Overall Risk Level

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

JAPAN

Overall risk level

High Reconsider travel

Can be dangerous and may present unexpected security risks

Travel is possible, but there is a potential for disruptions Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 119

Upcoming Events

There are no upcoming events scheduled

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 2 Travel Advisories

High risk: Areas near the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant Reconsider travel to affected areas near the Fukushima Dai-chi nuclear power plant in Fukushima prefecture until further notice because of the risk of radiation.

Despite some of the most advanced anti-earthquake building regulations in the world and ownership of DONET (Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis), a marine cable consisting of an optical fibre system able to detect the changes in the seafloor which give warning of a tsunami, Japan's vulnerability to natural disasters was shown by the devastation brought in large coastal areas by a massive 9.0-magnitude earthquake and a subsequent tsunami on 11 March 2011. The initial quake generated a 10-metre wave that struck the coastlines of Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures on Honshu Island, destroying thousands of buildings and leaving at least 11,000 people dead or missing.

The tsunami damaged the coastal TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, starting an unprecedented nuclear crisis in modern Japan's history and forcing nearby towns to be evacuated amid mixed reactions from the Japanese government on the gravity of the situation. The tsunami waves overflooded the six- metres-high sea defences of the site, causing extensive damage and causing the overheating of the three reactors in operation at the time of the event; multiple hydrogen explosions followed in the subsequent hours and days triggering partial to full meltdown of the affected reactors and leaking radioactive material in the environment. Contamination of the food chain resulted in areas close to the site of the radioactive incident and those areas where radioactive material was being deposited. Due to high measurement levels by the Japanese government, distribution and consumption of local food were restricted, while fishing activities were suspended in the area close to the nuclear plant; fishing has since resumed on a trial basis.

Evacuation orders remain active for restricted areas that include several areas around the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, such as Futaba, Namie and specific parts of Okuma, Tomioka, Katsurao, Iitate and Minamisoma, in the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 3 Futaba district of Fukushima prefecture.

Although Japanese and international nuclear protection agencies assess that the levels of radiation in most parts of Japan are within the normal range of background radiation variation, the Japanese government has specified that several areas around the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant should be avoided until further notice. These include but are not limited to Futaba, Namie and specific parts of Okuma, Tomioka, Katsurao, Iitate and Minamisoma, in the Futaba district of Fukushima prefecture. Limited entry is only permitted by local authorities to public agencies, affected residents, or workers employed in reconstruction projects and only to four-wheel vehicles on specific routes that include Route 6 and Route 114; vehicles inside the restricted area should not stop along the road. Consult the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's website for updates, as emergency directives for evacuation areas near the nuclear power plant are subject to change. Other valuable information can be found on the website of the Nuclear Regulation Authorities of Japan, which publishes weekly reports.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 4 Summary

Japan is a High Risk destination: reconsider travel. High Risk locations can be dangerous and may present unexpected security risks. Travel is possible, but there is a potential for severe or widespread disruptions.

Covid-19 High Risk Authorities have mostly relied on social distancing measures and advisories against inter-prefectural travel instead of hard restrictions to try and contain COVID-19 outbreaks since early 2020. An outbreak has been underway in Tokyo and Osaka, as well as their surrounding prefectures, and Okinawa prefecture since early 2021 and authorities are unlikely to further ease restrictions in the near-term until case numbers fall.

Political Instability Low Risk Japan is governed as a representative democracy with a bicameral parliament and integrated executive and legislative branches. The rule of law is strong and both internal and external security is assured. In August 2020, the country’s longest-serving prime minister (PM) Shinzo Abe stepped down due to health concerns and was replaced by his protege Yoshihide Suga. PM Suga’s honed political acumen, years of experience and popularity among the major Liberal Democratic Party leaders are factors likely to further contribute to Japan’s political stability.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 5 Conflict Low Risk Historically the country has strained relations with North Korea and China, but these have improved overall since 2014 despite ongoing tensions over North Korea's nuclear and missile programmes. Japan’s relationships with South Korea and Russia are also strained by territorial disputes over the Takeshima/Dokdo Islands and the Kuril Islands respectively, but a full-scale conflict is very unlikely in the medium-term. However, the decision of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to push through a controversial amendment of the constitution to enable security forces to be involved in overseas areas, coupled with the military build-up of China in the region, started a new era in Japan's modern military history.

Terrorism Moderate Risk The ethnic and religious homogeneity of Japanese society reduces the possibility of major extremist groups having a presence in the country in the near future. However, there have been sporadic incidents of domestic terrorism perpetrated by lone-wolf attackers or right-wing nationalists. The threat from international terrorism is relatively low, but remains a possibility, with Japan representing one of the countries most at risk in East Asia as a strong ally of post-9/11 US foreign policy and a supporter of overseas operations against the Islamic State (IS) in the Middle East since 2014.

Unrest Moderate Risk Japan has a well-ordered society in which unrest is infrequent. Although mass protests are uncommon, issue-specific rallies are more frequent than in the past. Localised protests over social, demographic, political and environmental issues erupt sporadically, mostly in urban areas.

Crime Low Risk Japan is renowned for its safety. Street crimes do occur in urban areas, but compared with other major cities worldwide, incident numbers are low. Travellers should safeguard their valuables as in any other urban area. While violent crime is rare, isolated incidents of sexual assault targeting women, particularly at bars and onboard crowded trains, have occurred in and around Tokyo. Organised crime in Japan is extensive and highly sophisticated but generally does not affect travellers.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 6 Natural and Environmental Medium Risk The country is regularly hit by earthquakes, typhoons, flooding and landslides. Advanced disaster warning and response systems are in place to mitigate these natural calamities. Japanese emergency response teams are well-equipped and experienced; the country also possesses well-developed infrastructure. Nevertheless, natural disasters frequently impact Japan with severe intensity owing to its geographic location and can result in widespread casualties and damage.

Health and Medical Low Risk Japan’s medical system is of a very high standard although treatment is extremely expensive. The country is renowned for having some of the most advanced hospitals in the world. Some Japanese doctors who studied and practised overseas may speak English.

Local Travel Low Risk Japan's train and bus networks provide safe and reliable transport throughout the country. Rural areas are even safer than the cities. The greatest danger to foreign nationals is that Japan's reputation for safety may lull visitors into a false sense of security, causing them to neglect to take sensible everyday precautions. While major urban centres cater well to English speakers, few Japanese speak English in rural areas and many signposts are not written in Latin script.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 7 Political Overview : Low Risk

Shinzo Abe, Japan’s longest serving prime minister who was elected in a landslide victory in December 2012 after serving earlier as PM for a year in 2006-2007, abruptly stepped down from office in late August 2020 due to health issues. Shortly afterwards, the National Diet (parliament) elected Chief Cabinet Secretary and Abe’s right-hand man Yoshihide Suga as the new prime minister. Suga was elected by a landslide of 377 out of 534 votes in parliament defeating his two rivals - Policy Council Chairman Fumio Kishida and former defense minister Shigeru Ishiba.

During his term, Abe took the bold decision of calling for early elections twice, first in 2014 and later again in 2017, both of which proved successful for the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), allowing Abe to not just retain but strengthen his position. His re-election confirmed the trust of most Japanese in “Abenomics”, a package of comprehensive macroeconomic measures of ambitious monetary easing, greater fiscal spending and structural reforms finalised to improve the country’s growth potential in the long-term. Over the years, these economic policies have resulted in the longest spell of consistent, albeit low, economic growth in a decade. The election outcomes also provided an unprecedented mandate to Abe to reform the country’s pacifist constitution; however, that goal could not be brought to full fruition as Abe continued to face obstacles from opposition parties in that regard.

In several aspects, the new prime minister Suga expressed his intentions to continue along the path that Abe had laid. He announced that he will continue to pursue some of the key policies of the previous administration, including Abenomics, a revision of the constitution, facilitating the return of abducted Japanese citizens from North Korea, and successfully battling the COVID-19 outbreak. However, some policy changes during Suga’s administration also cannot be ruled out. While acting as Abe’s aide, he helped execute some noticeable reforms such as security laws allowing the military to participate in overseas missions, as well as a law allowing an increase in the number of permitted foreign workers in Japan. Suga has already expressed an interest in pursuing some of his own policies, such as greater digitalisation, initiatives to spread more resources outside urban areas and expanding the national health insurance system. His years of experience in policy-making gives him a significant advantage in carrying out his prime ministerial responsibilities; however, it remains to be seen how successfully Suga is able to implement his policies while retaining

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 8 popular support within his short administration before the October 2021 elections are held.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 9 Conflict : Low Risk

External Conflict: The test of a nuclear device by North Korea in October 2006, added to its ability to fire missiles capable of reaching Japan (as demonstrated by a test in 1998), has led to deep concerns in Japan. In 2008, Tokyo was spending USD1.3 billion on ballistic missile defence – a substantial portion of its defence budget.

