ly G Yellow Kafer Outpost Major Trade Route - American Arm Other Route - America Trade Route- French Arm +10 to +30 ly K Orange Ylii Homeworld / Colony Major Trade Route- French Arm Other Route- French A M Red Alien Homeworld / Colony +30 to +60 ly -60.0 -59.5 -59.0 -58.5 -58.0 -57.5 -57.0 -56.5 -56.0 -55.5 -55.0 -54.5 -54.0 -53.5 -53.0 -52.5 -52.0 -51.5 -51.0 -50.5 -50.0 -49.5 -49.0 -48.5 -48.0 -47.5 -47.0 -46.5 -46.0 -45.5 -45.0 -44.5 -44.0 -43.5 -43.0 -42.5 -42.0 -41.5 -41.0 -40.5 -40.0 -39.5 -39.0 -38.5 -38.0 -37.5 -37.0 -36.5 -36.0 -35.5 60.0 59.5 59.0 58.5 DM-13 2420 58.0 57.5 DM+22 1921 57.0 56.5 56.0 55.5 55.0 54.5 54.0 DM+21 1949 AC-1 409-15 53.5 53.0 52.5 52.0 51.5 51.0 DM+7 1997 50.5 50.0 49.5 DM+12 1888 Ross 686 49.0 48.5 DM-5 2603 48.0 47.5 47.0 46.5 46.0 DM-5 2778 45.5 45.0 44.5 DM+1 2277 44.0 DM-42 4577 43.5 43.0 42.5 42.0 41.5 DM+8 2131 DM-20 2936 41.0 DM+5 2143 DM-5 2802 40.5 DM+34 1949 40.0 39.5 39.0 38.5 38.0 37.5 Ross 84 37.0 DM-8 2689 36.5 36.0 AC+27 24424 35.5 DM+40 2208 35.0 DM-44 5200 34.5 Theta Antilae 34.0 DM+27 1775 2300AD Star Map based on Near Star List III Human Homeworld / Colony Homeworld -60 to -30 ly A Blue Human Outpost Trade Route - Chinese Arm -30 to -10 ly F White Kafer Homeworld / Colony Major Trade Route - Chinese Arm Other