I1. Why Is It Important to Stop Open Defecation? 2
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Bacterial Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Rural Villages Of
Gwimbi et al. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine (2019) 24:33 Environmental Health and https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0790-z Preventive Medicine RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Bacterial contamination of drinking water sources in rural villages of Mohale Basin, Lesotho: exposures through neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices Patrick Gwimbi* , Maeti George and Motena Ramphalile Abstract Background: Bacterial contamination of drinking water is a major public health problem in rural areas of sub- Saharan Africa. Unimproved water sources are a major reservoir of Escherichia coli (E. coli) causing severe diarrhoea in humans. This study assessed E. coli counts in drinking water from different sources and their relationship with water source protection status and neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices in rural villages of Mohale Basin in Lesotho. Methods: Thirty drinking water sources were purposively sampled and their water analysed for E. coli counts. The types of water sources, their protection status and neighbourhood sanitation and hygiene practices in their proximity were also assessed. E. coli counts in water samples were compared to water source protection status, neighbourhood sanitation, hygiene practices, livestock faeces and latrine proximity to water sources. Results: E. coli counts were found in all water samples and ranged from less than 30 colony-forming units (cfu)/100 ml to 4800 cfu/100 ml in protected sources to 43,500,000 cfu/100 ml in unprotected sources. A significant association between E. coli counts in drinking water samples and lack of water source protection, high prevalence of open defecation (59%, n = 100), unhygienic practices, livestock faeces and latrine detections in proximity to water sources was found in the study (P <0.05). -
Water Supply and Sanitation & Integrated Water Resources
Water Supply and Sanitation & Integrated Water Resources Management: why seek better integration? John Butterworth1 and John Soussan2 1Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK 2Centre for Water Policy and Development, University of Leeds, UK WHIRL Project Working Paper 2 Preliminary results of research for discussion and comment Prepared for WHIRL project workshop on ‘Water Supply & Sanitation and Watershed Development: positive and negative interactions’, Andhra Pradesh, India, 5-14 May 2001 This project is supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) through the Infrastructure and Urban Development Division’s Knowledge and Research programme. Project R7804 ‘Integrating drinking water needs in watershed projects’ 1 INTRODUCTION This working paper was prepared as a contribution to a joint Indian, South African and UK research project on Water, Households and Rural Livelihoods (WHIRL). The objectives of the paper are to identify approaches to improve access of the poor to secure, safe and sustainable water supplies in areas of water scarcity, and to identify some of the key challenges to the more effective management of water resources in these areas. It is targeted at organisations responsible for the delivery of water supply and sanitation (WSS) services and management of land and water resources in developing countries. It aims to promote discussion and dialogue between the research partners and these organisations. The paper is produced at a time of major changes to approaches to the management of water resources in general and the delivery of WSS services in particular, throughout the developing world. The limitations of traditional approaches based on supply provision have been recognised in many places, and the principles of integrated water resources management developed (IWRM). -
ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of Materials Contributes to Disease, Shame, Confusion Questions
ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of materials contributes to disease, shame, confusion Questions Without proper materials for anal cleansing, students desires to wipe and to wash their hands after wiping. and their classmates are at increased risk of acquiring “Sometimes there is feces left on you and your hands diarrheal diseases through hand contamination. The and, say, you have bought doughnuts and shared lack of such materials at schools is a concern. Further- them with someone and then he will eat your dirt… more, latrines can be quickly filled if inadequate mate- and then he is sick and then you feel bad,” said a rials (such as rocks or corncobs) are used by students. grade 7 male from Kamunda. To better understand how anal cleansing can be ef- fectively communicated, SWASH+ researchers wanted Perceived personal risk of disease or illness was men- to know three things: tioned near the end of discussions as a reason to • How do students feel about anal cleansing? clean properly. Cholera was the illness mentioned first, • What materials are best for anal cleansing? and, followed by dysentery, typhoid and nyach (a term for • How much do students know about this area? any STI excluding HIV/AIDS). Emotional factors that motivate students to wipe in- Research clude a desire to avoid shame due to soiled clothing or smelliness. Students also mentioned that ineffective Since 2007, the SWASH+ program has been conduct- cleansing inhibits concentration. “When you smell, you ing research in rural Nyanza Province, Kenya, to assess cannot focus in class,” said a grade 7 female from the impact, sustainability, and scalability of a school- Bunde. -