Despite military guarantees from the US, this same security alliance means that North Korea could use Japan as a proxy target in a potential confrontation with the US. The security question is further complicated by a history of Japanese citizens being abducted by North Korean agents from 1977 to 1983. Japan demanded complete details of missing citizens, but Pyongyang, after admitting in 2002 that it had abducted 13 Japanese, has only returned five. Despite attempts at dialogue, their relationship remains highly tense and wrought with mistrust and misunderstanding. Sanctions against Pyongyang are currently in place and are expected to last until at least March 2017, the intended expiry date. Furthermore, 'six-way' talks that in summer of 2007 led to a shut down of Pyongyang's Yongbyon nuclear reactor in return for international energy aid proved a failure when the totalitarian regime resumed partial operations in April 2009 following a UN condemnation of a missile test. In March 2013, North Korea announced that operations would be fully resumed.

Relations with Japan's traditional foe, China, have been cold during the government of Shinzo Abe. Japan's relations with China had hitherto been strained, in part due to the historical burden of war crimes committed by the Japanese in China during WWII and also due to rivalry over regional hegemony, with the unsolved territorial disputes over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands. Tokyo has been worried by the Chinese military build- up and the land reclamation program in the disputed islets of the South China Sea. The increasing economic and military prowess of China has caused concern in Japan and has played an important role in the decision to amend the post-war defence policy and the constitution.

Regularly hampering relations with China (as well as other regional actors, including Taiwan and South Korea) is also the annual visit by members of the National Diet to the Yasukuni Shrine, which honours war dead including hundreds of Japanese war criminals. Relations were strained by the visit of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi from 2001 to 2006, although on personal grounds. Despite abstaining himself from visiting

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 10 the shrine during his first term as Prime Minister in order not to damage relations with neighbours, Shinzo Abe made a visit during his second term, on 26 December 2013.

Border Conflict: Japan's relationship with South Korea is strained by disputes over territorial claims to the Takeshima/Dokdo islands. Four rounds of discussions of the territory between 1996 and 2000 failed to yield any results. Despite these tensions, violent confrontation is unlikely to erupt in the short to medium term, as economic interests between the countries serve as a comprehensive deterrent.

Japan and Russia have experienced strained relations ever since the Russians seized a number of Japanese Pacific Islands in the aftermath of World War II. The two countries never signed a peace agreement and are still technically at war. Russian aircraft do occasionally violate Japanese airspace, prompting angry outbursts from the Japanese government. These incidents will likely increase in frequency as aggressive Russian attempts to rebuild its presence within the Pacific theatre gain momentum. Nevertheless, the immediate risk of full scale conflict is very low.

Strength of Military Forces: The Japanese Self Defence Force (which includes air, ground and maritime divisions) is extremely well trained and equipped with US- manufactured weaponry. It has been engaged in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in recent years. Although the Japanese cannot compete with China in terms of regional military might, the country has strong military agreements with the US that ensure it has one of the greatest offensive and defensive military capabilities in the region. The 2015 constitutional amendment also creates legal tools that allow Japan to use the right of collective self-defense, which from a legal point of view could be invoked: if an ally is under attack, if no other suitable means to repel an attack can be found and if the use of force can be limited to the minimum degree necessary. The government has explained the security bill as a necessary step to face a growing military threat from China and – to a lesser degree – Russia, particularly with Japanese sea trade and energy supplies transiting daily through the South China Sea – an area where Chinese military influence has grown radically in 2015.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 11 Terrorism

Terrorist Groups: Japan was the first country in the world to experience a chemical terrorist attack, which was perpetrated against Tokyo's mass rapid transit system in 1995. Aum Shinrikyo, a fringe millenarian group, took responsibility for the attack which killed 12 people; the group emerged in the aftermath of the huge economic changes in Japan, which left some members feeling at the fringe of society. After the attack, Aum Shinrikyo regrouped under the name of Aleph. Despite claiming to have renounced violence and the absence of any significant operation since then, the group – which counted around 1,450 members as of June 2018 – and its two much smaller splinters Hikari no Wa and Yamadara no Shudan, re-emerged as a possible threat on 6 June 2018 when authorities executed Aum Shinrikyo leader Shoko Asahara together with six other affiliates in a Tokyo prison. The executions prompted authorities to tighten security and launch new controls on the groups. Despite this, the likelihood of new attacks remains very low.

Japan also experiences occasional attacks against the public from lone-wolf perpetrators. These individuals have carried out assaults for a variety of personal or political reasons. For example, in 2005 bomb threats were sent to 11 Tokyo hospitals to demand higher enrollment figures, and earlier that year a bomb had been left at the home of a businessman who advocated closer Japanese-Chinese relations. In February 2018, two Japanese men with alleged links to right-wing groups fired multiple shots at the pro-Pyongyang General Association of Korean Residents (or Chongryon) headquarters in Tokyo; the association served as the defacto North Korean embassy in Japan. However, these sorts of incidents are still relatively uncommon.

Islamist Terrorism: The threat from international terrorism is relatively low, but remains a possibility, with Japan representing one of the countries most at risk in East Asia as a strong ally of post-9/11 US foreign policy and a supporter of overseas operations against the Islamic State (IS) in the Middle East, that began in 2014. Already in October 2003 al-Qaeda explicitly threatened Japan, and Tokyo in particular, as possible targets. This anti-Japanese sentiment was also evidenced by the kidnap and execution of several Japanese citizens in Iraq during the US-led occupation.The threat became more apparent after the IS beheaded 42-year-old Haruna Yukawa and 47- year-old Kenji Goto in Syria in January 2015, despite Japanese diplomatic efforts to save their lives. The country was also specifically identified as a target by the IS.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 12 Following the defeat and loss of territory suffered by the Islamic State (IS) in Syria and Iraq, there has been a steady influx of former IS fighters returning to their home countries. Though defeated militarily, the group has reconstituted itself through scattered underground networks of sleeper cells across pockets in the Middle East and spawned various offshoots and adherents in other parts of the world. At the same time, the group’s ideology continues to retain influence and attract radicalised individuals across the world due to its extensive propaganda efforts mainly through social media. This has given the jihadist movement a global mobility to the extent that has not been previously witnessed. Since it’s defeat in Syria and Iraq, the IS and its inspired offshoots have engaged in a more aggressive terror campaign, even in countries where it does not possess a significant presence. Countries like Japan, that have high numbers of visitors, notably Western tourists, and have little or no history of Islamist militancy are particularly at risk, as authorities there may be unprepared to deal with the jihadist threat. Therefore, a terror attack cannot be ruled-out due to the global mobility of international jihadist networks. However, stringent immigration, advanced security and intelligence forces, as well as an ethnically and religiously unified society, make the probability of a successful attack low.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 13 Unrest : Moderate Risk

Demographic and Social Problems: The primary concern in the medium- to long- term is the set of major changes occurring in Japan's demography. Its population is shrinking in size, while the average age of citizens is increasing rapidly. By some estimates, the population is expected to shrink from its current size of 127 million, to just 100 million in 2050. This will place a huge strain on the working population. The Japanese economy is currently unable to deal with an impeding problem like this, and the government must now begin to prepare for this situation, or risk major societal difficulties.

Political Issues: A spate of political issues trigger frequent protests in Japan, including the continuing US military presence on Japanese soil (generally in Okinawa) and plans to relocate military bases to different areas of the country. This has been exacerbated in recent times by incidences of rape perpetrated by US soldiers against local Japanese women.

In August 2015, days of mass protest were held near government buildings in Tokyo in opposition to the approval of the amendment to the post-war constitution to allow Japanese troops to be involved in foreign conflicts, considered a departure from the traditional pacifist defence policy of the country.

Environmental Protests: Other protests have centred on environmental issues, particularly on the controversial point of nuclear power; since the 2011 nuclear incident in Fukushima, the anti-nuclear movement has gained much more support and staged a number of protests, with the significant support of former prime ministers Junichiro Koizumi and Morihiro Hosokawa. The reactivation of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant, located in Satsumasendai in the Kagoshima prefecture on 11 August 2015, the first nuclear plant to be reactivated after the 2011 crisis, became a target of several protests.

Nonetheless, protests are generally peaceful and they are unlikely to impact on visitors to Japan other than disrupting localised travel.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 14 Recent incidents

27 August 2021 - 28 August 2021 Moderate risk: Anti-nuclear power activists to rally outside METI building in Tokyo Anti-nuclear power activists plan to rally outside the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) building (1-3-1 Kasumigaseki) in Tokyo’s Chiyoda City from 17:00-18:00 local time (08:00-09:00 GMT), to protest against the government’s plans for restarting operations at previously suspended nuclear power plants.

