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Build a Sun Funnel! (9+0&PD O="(K/''"D(=0$(0( $=0#@(D%66D"(@%":"(&K( @D0$6%:(@#&6#/;%'J(K#&5( 6="($%;"(0.&/6(=0DKN01( ;&N'(%6$(D"'J6=*

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Build a Sun Funnel! (9+0&PD O= !"#$%&'&(")&*"))+$ ,-.&/.-"0&1#+2#)3&-,&(-$'.&45$#06+6 7&89:+.&*'65#)'9#)3&(-$'.&;:+)-<+)'& =#5:'.%&>.+65:&*#+)?+.3 !"#$%&'()!*+$,(,"%&'-).,&%#+/ @:"5A&!"+9+. 0%12+3%*#4,$1 B-"#6&CD&E'F- 0!.!)5,66'$6).7'&#)8-%12+)9#(+#$ !"#$%&'()*+(,(-".#/0#1(2323 This simple & inexpensive device makes it easy for many people to observe the Sun simultaneously — and safely! Origin of the Sun Funnel: Amateur astronomers Gene Zajac and Chuck Bueter adapted (http://bit.ly/1raqocH) an existing design for a 2003 Great Lakes Planetarium Association Conference workshop. The rear-screen projection material shown here is an idea borrowed from Bruce Hegerberg’s Sun Gun (http://bit.ly/23SVC5N). @-)9+)96 R0K"61(-%#$6(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* + R0K"(R/'(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* S R/@@D%"$(U(O&&D$(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* V W06:=(6="(X1"@%":"(6&(Y&/#(O"D"$:&@"(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* E3 4(W066"#(&K(R%Z"(U(["J#""$(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* ES R6"@P.1PR6"@(4$$"5.D1(\'$6#/:6%&'$(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*( E] M#"@0#"(Y&/#(R/'(-/''"D(U(O"D"$:&@"(K&#(^$"(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(( )) G&N(6&(4%5(0(O"D"$:&@"(06(6="(R/'(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* )S R&D0#(-%D6"#(_$*(R&D0#(M#&9":6%&'(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* )V R/'(-/''"D(R0K"61(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* )` 4;;(0(R&D0#(R=0;"(6&(Y&/#(R/'(-/''"D(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(* )a( b=1(c.$"#_"(6="(R/'d(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*( +3 O="(70D%D"&$:&@"(U(6="(R/'(-/''"D(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*( +] W06="506%:0D(^';"#@%''%'J$(&K(6="(R/'(-/''"D(["$%J'(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*( +` <&'60:6(6="(4/6=&#$(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*(*( S`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e(4D$&f(5&$6(:&55"#:%0D( 6"D"$:&@"$(=0_"(0($6%:>"#(N0#'%'J(1&/('"_"#(6&(@&%'6(1&/#(%'$6#/5"'6(06(6="( R/'(g 0J0%'f(J&&;(0;_%:"f('&6(&'D1(6&(@#&6":6(1&/#("1"$(./6(0D$&(6&(@#&6":6( 1&/#(6"D"$:&@"* ?/6("I@"#%"':";(6"D"$:&@"(/$"#$(>'&N(6=06(6="#"(0#"(06(D"0$6(6N&(N01$(6&( &.$"#_"(6="(R/'($0K"D1*(c'"(%$(6&(/$"(0($@":%0DP@/#@&$"(0@"#6/#"(K%D6"#(g 6=06( %$f(0(K%D6"#(6=06(K%6$(&_"#(6="(%'$6#/5"'6Q$(0@"#6/#"f(&#(K#&'6(&@"'%'J(g 6&(.D&:>( 0DD(./6(0(5%'/$:/D"(K#0:6%&'(&K(6="(R/'Q$(D%J=6(0';(6="#".1(:#"06"(0(:&5K&#60.D1( .#%J=6(%50J"(%'(6="(6"D"$:&@"Q$("1"@%":"*(W&$6($/:=($&D0#(K%D6"#$(0#"(50;"( K#&5(5"60DP:&06";(JD0$$f(5"60D%Z";(@&D1"$6"#(K%D5f(&#(0($=""6(&K(.D0:>P@&D15"#( 506"#%0D* (',+&(")L&@-)9#)"+% R&5"6%5"$f(6=&/J=f(%6(:0'(."