Go Before You Go: How Public Toilets Impact Public Transit Usage
PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal Volume 8 Issue 1 The Impact of Innovation: New Frontiers Article 5 in Undergraduate Research 2014 Go Before You Go: How Public Toilets Impact Public Transit Usage Kate M. Washington Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mcnair Part of the Social Welfare Commons, Transportation Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Washington, Kate M. (2014) "Go Before You Go: How Public Toilets Impact Public Transit Usage," PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal: Vol. 8: Iss. 1, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.15760/mcnair.2014.46 This open access Article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All documents in PDXScholar should meet accessibility standards. If we can make this document more accessible to you, contact our team. Portland State University McNair Research Journal 2014 Go Before You Go: How Public Toilets Impact Public Transit Usage by Kate M Washington Faculty Mentor: Dr. James G. Strathman Washington, Kate M. (2014) “Go Before You Go: How Public Toilets Impact Public Transit Usage” Portland State University McNair Scholars Online Journal: Vol. 8 Portland State University McNair Research Journal 2014 Abstract The emphasis on sustainable solutions in Portland, Oregon includes developing multi-modal transportation methods. Using public transit means giving up a certain amount of control over one’s schedule and taking on a great deal of uncertainty when it comes to personal hygiene. -
WHO Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health: Facts and Figures
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health FACTS AND FIGURES - *updated March 2004 "Water and Sanitation is one of the primary drivers of public health. I often refer to it as “Health 101”, which means that once we can secure access to clean water and to adequate sanitation facilities for all people, irrespective of the difference in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will be won." Dr LEE Jong-wook, Director-General, World Health Organization. Diarrhoea - 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal Intestinal helminths (Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, diseases (including cholera); 90% are children under 5, Hookworm disease) mostly in developing countries. - 133 million people suffer from high intensity - 88% of diarrhoeal disease is attributed to unsafe intestinal helminth infections, which often leads to water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene. severe consequences such as cognitive impairment, - Improved water supply reduces diarrhoea morbidity massive dysentery, or anaemia. by 21%. - These diseases cause around 9400 deaths every year. - Improved sanitation reduces diarrhoea morbidity by - Access to safe water and sanitation facilities and 37.5%. better hygiene practice can reduce morbidity from - The simple act of washing hands at critical times can ascariasis by 29% and hookworm by 4%. reduce the number of diarrhoeal cases by up to 35%. - Additional improvement of drinking-water quality, Japanese encephalitis such as point of use disinfection, would lead to a - 20% of clinical cases of Japanese encephalitis die, reduction of diarrhoea episodes of 45%. and 35% suffer permanent brain damage. - Improved management for irrigation of water Malaria resources reduces transmission of disease, in South, - 1.2 million people die of malaria each year, 90% of South East, and East Asia. -
Zambia's Community-Led Total Sanitation Program
CLA CASE ANALYSIS: DEEP DIVE Zambia’s Community-Led Total Sanitation Program Disclaimer: This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by the LEARN mechanism out of the USAID Office of Learning, Evaluation and Research (LER) in the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL). LEARN is managed by Dexis Consulting Group. COVER PHOTO: Zambian girl leaves latrine. (Source: Akros) Photo credit: Andrew Prinsen DEEP DIVE SUMMARY INFORMATION Sector WASH Type of Intervention Community-Led Total Sanitation Program (CLTS), supplemented by a Mobile-to-Web (M2W) application and close collaboration with traditional leaders Country/Region Zambia / Southern Africa Size & Scope Akros, funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) and in partnership with UNICEF and the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), implemented the M2W monitoring component of a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) program in Zambia as part of the Zambian Sanitation and Health Program (ZSHP), beginning with a few pilot districts, then expanding to all rural counties. Funded Activities In partnership with UNICEF and the Zambian government, Akros developed a Mobile-to-Web (M2W) application using the open-source District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) software that allowed real-time monitoring of latrine construction and sanitation improvements at the community level across 68 rural districts in Zambia. Akros subsequently also developed a “Chief App,” an Android-based widget that enabled key visualizations to be shared with traditional leaders. The app allowed chiefs and their headmen/women to have access to the data from the wards in their chiefdom as well as the surrounding chiefdoms to help traditional leaders track sanitation progress in their areas. -