29 July 2021 - 30 July 2021 Moderate risk: Anti-Olympics protest planned outside Prime Minister's office, Tokyo Social activists will rally outside the Prime Minister's Office (2-3-1 Nagatacho) in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, from 18:30-19:30 local time (09:30-10:30 GMT) in the latest round of protests demanding the cancellation of the Olympic Games due to a steep spike of COVID-19 infections since the games began.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 15 Crime : Low Risk

Crime rates are low in Japan.

Petty Crime: Although Tokyo is one of the safest major cities in the world, petty crime does occur. Visitors in Tokyo's busy nightspots are targets for petty criminals and pickpockets, and should maintain vigilance accordingly. Keep valuables in secure pockets or pouches on your person that cannot be easily accessed. Never leave your bags unattended.

Violent Crime: Violent crimes are very rare in Japan. Nonetheless, there have been exceptional cases of violence resulting in multiple fatalities that are commonly motivated by mental health issues or personal disputes,. On 26 June 2018, a civilian stabbed a police officer in Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, stole the officer’s gun and went on to fatally shoot a security guard at an elementary school. In July 2016, at least 15 people were killed and 45 others were injured in a stabbing attack by an ex- employee at the Tsukui Yamayuri-en facility for disabled people in the city of Sagamihara, in Kanagawa Prefecture. In August 2016, at least 15 people were injured when a man hurled at least six petrol bombs at a crowd during a summer street festival near Fujimigaoka Station in the Suginami ward of Tokyo, before killing himself. These incidents generally do not target foreign nationals but they can nonetheless pose a threat to bystanders.

Sexual Assault: Isolated incidents of drinks being spiked with drugs, leading to sexual assaults, have occurred in and around Tokyo. Some incidents have occurred in bars frequented by foreign nationals, especially in the Roppongi area of Tokyo. Never accept a drink from a stranger unless you have seen it being poured. Do not leave your drink unattended at any time. Females travelling on the Tokyo Mass Transit System have also been groped and indecently assaulted by local businessmen on crowded trains.

Organised Crime: Organised crime in Japan is extensive and highly sophisticated. Organised crime is classified by the police as boryokudan (violent groups) and, more generally, yakuza. There are estimated to be 87,000 members of these groups, with the largest (Yamaguchi-gumi) comprising 39,000 members. Yakuza are involved in typical organised crime activities, such as gambling, smuggling and prostitution, but also commit 'violent intrusions' into lives of ordinary citizens, involving debt collection

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 16 or extortion, sometimes with the use of force. While the yakuza do not intend to overthrow the political or social system of Japan, they do pose a threat to just settlements of disputes and democratic processes.

Weapon Possession: Japan has strict laws regarding the use and possession of dangerous weapons. Firearms are strictly forbidden without a proper licence. Carrying a pocket knife (including Swiss army-style knives, craft knives or box cutters) in public is forbidden.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 17 Law

Overview

The Japanese legal system is modelled after European civil law with American influence. There is judicial review of legislative acts passed by the Supreme Court. A suspect can be held for up to 23 days without being formally charged with a crime. Bail is not granted to foreign nationals. Police interviews can last a long time and access to a lawyer may not always be granted. Penalties for serious crimes include the death sentence.

Drugs and Alcohol: You must be 20 years of age or older to purchase alcohol in Japan. Driving whilst under the influence of drugs or alcohol is a severe offence in Japan, and penalties are heavy. The blood alcohol limit for driving is 0.3 milligrams of alcohol per millilitre of blood. People allowing others to drink and drive (for example passengers) are also subject to penalties.

The import or trafficking of illegal drugs can result in lengthy jail sentences. Even the possession of small amounts of drugs can result in sentences of between one and ten years and may be accompanied by a fine of up to JPY5,000,000 (approximately USD47,000). Detection facilities at entry points are extremely effective. There have been a number of cases recently of small quantities of cannabis being sent through the mail to foreign nationals living in Japan, which have resulted in the arrest and detention of the intended recipients. Japanese police have asked customers of bars to give samples for drug trace testing and positive results lead to arrest and prosecution, even if the drug was taken before arrival in Japan. At the end of sentences, deportation orders are issued and a ban on travelling to Japan for five to ten years.

Traffic Infractions and Speeding: Traffic moves on the left. Speed limits are strictly enforced by speed cameras and radar detection technology. They are usually 30kph (18mph) on urban side streets, 40kph (25mph) on main urban roads, 60kph (37mph) in rural areas and 100kph (62mph) on motorways.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 18 Corruption

Overview

A series of corruption scandals plagued Japanese politics between 1988 and 1993, resulting in the Liberal Democratic Party's election loss in 1993. The scandals included the Sagawa-Kyubin case of 1992/93 involving bribes to the Ministry of Transport, as well as bribery cases involving the Ministries of Construction, Defence and Finance. Often, these cases were traced to the highest level of office.

The subsequent ruling coalition instituted a number of reforms that helped curb corruption in the future, including changes to legislation governing political donations and fundraising. These reforms have had a positive effect, and today, corruption is not very widespread in Japan. There has been some political corruption linked to organised crime groups, but this is infrequent and does not impact on the political system to a great extent.

Travellers: Visitors are highly unlikely to be affected by any form of corruption.

Business: Some corruption is reported in low level, local business transactions where bribes are paid and occasionally expected. It is extremely rare for corruption to affect international business.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 19 Security Services

Overview

The Prefectural Police of Japan operate under the control of the National Police Agency (NPA). Their responsibilities include “protecting life, person and property; preventing, suppressing and investigating crimes, apprehending suspects; traffic enforcement; and, marinating public safety and order.” The NPA encompasses specialised bureaus, including an Imperial Guard, as well as regional public safety bureaus, of which there are seven.

Efficiency: The police are extremely efficient at maintaining stability and public order, and investigative capacities are very high. Internal police oversight structures are entrenched and are not subject to political influences. The Japanese police force has a dedicated division responsible for combating organised crime, which is highly respected worldwide.

Professionalism: Japanese police are extremely professional, highly trained, and helpful to visitors. However, most do not speak English.

Areas Active: Police are extremely visible across the country, including on Japan's outlying islands.

Force Strength: As of 2010, there are approximately 291,475 police officers in Japan.

Abuses/Miscarriages of Justice: Abuses of justice are almost unheard of.

Political/Religious/Ethnic Sensitivities: There have been no reports of any ethnic or political bias within the Japanese police force.

Emergency Contact: In the event of an emergency, the police can be contacted by dialling telephone number 110.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 20 Natural Risks : Medium Risk

The country is regularly hit by earthquakes, typhoons, flooding and landslides. Advanced disaster warning and response systems are in place to mitigate these natural calamities. Japanese emergency response teams are well-equipped and experienced; the country also possesses well-developed infrastructure. Nevertheless, natural disasters frequently impact Japan with severe intensity owing to its geographic location and can result in widespread casualties and damage.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking of the earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of subterranean rock as it releases strain that has accumulated over a long period. Initial mild shaking may worsen and become extremely violent within a matter of seconds. Additional earthquakes, called aftershocks, may follow the initial earthquake.

Earthquakes are common in Japan, one of the world's most seismically active areas, especially on Honshu and Hokkaido islands. The country accounts for approximately 20 percent of the world's earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 or greater, with an average 1,000 low-intensity tremors recorded a year. Effective disaster management mitigates the likely impact of a major earthquake. Despite some of the most world's advanced anti-earthquake building regulations and ownership of DONET (Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis), a marine cable consisting of an optical fibre system able to detect the changes in the sea floor which give warning of a tsunami, Japan's vulnerability to natural disasters was shown by the devastation wrought in large coastal areas by a massive 9.0-magnitude earthquake and a subsequent tsunami on 11 March 2011. In March 2012, the National Police Agency (NPA) issued revised emergency traffic control guidelines: in the event of a major earthquake in the greater Tokyo area, all regular vehicles will be banned from passage on 46 expressway routes, including all Metropolitan Expressway routes (Chuo Expressway to Nagano Prefecture, Tomei Expressway to Aichi Prefecture), and six principal roads in Tokyo and adjacent prefectures. Only emergency vehicles and heavy machinery transport trucks will be permitted to use the routes.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 21 When shaking begins, drop to the ground and take cover under, and hold on to, a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a heavy desk or table that can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you're not near a strong piece of furniture, crouch down and protect your head and face in an inner corner of a building; only stand in a doorway if you know it is strongly supported. Stay away from windows or glass panels. Most deaths and injuries in an earthquake are caused by collapsing building materials and heavy falling objects. Stay indoors until the tremors stop and you are sure it is safe to exit. Avoid all areas in the vicinity of outer walls and doorways, as these are most prone to falling debris. In a high-rise building, the electricity may go out and the sprinkler systems may come on. Do not use the elevators. If the lights go out, avoid using candles, matches or lighters during or after the earthquake; if there is a gas leak, an explosion could result. If outdoors, move to an open space away from buildings, electric poles and street lights which are prone to collapse. Do not travel on roads and bridges which may have been damaged by the earthquake. Be prepared for secondary earth movements that follow the initial earthquake; some of these may be large enough to cause additional damage or bring down weakened structures.

