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SOME CHEMICALS USED AS SOLVENTS AND IN POLYMER MANUFACTURE AND IN POLYMER SOME CHEMICALS USED AS SOLVENTS SOME CHEMICALS USED AS SOLVENTS AND IN POLYMER MANUFACTURE VOLUME 110 IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS SOME CHEMICALS USED AS SOLVENTS AND IN POLYMER MANUFACTURE VOLUME 110 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 3–10 June 2014 LYON, FRANCE - 2017 IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http:// monographs.iarc.fr/. This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion, initially by the Unit of Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work, and since 2014 by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation “EaSI” (2014–2020) (for further information please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/social/easi). Support has also been provided since 1992 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this volume are solely the responsibility of the Working Group and do not necessarily represent the official views of the United States National Cancer Institute, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, or the European Commission. Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2017 On-line publication, December 2016 Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php To report an error, please contact: [email protected] Co-funded by the European Union The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to the IARC Communications Group at: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The IARC Monographs Working Group alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication. IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone / IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2014. (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; volume 110) 1. Neoplasms – etiology 2. Carcinogens 3. Caprylates – adverse effects 4. Fluorocarbons – adverse effects 5. Methylene Chloride – adverse effects 6. Propane – adverse effects 7. Thiophenes – adverse effects 8. Risk Factors 9. Occupational Exposure – adverse effects I. International Agency for Research on Cancer II. Series ISBN 978-92-832-0148-9 (NLM Classification: W1) ISSN 1017-1606 PRINTED IN FRANCE Cover image: The photo on the cover shows the cleaning and emptying of a printing machine in a printing workshop © Guillaume J. Plisson for the Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS) This sketch illustrates an example of occupational exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane, a solvent that is used for cleaning offset printing presses. Unprotected workers who clean the printing machines by hand are exposed to high levels of 1,2-dichloropropane vapour at close proximity, particularly in small, poorly ventilated rooms. This type of specific and intense exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane was observed in epidemiological studies on which the Working Group based its evaluation. The sketch was drawn by Ms Tomoko Terashima and kindly provided by Mr Kenichi Kamae, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER . 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS . 3 PREAMBLE . 9 A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES .................................................9 1. Background .................................................................................9 2. Objective and scope ........................................................................10 3. Selection of agents for review ..............................................................11 4. Data for the Monographs ...................................................................12 5. Meeting participants .......................................................................12 6. Working procedures ........................................................................13 B. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW AND EVALUATION ...................................................14 1. Exposure data ..............................................................................15 2. Studies of cancer in humans ................................................................16 3. Studies of cancer in experimental animals ...................................................20 4. Mechanistic and other relevant data .........................................................23 5. Summary ..................................................................................26 6. Evaluation and rationale ....................................................................27 References .........................................................................31 GENERAL REMARKS . 33 PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID . 37 1. Exposure Data ..................................................................................37 1.1 Identification of the agent ..................................................................37 1.2 Production and use .........................................................................39 1.3 Occurrence and exposure ...................................................................41 1.4 Regulations and guidelines .................................................................49 III IARC MONOGRAPHS - 110 2. Cancer in Humans ..............................................................................49 2.1 Occupational exposure .....................................................................49 2.2 Community studies of high exposure .......................................................54 2.3 Studies in the general population ...........................................................60 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals ................................................................63 3.1 Rat ........................................................................................63 3.2 Rainbow trout .............................................................................66 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data ...........................................................68 4.1 Toxicokinetic data .........................................................................68 4.2 Genotoxicity and related effects ............................................................77 4.3 Other mechanistic data relevant to carcinogenesis ...........................................80 4.4 Organ toxicity .............................................................................90 4.5 Susceptible populations ....................................................................93 4.6 Mechanistic considerations .................................................................94
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