People's Republic of Bangladesh Country Overview
People's Republic of Bangladesh Country Overview Summary Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in advancing access to water and sanitation services by increasing access to drinking water to 98%1 and reducing open defecation practices to almost zero in 2019 (1.5%2). In 2018 74.8% of the population had a handwashing station with water and soap on their premises3. The major WASH challenge Bangladesh is now facing is to improve practices and quality of WASH services i.e., predominantly water quality and safe disposal of human excreta to fully realize health and wellbeing outcomes for the poorest. In achieving this, the sector also has to overcome climate change impacts affecting the sustainability and continuity and quality of WASH services. According to the SDG Financing Strategy 2017 of General Economic Division, Bangladesh will require additional 11.80 billion dollars to achieve SDG-6 (constant 2015-16 prices) out of which 9.34 billion dollars is required for SDG 6.1 and SDG 6.24. The financial requirement for fiscal year 2017-2018 for SDG 6.1 & SDG 6.2 was 1.31 billion US dollars. Allocation was US$ 0.80 billion dollar and the gap was 0.51 billion US$5. About half of the WASH sector budget allocation for SDG-6 is from the public-sector funds, with private sector contributing 30% and development assistance making up the balance (20%). Government has also expanded the Annual Development Programme (ADP)6 Budget allocations to the sector from US$ 563 million in fiscal year 2017-18 to US$ 1.44 billion in 20018-19. -
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices and Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Odisha, India
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 104(6), 2021, pp. 2264–2274 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0087 Copyright © 2021 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices and Challenges during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Odisha, India Valerie Bauza,1* Gloria D. Sclar,1,2 Alokananda Bisoyi,3 Fiona Majorin,4 Apurva Ghugey,5 and Thomas Clasen1 1Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; 2Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, ¨ Zurich, ¨ Switzerland; 3Independent Consultant, Berhampur, Odisha, India; 4London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; 5Gram Vikas, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Abstract. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices emerged as a critical component to controlling and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 131 semistructured phone interviews with households in rural Odisha, India, to understand behavior changes made in WASH practices as a result of the pandemic and challenges that would prevent best practices. Interviews were conducted from May through July 2020 with 73 heads of household, 37 caregivers of children < 5 years old, and 21 members of village water and sanitation committees in villages with community-level piped water and high levels of latrine ownership. The majority of respondents (86%, N = 104) reported a change in their handwashing practice due to COVID-19, typically describing an increase in handwashing frequency, more thorough washing method, and/or use of soap. These improved handwashing practices remained in place a few months after the pandemic began and were often described as a new consistent practice after additional daily actions (such as returning home), suggesting new habit formation. -
World Bank Document
WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM: RESEARCH BRIEF Public Disclosure Authorized Scaling Up Rural Sanitation Investing in the Next Generation: Growing Tall and Smart with Toilets Stopping Open Defecation Improves Children’s Height in Cambodia November 2013 Key Messages Public Disclosure Authorized • The period between 2005 and 2010 witnessed a significant reduction in the number of households openly defecating and an increase in average child height. The improvement in sanitation access likely played a substantial role in increasing average child height over these five years. • Good toilets make good neighbors. The research in Cambodia found that open defecation not only affects one’s own health, but it also affects the health of one’s neighbors. The extent of open defecation in a community is more important for a child’s development than whether the Public Disclosure Authorized child’s household itself openly defecates. INTRODUCTION • Given the importance of the extent of open defecation in Open defecation within a community harms the physical a community, sanitation policies would best prioritize and cognitive development of children, even children living in collective community-wide behavior change to stop households that use toilets themselves. Frequently digesting open defecation; incentives, policies, and targets that feces due to poor sanitation can cause diarrhea, malnutrition, encourage collective behavior change are needed. and stunted growth-and thus impact negatively on a child’s cognitive development (Box 1). Experiencing these health haz- • Poor households with severe cash constraints are ards at young ages can ultimately limit one’s earning potential best supported through programs that focus on later in life. collective outcomes, complemented by targeted household support. -
Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines
Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines Esnati James Chaggu Promotor: Prof. dr.ir. G. Lettinga Hoogleraar in de anaërobe zuiveringstechnologie en hergebruik van afvalstoffen Co-promotoren: Dr. W. T. M. Sanders Post-doc onderzoeker bij de sectie Milieutechnologie, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland Prof. A. Mashauri Dar-es-Salaam Universiteit, Tanzania Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. G. Spaargaren Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. H. J. Gijzen UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Nederland Dr. G. J. Medema KIWA Water Research, Nieuwegein, Nederland Prof. Dr. H. Folmer Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool Wimek Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines Esnati James Chaggu Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. Ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 23 maart 2003 des namiddags te half twee in de aula CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG. Chaggu, E. J. Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines ISBN: 90-5808-989-4 Subject headings: excreta disposal/blackwater/nightsoil/anaerobic digestion/improved pit latrines Abstract - Chaggu, E. J. (2004). Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines. Ph.D Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Pit-latrines are on-site excreta disposal facilities widely used as anaerobic accumulation system for stabilizing human wastes like excreta, both in rural and urban settlements of developing countries. Flooding of pit-latrines is often a common phenomenon, especially in situations of high water table (HWT) conditions and during the rainy season, causing a health jeopardy to residents. The pits are not water-tight, the (ground)water can freely flow in and out of the pit, especially in HWT areas. -
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
July 2018 About Water, Sanitation and UNICEF The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Hygiene (WASH) works in more than 190 countries and territories to put children first. UNICEF WASH and Children has helped save more Globally, 2.3 billion people lack access to basic children’s lives than sanitation services and 844 million people lack any other humanitarian organization, by providing access to clean drinking water. The lack of health care and immuni these basic necessities isn’t just inconvenient zations, safe water and — it’s lethal. sanitation, nutrition, education, emergency relief Over 800 children die every day — about 1 and more. UNICEF USA supports UNICEF’s work every 2 minutes — from diarrhea due to unsafe through fundraising, drinking water, poor sanitation, or poor advocacy and education in hygiene. Suffering and death from diseases the United States. Together, like pneumonia, trachoma, scabies, skin we are working toward the and eye infections, cholera and dysentery day when no children die from preventable causes could be prevented by scaling up access and every child has a safe to adequate water supply and sanitation and healthy childhood. facilities and eliminating open defecation. For more information, visit unicefusa.org. Ensuring access to water and sanitation in UNICEF has helped schools can also help reduce the number of increase school children who miss out on their education — enrollment in Malawi through the provision especially girls. Scaling up access to WASH of safe drinking water. also supports efforts to protect vulnerable © UNICEF/UN040976/RICH children from violence, exploitation and abuse, since women and girls bear the heaviest Today, UNICEF has WASH programs in 113 burden in water collection, often undertaking countries to promote the survival, protection long, unsafe journeys to collect water. -
HEALTH ASPECTS of DRY SANITATION with WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey
HEALTH ASPECTS OF DRY SANITATION WITH WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey Task No. 324 WELL STUDIES IN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse Anne Peasey WELL Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse ii London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT © LSHTM/WEDC Peasey, A. (2000) Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse WELL Designed and Produced at LSHTM Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND Dry sanitation is defined in this report as the on-site disposal of human urine and faeces without the use of water as a carrier. This definition includes many of the most popular options for low- cost sanitation including pit latrines, Ventilated Improved Pits, SanPlats, etc. There has always been an interest in the reuse of human waste as a fertiliser, and there has been much recent work on the development of composting and other processes to permit human waste reuse. This report examines the practice of dry sanitation with reuse in Mexico, with a particular focus on health issues and the lessons to be learned from case studies and experience. DRY SANITATION WITH REUSE There are two distinct technical approaches to dry sanitation with reuse; · Dehydration. Urine and faeces are managed separately. The deposited faecal matter may be dried by the addition of lime, ash, or earth, and the contents are simply isolated from human contact for a specified period of time to reduce the presence of pathogens. · Decomposition (composting) In this process, bacteria, worms, or other organisms are used to break organic matter down to produce compost.