Hurricanes/Typhoons/Tropical Cyclones

A cyclone/typhoon/hurricane is essentially a large mass of air that spirals around a low-pressure centre. It is an organised collection of thunderstorms embedded in a swirling mass of air. This mass of air is called a cyclone if it forms in the Indian or South Pacific oceans, a typhoon if formed in the West Pacific Ocean and a hurricane if formed in the East Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes normally bring gale-force winds, heavy rainfall and high tides, with the potential of causing significant or destructive damage and widespread travel disruptions.

There is a risk of typhoons and tropical storms in Japan, particularly during the typhoon season which runs from June to October. All areas of the country are vulnerable. Storms can trigger severe disruptions to overland, air and maritime travel, and essential services. In July 2018, Typhoon Prapiroon left a severe impact on the central and western regions of the country, with at least 105 people killed, thousands evacuated, expressways damaged and trains and flights cancelled.

Follow local radio or television broadcasts for information and evacuation instructions. If not under an area with mandatory evacuation orders, remain indoors. Locate and

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 22 secure important documentation, including passports, photo identification, travel permits and any indispensable personal effects. Be advised that the calm 'eye' is deceptive and should by no means be interpreted as a sign that the storm has passed. The second winds are likely to be worse and may destroy trees and buildings damaged in the first pass. If caught in a region hit by a cyclone/typhoon/hurricane, remain indoors until the storm passes. If there is a need to move to an evacuation centre, evacuate in a calm manner and ensure you carry important personal identification. Avoid all low-lying coastal areas due to storm surges. Confirm the viability of overland travel routes due to the risk of flooding. Air and sea travel are also likely to be impacted. Anticipate disruptions to power, communications and other essential services.

Tsunami

Tsunamis are commonly generated by an earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. A strong earthquake lasting 20 seconds or more near the coast is likely to generate a tsunami and imminent coastal impact, possibly before warnings can be issued. However, all offshore or coastal earthquakes carry the potential of generating tsunamis. Warning signs of a tsunami include a sudden rise and fall in coastal sea levels.

Tsunamis are not uncommon in the coastal areas of Japan. Tsunamis can disrupt maritime and even overland travel. The most severe incident was a massive 9.0- magnitude earthquake and a subsequent tsunami, which occurred on 11 March 2011. The initial quake generated a 10-metre (33-foot) wave which struck the coastlines of Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures on Honshu Island, destroying thousands of buildings and leaving at least 11,000 dead or missing.

In areas at risk of tsunamis, know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the coast or other at-risk waters. Areas which are less than 7.5 metres (25 feet) above sea level and/or within 1.5 kilometres (one mile) of the coastline are perceived to be the most at risk. Evacuation orders may be based on these numbers. Immediately move inland or to higher ground in the event of a tsunami alert/warning; stay away from the beach. In the absence of an official warning, if you are on the coast and feel an earthquake, or if there is a noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline this is a natural warning of a possible

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 23 tsunami and should be heeded; move away immediately. Remain out of the tsunami hazard zone until local officials advise otherwise.

Volcanic Eruptions

A volcanic eruption occurs when lava, rocks and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent. Eruptions can also trigger volcanic ash cloudes and landslides called lahar.

Japan is home to a number of volcanoes, with at least 80 considered to be active. Kyushu Island contains a few volcanoes that exhibit frequent activity, for example, the Shindake volcano and the Sakurajima volcano in Kagoshima prefecture. Volcanic eruptions can lead to widespread property damage and evacuations. In 2015, a number of volcanoes erupted, including Mount Shindake on 29 May, triggering evacuations orders; Sakurajima Volcano erupted on 15 August, which also resulted in evacuations orders; Mount Aso Volcano, located in the Aso Kujū National Park in Kumamoto prefecture, erupted on 14 September. However, these eruptions caused no damage or injury. Ashfall is a common outcome of volcanic eruptions that can destroy crops and hinder travel in adjoining areas.

In the event of a volcanic eruption, listen to your radio or television until you are told all is safe or you receive instructions to evacuate. Local authorities may elect to vacate specific areas at greater risk. If instructed to remain indoors, stay inside with windows and doors closed and all heating and air conditioning systems turned off. Move to a ground level interior room without windows. If you are caught in an outdoor rock fall, roll into a ball to protect your head. Immediately evacuate an area when volcanic fumes and gases begin to cause an irritation to your sensory or respiratory organs. Your symptoms should dissipate when you are no longer in contact with the gases or fumes. Keep your vehicle engine switched off. Avoid driving in heavy ashfall. Ash and debris may clog a car's engine, causing the vehicle to stall. If driving is unavoidable, ensure that all windows are rolled up and that the air conditioning system is turned off. In the event of volcanic activity, avoid travel within the radius of the danger zone established by authorities. Volcanic ash clouds may also impact air travel if the volcano is located within range of an airport; confirm updated itineraries with airline representatives if this occurs.

Flooding

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 24 A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

Flooding is common across all four islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, particularly due to heavy rainfall during the wet season between May and July. Tsunamis can additionally cause widespread flooding and significant disruptions to overland travel and services. Flooding can also lead to temporary closure of airports. In March 2011, a massive earthquake accompanied by a tsunami caused severe flooding, leaving thousands dead or homeless.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Landslides/Mudslides

Sometimes referred to as debris flows, mudflows, lahars or debris avalanches, landslides/mudslides are a form of mass soil movement that tends to flow in channels in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth and debris, typically following heavy rainfall.

Strong earthquakes or typhoons are often accompanied by landslides, causing disruptions to overland travel and property damage across the country. In July 2018, Typhoon Prapiroon triggered severe landslides and flooding that led to the evacuation of thousands of people and left at least 157 fatalities.

Follow local news updates in landslide prone areas for warnings about intense storms and rainfall. If landslide or debris flow danger is imminent, quickly move away from

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 25 the path of the slide. Seek shelter on the nearest high ground in a direction away from the path. If rocks and debris are approaching, run for the nearest shelter and take cover (if possible, under a desk, table or other piece of sturdy furniture that can provide you with air space if the building collapses). Anticipate disruptions to overland travel in areas affected by landslides. Confirm the viability of intented overland travel routes before departure and remain alert for landslide warning signs including cracks in the soil or the faint rumbling sound of an approaching landslide or debris flow.

Heat Waves

A heat wave is characterised by temperatures that hover at 10 degrees or more above the average high for the region over a period of several weeks. Parallel weather systems may include temperature inversions and katabatic winds.

Heat waves have been known to threaten the eastern and western parts of the country in recent years. These can lead to very high temperatures throughout the day. Around 125 people died due to heat stroke between June and August 2018, amid a dangerous heatwave impacting the country.

In hot weather, you will need to increase fluid intake (non-alcoholic), regardless of activity level. Stay indoors in an air-conditioned room. This is the primary means of protection against heat-related illness and possibly death. If a home is not air- conditioned, identify public facilities that are. Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose- fitting clothing. If you must be out in the heat, limit outdoor activity to early morning and late evening hours. Those at greatest risk of suffering heat-related illness include infants, young children and adults aged 65 or older.

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 26 29 August 2021 - 30 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities issue heatwave warnings in Kanagawa, other prefectures Authorities issue heatwave warnings across parts of Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Aichi, Mie, Hyogo, Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi, Kumamoto, Oita and Kagoshima prefectures, including Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe and Hiroshima, during morning hours local time, due to temperatures reaching up to 36 degrees Celsius (96.8 degrees Fahrenheit) and high humidity levels.

27 August 2021 - 28 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities warn of heatwaves in Tokyo, other areas Authorities issued heatwave warnings across parts of Tokyo, as well as Kanagawa, Chiba, Gunma, Yamanashi, Shizuoka, Aichi, Mie, Kyoto Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima, Kagawa, Ehime, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures excluding Kagoshima prefecture’s Amami region during morning hours local time, due to temperatures reaching up to 36 degrees Celsius (96.8 degrees Fahrenheit) and high humidity levels.

26 August 2021 - 27 August 2021 Medium risk: Heavy rainfall prompts warnings, rail disruptions in Saga and Nagasaki prefectures Authorities maintained evacuation orders across Takeo and Ureshino in Saga prefecture, while rail services were disrupted on Matsuura Tetsudo, Chikuhi and Karatsu lines in Saga and Nagasaki prefectures as of morning hours local time, as authorities issued fresh warnings for heavy rainfall and potential landslides in parts of the affected prefectures.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 27 26 August 2021 - 27 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities issue heatwave warnings in Tokyo, other areas Authorities issued heatwave warnings across Tokyo, as well as parts of Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Gunma, Fukui, Kyoto, Hyogo, Wakayama, Hiroshima, Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures excluding Kagoshima prefecture’s Amami region during morning hours local time, due to high temperatures and humidity levels.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 28 Health and Medical: Low Risk

Overview

Japan’s medical system is of a very high standard although treatment is extremely expensive. The country is renowned for having some of the most advanced hospitals in the world. Some Japanese doctors who studied and practised overseas may speak English.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Malaria

There is no risk of malaria transmission.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 29 Yellow Fever

There is no risk of Yellow Fever infection.

Vaccine requirement: None

Vaccine recommendation: None

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 30 Recommended for some travellers

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A outbreaks occur throughout the world and sometimes in countries with a low risk for hepatitis A (including the US). You can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Japan, so talk to your doctor to see if the hepatitis A vaccine is right for you.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: No

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

While you are there

Emergency Numbers

Medical: 119

Emergency services

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 31 Emergency services are excellent across Japan, both in cities and rural areas.

Evacuation

It is very unlikely medical evacuation would be required for injury or illness.

Routine care

Medical staff are highly trained, although they occasionally have different ideas on treatment compared to standard Western practice with regard to complex procedures. Although rural and local clinics are good, a higher standard of care is available in city hospitals. If in a rural location, every effort should be made to be treated at a city hospital.

Medicine

There are no known issues with the availability or quality of prescription and over-the- counter medicine. Travellers should note that Japan has very strict rules for bringing medicine into the country for personal use. The use or possession of inhalers and some other common prescription and over-the-counter medicines (for example for allergies and sinus problems) are banned under Japan's strictly enforced anti- stimulant drugs law. Ignorance about the import of these medications will not serve as an excuse. Confirm the legality of your needed medication with a Japanese Embassy before departure and verify whether you need a Yakkan Shoumei (Medicine Import Certificate) or a Narcotic Certificate.

Payment

Up-front or cash payments may be required prior to treatment, even for individuals with medical insurance. Whenever possible, check with medical providers for payment requirements prior to treatment.

Ailments

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 32 There are occasional outbreaks of avian influenza among bird populations in Japan, most recently in autumn 2016.

Avian influenza is a class of viral infections, including H5N1 and H7N9, which can be transmitted through contact with wild or domesticated birds. Symptoms are flu-like, and include fever, muscle aches, coughing, as well pneumonia and – in severe cases – respiratory failure. Treatment includes a course of antivirals.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

Japanese encephalitis occurs mainly in the rural areas of China and Korea, but is also found in most countries of South and East Asia; more commonly in the rainy season (June-September) when mosquitoes are most active. Although rare in Japan, human cases of Japanese encephalitis have been reported in rural areas on all islands of Japan, except Hokkaido. The risk of transmission is greatest from June to September in rural, forested areas. However, on the Ryuku islands of Okinawa, the risk is greatest from April to October.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection transmitted by the Culex mosquito and is most prevalent in rural areas. In the majority of cases JE are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur, they include fever, fatigue, neurological disorders, vomiting and headaches. JE has a fatality rate of 20-30 percent, and survivors are at high risk of developing long-term neurological or psychological disorders. There is no treatment for JE beyond supportive hospital care.

Measles

Measles outbreaks have occurred in the past, most recently in September 2016 in an outbreak that involved unvaccinated workers at Kansai International Airport (KIX/RJBB).

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 33 Measles is a highly contagious viral infection transmitted via coughing and sneezing from infected persons. Cold-like symptoms as well as fever are initially presented before a skin rash develops three to five days later. The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease. There is no treatment once infected beyond rehydration and bed rest.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or katayama fever) is a parasitic infection, transmitted through contact with infected water sources, usually freshwater lakes or rivers. Saltwater and chlorinated pools are not affected by schistosomiasis. Symptoms include a rash, fever, muscle pain, abdominal pain and the enlargement of the spleen and/or liver. The disease can be treated via the administration of praziquantel. If left untreated, schistosomiasis can cause serious chronic gastrointestinal or central nervous system diseases.

Recent incidents

27 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: State of emergency planned in Hokkaido and several other prefectures from 27 August – Update A COVID-19 related state of emergency (SoE) will likely be imposed in Hokkaido, Miyagi, Aichi, Hiroshima, Mie, Gifu, Shiga and Okayama prefectures from 27 August to 12 September; venues that serve alcohol and karaoke bars will be closed and those which do not serve alcohol will be asked to close daily at 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT).

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 34 27 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: Authorities declare SoE in Hokkaido, other prefectures until 12 September - Update Authorities declared a COVID-19 related state of emergency (SoE) across Hokkaido, Miyagi, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Shiga, Okayama, Hiroshima prefectures until 12 September, following a spike in COVID-19 cases. The SoE declaration authorises prefectural authorities to order or request eating and drinking establishments, and other non-essential businesses to suspend operations or close nightly by 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT), among other measures.

27 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: Authorities impose PPM in Kochi, other prefectures until 12 September - Update Authorities imposed COVID-19 related quasi-emergency Priority Preventative Measures (PPM) across Kochi, Saga, Nagasaki and Miyazaki prefectures until 12 September, following a spike in COVID-19 cases. The measures allow prefectural authorities to request eating and drinking establishments and other non- essential businesses to suspend operations or close nightly by 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT) among other requests.

20 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: State of emergency planned in Ibaraki and multiple other prefectures from 20 August – Update A COVID-19 related state of emergency (SoE) will likely be imposed in Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Hyogo and Fukuoka from 20 August to 12 September while the SoE in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Osaka and Okinawa will be extended until the same date; venues that serve alcohol and karaoke bars will be closed and those which do not serve alcohol will be asked to close daily at 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT).

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 35 Covid-19: High Risk

Summary

Authorities have mostly relied on social distancing measures and advisories against inter-prefectural travel instead of hard restrictions to try and contain COVID-19 outbreaks since early 2020. An outbreak has been underway in Tokyo and Osaka, as well as their surrounding prefectures, and Okinawa prefecture since early 2021 and authorities are unlikely to further ease restrictions in the near-term until case numbers fall.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Distancing

Policy starts: 25 March 2020 Policy ends: 12 September 2021

Policy explanation:

Social distancing measures apply while most economic activities have resumed with shorter evening business hours for eating and drinking establishmentes in areas under the State of Emergency Declaration or Priority Preventative Measures. Authorities barred most non-resident foreign travellers from entry.

Policy source: https://corona.go.jp/en/emergency/

Last update: 28 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 36 Infection

Infection Extreme Level: Infection 194.62 cases per 100k in the last 14 days rate: As of 22 August 2021 date: Tokyo, as well as Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Osaka, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Hyogo, Fukuoka, Okinawa, Hotspots: Hokkaido, Miyagi, Aichi, Hiroshima, Mie, Gifu, Shiga and Okayama prefectures.

Domestic Infection Map:

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? No Through what date?

Flight Ban Explanation:

While there is no explicit flight ban, a majority of commercial international flights in and out of the country remain suspended. Japan Airlines resumed flights at Tokyo Narita Airport (NRT/RJAA) in Chiba prefecture, Tokyo Haneda Airport (HND/RJTT) and Nagoya's Chubu Centrair International Airport (NGO/RJGG) in Aichi prefecture to and from the United States, the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 37 United Kingdom, France, Germany, Finland, Russia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, India, Australia, China, Taiwan and South Korea.

AirAsia Japan has permanently ceased all operations, both domestic and international, as of 5 October 2020, due to low demand and financial losses amid the pandemic. All Nippon Airways (ANA) has resumed some international flights between Tokyo Narita (NRT/RJAA) and select destinations in the United States, United Kingdom, India, Australia and several other countries.

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? Partial Through what date? indef

Travellers from where are banned? Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo- Brazzaville, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kingdom of eSwatini, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 38 Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, West Bank and Gaza, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Land border: Maritime border: Closed

Entry Rules Explanation:

Most non-residence status foreign nationals, excluding transit travellers, who were in the United Kingdom and 158 other countries within the 14 days prior to applying for landing permits have been banned entry.

All visas already issued under “Business Track”, “Residence Track”, or “New measures for border enforcement (4)” have been suspended. Many visa exemption measures and previously issued entry visas have also been suspended. Check here for details on restricted entry and suspended visas.

All non-Japanese nationals, including those with permanent residency in Japan, who were in Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh or the Maldives within 14 days prior to applying for permission to enter have been banned from entry into Japan until further notice. Permanent residents with valid re-entry permits who left for India or Nepal before 14 May, Maldives or Bangladesh before 20 May, Sri Lanka before 21 May, or Afghanistan before 3 June are allowed to re-enter Japan along with other special exceptional cases.

Entry Rules: https://www.mofa.go.jp/ca/fna/page4e_001053.html

Exemptions: http://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001347332.pdf Last Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 39 Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel, Upon arrival Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR, NAAT, LAMP, TMA, TRC, NEAR, SmartAMP, NGS, CLEIA Minimum age requirement: Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Departure After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

Pre-Travel Testing

All inbound travellers, including Japanese nationals, without a negative pre- travel COVID-19 certificate, have been denied entry. Certificate formats can be found here.

Upon Arrival Testing

All arrivals must test for COVID-19 upon arrival and wait at the airport until the test result is available.

After Arrival Testing

All permitted travellers who were in "(i)" category countries/regions including Kyrgyzstan and Indonesia must conduct after arrival tests for COVID-19 on days three, six and 10 of their quarantine. An updated list of countries/regions can be found here.

Permitted arrivals who were in "(ii)" category countries/regions including Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates, Myanmar, Afghanistan, India, Zambia, Sri Lanka, Nepal and the Maldives within 14 days prior to their application for landing in Japan must conduct an after arrival test for COVID-19 on the third and sixth days of quarantine. An updated list of countries/regions can be found here.

Permitted arrivals who were in "(iii)" category countries/regions including the Ireland, Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Greece, Spain, Thailand, Tunisia,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 40 Denmark, Philippines, Brazil, Peru, Belgium, Portugal, South Africa, Jordan, Argentine, Uruguay, Ecuador, Cuba, Colombia, Suriname, Seychelles, Chile, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Paraguay, Fiji, Venezuela, Belarus, Bolivia, Libya, Costa Rica, Namibia, Iran, Oman, Georgia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Finland, Luxembourg, Andorra, Israel, the United Kingdom, Cambodia, Pakistan, France, Malta, Malaysia, Mozambique and Lebanon, and the United States' states of Idaho, Arkansas, Arizona, Oregon, Kentucky, Colorado, Nevada, Mississippi, Montana, Louisiana, Washington, Utah, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Missouri, Indiana, Kansas, Texas, Alaska, South Carolina, Tennessee and Nebraska, as well as Russia's Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Republic of Karelia, Sakha, Udmurt, Tyva, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia-Alania Republics, and Moscow, Saratov, Nizhegorod, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Astrahan, Chelyabinsk, Amur, Volgograd and Oryol oblasts within 14 days prior to their application for landing in Japan must conduct an after arrival test for COVID-19 on the third day of quarantine. An updated list of countries/regions can be found here.

Permitted arrivals from the United States' state of Florida must also conduct an after arrival test for COVID-19 on the third day of quarantine.

There is no evidence of testing requirements for travellers after arrival into the country, other than the above-specified travellers.

Testing Rules: https://www.mofa.go.jp/ca/fna/page25e_000334.html Last Update: 21 August 2021

Health and Travel Documentations

Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

All inbound travellers must complete and submit a questionnaire to be allowed entry. The questionnaire can be found here.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 41 Airline passengers must complete a health declaration prior to disembarkation.

All arriving travellers must submit a written pledge to quarantine for 14 days, refrain from using public transportation for 14 days, install a COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application, retain location information and provide it to the health centres or other institutions if requested. Travellers must have a smartphone with a mobile number operable in Japan for this purpose. Documents can be found here. Those who do not submit the pledge have been requested to quarantine at government-designated facilities for their 14 days of quarantine.

Health Document: Travel Document: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000806702.pdf Last Update: 28 August 2021

Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? Recommended

Tracing App Explanation:

"COCOA" is a contact tracing mobile app. The app is available for download on Apple and Android devices.

Travellers who submitted a written pledge (mandatory for all inbound travellers) to install and maintain the contact tracing app must have COCOA installed with location information collecting functions enabled, and must also install apps required by authorities for contact and compliance confirmation purposes. These apps have included Skype and WhatsApp.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 42 https://apps.apple.com/jp/app/cocoa-covid-19-contact- IOS App: app/id1516764458?l=en Andriod https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? App: id=jp.go.mhlw.covid19radar&hl=en_US. Last 28 August 2021 Update:

Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival All travellers

Travellers from where need to quarantine? Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo-Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kingdom of eSwatini, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 43 Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Turks and Caicos, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, US Virgin Islands, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

How many days is quarantine? 14 Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government? Hybrid

Quarantine Explanation:

All arrivals must quarantine for 14 days at one's residence unless required otherwise. Arrivals must also refrain from using public transportation during quarantine until further notice.

Mandatory quarantine at government facilities has been required for all suspected cases until full medical tests have been completed, as well as for the following cases.

Permitted arrivals who were in "(i)" category countries/regions including Kyrgyzstan and Indonesia within 14 days prior to their application for landing in Japan must initially quarantine at government-designated sites upon their arrival for ten days until further notice. Those who test negative on all after arrival COVID-19 tests on days three, six and 10 of quarantine can complete the remaining days of their 14 days of quarantine at home. An updated list of affected countries/regions can be found here.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 44 application for landing in Japan must initially quarantine at government- designated sites upon their arrival. Those who test negative on all after arrival COVID-19 tests on days three and six of quarantine can complete the remaining days of their 14 days of quarantine at home. An updated list of affected countries/regions can be found here.

Permitted arrivals who were in "(iii)" category countries/regions including Ireland, Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Greece, Spain, Thailand, Tunisia, Denmark, Philippines, Brazil, Peru, Belgium, Portugal, South Africa, Jordan, Argentine, Uruguay, Ecuador, Cuba, Colombia, Suriname, Seychelles, Chile, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Paraguay, Fiji, Venezuela, Belarus, Bolivia, Libya, Costa Rica, Namibia, Iran, Oman, Georgia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Finland, Luxembourg, Andorra, Israel, the United Kingdom, Cambodia, Pakistan, France, Malta, Malaysia, Mozambique and Lebanon, and the United States' states of Idaho, Arkansas, Arizona, Oregon, Kentucky, Colorado, Nevada, Mississippi, Montana, Louisiana, Washington, Utah, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Missouri, Indiana, Kansas, Texas, Alaska, South Carolina, Tennessee and Nebraska, as well as Russia's Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Republic of Karelia, Sakha, Udmurt, Tyva, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia-Alania Republics, and Moscow, Saratov, Nizhegorod, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Astrahan, Chelyabinsk, Amur, Volgograd and Oryol oblasts within 14 days prior to their application for landing in Japan must initially quarantine at government-designated sites upon their arrival for at least three days. Those who test negative for COVID-19 on the third day of quarantine can complete the remaining days of their 14 days of quarantine at home. An updated list of affected countries/regions can be found here.

Permitted arrivals from the United States' state of Florida must also initially quarantine at government-designated sites upon their arrival for at least three days. Those who test negative for COVID-19 on the third day of quarantine can complete the remaining days of their 14 days of quarantine at home.

Quarantine Rules: https://www.mofa.go.jp/ca/fna/page4e_001053.html

Quarantine mandate https://www.mofa.go.jp/ca/fna/page4e_001053.html list: Last Update: 2021-08-28

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 45 Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Are there special requirements to exit the country? No

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 52.606 as of 22 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 43.85 as of 26 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? No Qualified vaccines and timeline: Certificates accepted:

Explanation:

Source: Last Update: 28 August 2021

Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Flights from China and South Korea have been restricted to Tokyo Narita Airport (NRT/RJAA) and Osaka Kansai Airport (KIX/RJBB).

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 46 Passenger ferries departing from China and South Korea to Japan have been suspended.

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

Last Update:

Areas under Curfew

Last Update:

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Airlines have resumed domestic operations with reduced capacities.

Residents have been advised against non-essential movements to and within places under the State of Emergency declaration including Tokyo and Okinawa, as well as other areas with a high number of COVID-19 cases.

Last Update: 28 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 47 Other Domestic Restrictions

Since late October 2020, social distancing measures have been implemented and residents have been requested to avoid crowded areas and non-essential movements.

Authorities implemented a State of Emergency (SoE) declaration in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Osaka, Okinawa, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Hyogo, Fukuoka, Hokkaido, Miyagi, Aichi, Hiroshima, Mie, Gifu, Shiga and Okayama prefectures until 12 September. The SoE authorises prefectural authorities to request or order businesses to close or shorten business hours, often until 20:00 local time, suspend the sale of alcohol and mandate facemasks.

Authorities have implemented Quasi-Emergency or Priority Preventative Measures in Ishikawa, Fukushima, Kumamoto, Toyama, Yamanashi, Kagawa, Ehime, Kagoshima, Kochi, Saga, Nagasaki and Miyazaki prefectures from until 12 September, which will allow local governors to limit the operating hours of venues which serve alcohol and impose other COVID-19 related sanitary measures in these areas.

Last Update: 27 August 2021

Resources

Government COVID Site: https://corona.go.jp/en/

Health Dept COVID Site: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/0000164708_00079.html

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 48 27 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: State of emergency planned in Hokkaido and several other prefectures from 27 August – Update A COVID-19 related state of emergency (SoE) will likely be imposed in Hokkaido, Miyagi, Aichi, Hiroshima, Mie, Gifu, Shiga and Okayama prefectures from 27 August to 12 September; venues that serve alcohol and karaoke bars will be closed and those which do not serve alcohol will be asked to close daily at 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT).

27 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: Authorities declare SoE in Hokkaido, other prefectures until 12 September - Update Authorities declared a COVID-19 related state of emergency (SoE) across Hokkaido, Miyagi, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Shiga, Okayama, Hiroshima prefectures until 12 September, following a spike in COVID-19 cases. The SoE declaration authorises prefectural authorities to order or request eating and drinking establishments, and other non-essential businesses to suspend operations or close nightly by 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT), among other measures.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 49 20 August 2021 - 13 September 2021 Medium risk: State of emergency planned in Ibaraki and multiple other prefectures from 20 August – Update A COVID-19 related state of emergency (SoE) will likely be imposed in Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Hyogo and Fukuoka from 20 August to 12 September while the SoE in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Osaka and Okinawa will be extended until the same date; venues that serve alcohol and karaoke bars will be closed and those which do not serve alcohol will be asked to close daily at 20:00 local time (11:00 GMT).

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 50 Local Travel : Low Risk

Travel Safety

Air Travel and Airports: Japan is served by several international airports. Narita Airport (NRT/RJAA) is Japan's main international gateway and is located 70km (44 miles) north-east of Tokyo. Tokyo International Airport/Haneda Airport (HND/RJTT), located in Ōta, Tokyo, 14 km (9 miles) south of Tokyo Station, is Japan’s busiest airport, primarily handling domestic traffic but accepting larger numbers of international flights since 2010. The second busiest international hub after Narita, however, is Kansai (KIX/RJBB) in Osaka. Fukuoka Airport (FUK/RJFF) in the southern island of Kyushu also operates many international routes. Safety is very good at all of Japan's international airports and air traffic control systems use the most modern technology. Security screening is also of a high standard and there have been no serious security breaches at the main international airports in recent years. Random baggage checks are regularly carried out. Customs processing is straightforward and efficient. Incoming international passengers are divided in to two queues, one for Japanese citizens and foreign national residents with an alien registration card, and the other for non-resident foreign nationals.

Narita, Haneda, Fukuoka and Kansai airports are directly linked to their respective cities by train and bus. Narita Express trains run from Narita via the Narita and Sōbu trains lines to Tokyo Station while multiple Keisei trains connect Narita to different parts of Tokyo. Taxis are available at all airports, but the journey to the city (especially from Narita to Tokyo) can be quite long and the fares can be extremely high. Having a car pick you up or opting for public transport is advisable. The major airports in Osaka and Tokyo are quite far from the cities, so allow for approximately three hours transfer time. Other airports, such as those in Sapporo and Chubu are more easily accessible.

Narita is the main hub for Japan Airlines (JAL). Japan's national carrier declared bankruptcy in January 2010 but received injections of government funding, re-listed its shares on the Tokyo stock exchange and has continued to operate without major disruption. The airline has an excellent safety record, with no recent history of fatal crashes.

Dozens of regional airports around the country mostly serve internal flights, but some

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 51 offer international flights, such as Chūbu Centrair International Airport near Nagoya, New Chitose Airport near Chitose and Izumo airport's flights to Korea. Domestic flights in Japan are quite expensive if not purchased in advance. JAL dominates most routes and there is limited domestic competition. If purchasing in advance, special deals and discounts are possible.

Visas: Visas are not required for citizens of many countries, including all Schengen countries, Canada, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil for stays of less than 90 days. Citizens of a few countries, such as Germany, the UK, Switzerland and Mexico can stay for up to 6 months without a visa. Citizens of other countries should check visa requirements with the Japanese embassy in their home country before departing for Japan.

Road Travel: Driving in Japan is very safe compared with in other Asian countries. Japanese drivers are courteous and the roads are well maintained. All traffic moves on the left. Visitors will require an International Driving Permit, issued in their home country in advance, to drive in Japan and drivers must be 18 years of age or older. Speed limits are strictly enforced by speed cameras and radar detection technology. They are usually 30kph (18mph) on urban side streets, 40kph (25mph) on main urban roads, 60kph (37mph) in rural areas and 100kph (62mph) on motorways. The drink driving limit is 0.3 milligrams of alcohol per millilitre of blood and is strictly enforced. Driving conditions can be treacherous in wet or snowy conditions.

Narrow winding roads and icy weather mean that drivers should use extra caution in the winter months. When travelling long distances, drivers must use a reliable vehicle, carry an up-to-date map or GPS, be equipped with water, appropriate clothing, a telephone and emergency kit and plan their route prior to departure.

Public Transport

Boats/Ferries: Regular ferry services link Japan's islands. Boats are generally modern, efficient, and well equipped with safety features. There are no significant risks associated with domestic ferry travel. Multiple companies run direct ferries from Kobe, Osaka, Shimonoseki and other Japanese ports to ports in China, Korea and Russia. Advance reservations are recommended through travel agencies within Japan, directly with the ferry company or at your port of departure. International ferries to Japan are generally modern and safe, though bad weather and rough seas, especially on longer ocean voyages, can disrupt schedules and cause seasickness.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 52 Buses: Bus transport is highly developed and efficient in Japan. Rural and intercity routes are served by an extensive network of buses. Japan is a very long country and bus journeys between some major urban areas, for example Tokyo to Fukuoka, can take as long as eight hours. Many such journeys can be taken by overnight bus. Vehicles used are modern and safe, but there is a small risk of petty theft. Always keep your bags close to you and valuables secure.

Bus networks within cities are similarly safe and reliable. A one-way bus journey will usually cost no more than JPY200 (approximately USD2).

Metros: Most large cities have subway systems, including Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Kobe, Sapporo and Yokohama, often smoothly connected with other municipal and regional transit systems. Tokyo has two subway systems: one run by the Tokyo Metro with nine lines and the other operated by the Tokyo Transportation Bureau (Toei), with four lines. Outlying areas are served by seven private railroad companies whose lines intersect at major stations with the subway system.

Taxis: Licensed taxi companies operate in most major urban areas. All Japanese taxis carry fixed meters and unlicensed operators are practically unheard of. Taxis can be hailed on the street by raising your arm, and taxi ranks can usually be found near train stations.

Trams: Multiple cities have tram networks that compliment the bus systems, including Hiroshima, Matsuyama, Nagasaki, Tokyo and Toyohashi. Trams are generally safe and accidents are rare.

Trains: An extensive and reliable rail network covers nearly the entire length of Japan. Due to the concentration of population on Japan's east coast, this area is comparatively better served by rail than the west. The Bullet Train (Shinkansen) runs the entire length of the east coast of Honshu. The Shinkansen is safe, clean, reliable and extremely fast. Ticket prices for trains (especially for the Shinkansen) are considerably more expensive than the corresponding bus journey, but journeys take a fraction of the time. Reserved and non-reserved carriages are available on all trains. Conventional rail services also connect most urban areas, and these are reliable and efficient.

The west coast is covered by a conventional train network. Although not as fast as the Shinkansen, it is similarly efficient and safe. The only significant risk to travellers on the Japanese rail network is from petty crime. Journeys between the east and west can

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 53 often take a considerable amount of time due to the obstacle presented by Honshu's mountainous interior.

The train is considered among the safest in the world and did not have a single fatality in over 50 years of service. Nonetheless, on 30 June 2015, a man burned himself to death onboard a Shinkansen Nozomi going from Tokyo to Osaka, as it travelled near Odawara, leaving another passenger dead and injuring 20 others; the man was motivated by suicidal intent. Similar incidents are extremely rare, despite suicide rates being relatively high in Japan.

Foreign nationals who plan to use the train network are advised to look into the Japan Railways (JR) Rail Pass. This pass is only available to foreign nationals and offers substantial savings. It can only be purchased outside of Japan; details can be found at a local Japanese embassy or consulate.

Vehicle Rental: Cars can be rented throughout the country, even in smaller urban areas. Rental vehicles are predominantly recent models and are well maintained. To rent, you must have an International Driving Permit which must be obtained from your home country's automobile association before leaving. However, the International Driving Permits of a few countries, including Belgium, France, Germany and Switzerland are not valid. Drivers from these countries can use their regular licences, provided they acquire an official Japanese translation of their driving licences from their respective country's embassy or consulate in Japan.

The cost of driving a car in Japan goes beyond the rental price. Fuel can be expensive and highways operate on a toll system which can also prove costly. In most cases, drivers will have no choice but to take the toll highways due to the slow traffic on regular roads.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 54 Recent incidents

06 August 2021 - 07 August 2021 Medium risk: Multiple casualties reported following stabbing on train in Setagaya, Tokyo Initial reports indicated that at least six people were injured and hospitalised after an unknown assailant stabbed multiple passengers on a train on the Odakyu line in Tokyo's Setagaya Ward, near Seijo Gakuenmae Station at approximately 20:30 local time (11:30 GMT). The assailant was not immediately apprehended by security services. The motive for the attack was not immediately clear.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 55 Country Hotspots

Fukushima prefecture (Futaba district): The massive 9.0-magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami on 11 March 2011 generated a 10-metre wave that struck the coastlines of Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures on Honshu Island, damaging the coastal Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant; this started an unprecedented nuclear crisis in modern Japan's history and forced nearby towns to be evacuated. Exercise caution when travelling across the Futaba district of Fukushima prefecture. Although Japanese and international nuclear protection agencies assess that the levels of radiation in most parts of Japan are within the normal range of background radiation variation, the Japanese government specified that several areas around the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant should be avoided until further notice, including but not limited to Futaba, Okuma, Tomioka, Namie, Kawauchi, Minamisoma and Inamitate, in the Futaba district of Fukushima prefecture.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 56 Safety

Beaches: Japan has thousands of miles of coastline and hundreds of beaches. Water quality is generally good. Remain wary of strong rip tides or currents. Swim in supervised locations and ask for local advice before swimming.

Beggars: Beggars are common throughout Tokyo and other urban centres, particularly on public transport. They pose little safety threat and will generally leave you alone if ignored.

Discrimination: While the Japanese Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, sex or creed, some groups continue to face unofficial discrimination. The Ainu, an indigenous minority, suffer from unequal opportunities of employment and accommodation. Many foreign nationals, particularly Koreans, face similar obstacles. Women may also face problems with discrimination in Japan, particularly in the work place.

Health: Japan has an excellent healthcare system. Treatment can sometimes be expensive, so insurance is advisable. Payment in full or proof of your ability to pay is demanded at the time of treatment (unless you are a resident and are signed up to the Japanese Health Insurance Plan).

Local Officials: Local officials are usually extremely helpful but do not always speak English, particularly in rural areas.

Petty Crimes: Travellers are advised to exercise general caution in entertainment establishments, especially when travelling solo, as there has been an increasing number of drink spiking incidents resulting in robbery and, in a few occasions, physical and sexual assaults. Recent incidents were reported to have taken place in urban entertainment districts, including Tokyo's Roppongi and Shinjuku (Kabuki-cho area). Travellers should also check in advance the price of the goods or services they are charged, as accounts of foreign visitors being charged exorbitant fees, and threatened with guns or knives if they refuse to pay, is on the rise.

Police: Police response times are good. The force has been accused, however, of being unresponsive to victim's concerns in cases of domestic violence and sexual assault.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 57 Pollution: Pollution and smog are common in Tokyo and other urban areas, particularly during the summer. Travellers with existing respiratory complaints should always carry their medication with them.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 58 Culture

Cultural/Political Sensitivities: While foreign nationals are common in big cities, they are rarer in rural areas where they may experience a certain amount of staring by the locals. This is simply curiosity and should not be interpreted as threatening.

Bowing is the customary gesture of greeting in Japan. However, when a Japanese person encounters a Western foreign national, they may anticipate a handshake as being appropriate to the culture of the person they are dealing with. This can lead to awkward exchanges with neither party being certain whether to bow or shake hands; the best way of dealing with this is to simply follow the other person's lead. If your Japanese counterpart opts for a handshake, you can reach a compromise by bowing as you shake hands. Japanese convention demands various depths of bow corresponding to the situation and relative social status of those involved, but as a foreign national you will not be expected to understand these nuances and you are very unlikely to cause offence.

When at a relatively formal drinking event it is customary to pour drinks for others, but not for yourself. It is considered bad form to pour your own drink, so wait for someone else to offer. The reasoning behind this custom is that it provides a way of starting conversations and facilitating introductions. Therefore, even if your glass is full, people may still offer to pour you more as a way of starting a conversation. The polite response in this case is to sip a little of your drink and then allow it to be topped up.

There is no culture of tipping in Japan and any attempt to do so will usually be met with confusion.

'Snack bars' are a type of expensive hostess club. They look much like any other bar, but when you sit down you are instantly hit with an expensive table charge. The reason for the high charges is that the women working at these establishments are paid to pour drinks for patrons and make conversation with them. Since the bill is usually presented upon leaving, many unfortunate foreign nationals have inadvertently ended up trapped with an enormous fee. To be certain of avoiding these, research local drinking establishments in advance or seek the advice of a local.

Religious Sensitivities: Visitors should behave modestly when visiting temples,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 59 particularly in more conservative rural areas.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 60 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are some local customs and laws that a female traveller should take into consideration in Japan. The majority of the local population practices Shintoism and Buddhism, and people living in places away from urban centres tend to be religious and conservative. Women may not be allowed to enter certain spaces like some Shinto religious sites and sumo wrestling rings. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions. Dress according to the country’s culture, especially when visiting places of cultural and religious importance.

Safety: There are minimal safety concerns that a female traveller should take into consideration in Japan. Public transportation is generally safe in the country; however, there have been reports of men groping women in subways during rush hour and after dark. If available, consider sitting in women’s only sections. Occasional cases of sexual assault have been reported during the night time, mostly near pubs and bars in Tokyo’s Shinjuku and Roppongi. Exercise personal safety awareness if walking alone at night. Stick to main, well-lit streets and avoid walking through desolate areas or unfamiliar neighbourhoods. Restrict evening entertainment to well-known avenues. Police forces are very efficient in the country. Female travellers will not encounter any problems dealing with first responders or reporting crimes to local police or authorities.

Health and Wellness: Women have access to a full range of gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in Japan. These include well- maintained specialised clinics, abortion services, rape kits, OTC drugs, emergency contraceptives and prescription contraceptives and a variety of feminine hygiene products. Abortion is legal in the country.

LGBT+ Homosexuality is legal in Japan. There are some legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country, including protection from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Same-sex marriage is illegal, but non-legally binding LGBT+ partnerships are recognised in the Shibuya and Setagaya wards of Tokyo as

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 61 well as in the cities of Sapporo, Iga, Takarazuka, Fukuoka and Naha. LGBT+ activity and persons are widely socially accepted, especially in the major cities. Despite the legal status of LGBT+ rights, social conservatism may be prevalent in some parts of the country, especially rural areas and small towns and villages. Nonetheless, LGBT+ travellers are unlikely to face any difficulties or legal issues for travel. Exercise general safety precautions.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in Japan.

Internet access and social media have no restrictions.There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country.State or criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 62 Legal notice

Any use of this document and its content is subject to the following terms and conditions, which you accept by using the document from Riskline. If you do not accept these terms and conditions, you are not allowed to use the document.

All written and graphic content belong to Riskline. Such content is provided by Riskline to customers, employees, and the general public for lawful purposes only. The document is subject to change at any time at the discretion of Riskline and without prior written notice. You may not modify the document or any Riskline printed matter or images in any way.

No warranty. All information is provided by Riskline on an 'as is' basis only, and does not constitute a warranty of any kind, neither express nor implied. Riskline provides no representations and warranties, express or implied, including the implied warranties of suitability for a particular purpose, merchantability, and no infringement.

Limitation of liability. In no event will Riskline be liable to any party for any direct, indirect, special or other consequential damages for any use of this Document, or on any other hyper linked website, including, without limitation, any lost profits, business interruption, loss of programs or other data on your information handling system or otherwise, even if we are expressly advised of the possibility of such damages.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Japan 63