(=0#;(6&(:&'_%':"(@"&@D"(6&(D&&>(6=#&/J=(0( K%D6"#";(6"D"$:&@"h(;"$@%6"(1&/#(5&$6($%':"#"(#"0$$/#0':"$f(6="1Q#"(0K#0%;( 6="1QDD =/#6(6="%#("1"$*(\'(0'1(:0$"f(&'D1(&'"(@"#$&'(06(0(6%5"(:0'(_%"N(6="(R/'( %'(6="(6"D"$:&@"Q$("1"@%":"* c'"(N01(0#&/';(6="$"(@#&.D"5$(%$(6&(@#&9":6(0'(%50J"(&K(6="(R/'(K#&5(1&/#( 6"D"$:&@"(&'6&(0(:0#;(&#($:#""'*(T&N('&.&;1(=0$(6&(D&&>(6=#&/J=(6="( 6"D"$:&@"(AN=%:=(5"0'$('&(#"K&:/$%'J(0';('&(./5@%'JHf(0';(50'1(@"&@D"(:0'( _%"N(6="($&D0#(%50J"(06(6="($05"(6%5"*(?/6(6="#"Q$(0(#%$>(6=06($&5"&'"(5%J=6( 0::%;"'60DD1(D&&>(%'6&(6="(.#%J=6(."05(&K($/'D%J=6("5"#J%'J(K#&5(6="("1"@%":"* O="($&D/6%&'(6&(6=06(@#&.D"5f(0';(0'("_"'($0K"# N01(6&(/$"(0(6"D"$:&@"(6&( &.$"#_"(6="(R/'f(%$(#"0#P$:#""'(@#&9":6%&'*(O=06Q$(6="(6":='%F/"(/$";(%'(6="( R/'(-/''"D*(>#+?*)@<%-6),(#A 6 7 4 3 2 5 9 8 Red numbers 1 correspond to items listed on the next two pages. Supplies & Tools Supplies 1. Blitz/Hopkins Super Funnel #05034, 17.75-inch x 5-inch x 5-inch (round top), $2 to $6 at your local hardware or auto-parts store. Online: http://amZn.to/1VZVYNP 2. Large hose clamp, 2.5-inch x 5.5-inch, e.g., BreeZe #62080; $1 to $2 at your local hardware store. Online: http://bit.ly/qBbvRK 3. Small hose clamp, 13/16-inch x 1.5-inch, e.g., BreeZe #62016; $0.50 to $1 at your local hardware store. Online: http://bit.ly/oTDjRR 4. 8-inch x 8-inch or larger piece of Da-Lite High-Contrast Da-Tex rear- surface projection screen #95774 (http://bit.ly/1qX3yEW, $12 for 1 sq. ft.) or Carl’s Rear Projection Film (http://amZn.to/1SsLTRN, 8½ x 11 inch sheet, available as part of $3 to $4 sample pack). If you can’t or don’t want to buy either material, a suitable alternative is to use two layers of a gray or white vinyl shower-curtain liner. Supplies, Continued 5. Inexpensive (e.g., Huygens, Kellner, Plössl) all-metal-and-glass telescope eyepiece, 1.25-inch barrel, focal length ~5 to ~25 mm (tips on choosing the optimum focal length follow on subsequent pages). Use one that you already have lying around, as long as it has no plastic in it, which would melt or catch fire. If you don’t have one, they’re available from numerous manufacturers and dealers — just type “telescope eyepieces” into any internet search engine, and you’ll find many to choose from. Another good source is Surplus Shed (http://bit.ly/1SRnm2H). Tools 6. Flat-head screwdriver 7. Small hacksaw 8. Medium- to fine-grit sandpaper 9. 12-inch ruler E'95:&9:+&4F+0#+5+&9-&Y-".&>+$+65-0+ b=06(61@"(&K(6"D"$:&@"d(i"K#0:6&#e X1"@%":" A'&(@D0$6%:h(0DD( 5"60D(U(JD0$$H c.9":6%_"(A50%'(D"'$f(JD0$$H R60#(;%0J&'0D A'&(@D0$6%:h(0DD( 5"60D(U(JD0$$H B2,+,=)CD7-,$#).&%#(+%;%& ^$%'J(0(T"N6&'%0'(#"KD":6&#(&#(0(:060;%&@6#%:(A5%##&#PD"'$H( 6"D"$:&@"(%$($6#&'JD1(;%$:&/#0J";f(0$(:&':"'6#06";($/'D%J=6 :0'(;"$6#&1($/:=(%'$6#/5"'6$Q $":&';0#1P5%##&#(=&D;"#$*( C0+.9".+&<'6A ,'69+)+%&6+5".+$F B2,+,=)92<&E)F<#+#$ O=06($0%;f(1&/(:0' /$"(0(#"KD":6&#(%K(1&/(q$6&@(;&N'r(6="(0@"#6/#"(.1( @D0:%'J(0(@%":"(&K(:0#;.&0#;(&_"#(6="(K#&'6("';(N%6=(0($50DD(AEP 6&(2P %':=H(=&D"(:/6(&KK(6&(&'"($%;"(6&(D"6(%'(&'D1(0(D%66D"(.%6(&K($/'D%J=6*(?"($/#"( 6&(%'$60DD(6="(0@"#6/#"(50$>(."K&#" 0%5%'J(6="(6"D"$:&@"(06(6="(R/'e 4(#"K#0:6&#Q$(K&:0D(D"'J6=(%$(/$/0DD1(%';%:06"; &'(6="(.0##"D(&K(6="(&.9":6%_"(AK#&'6H(D"'$(%'(55* *-5'$&$+)39:&Z,[ Or, you can calculate the focal length of your telescope from its diameter (D) and focal ratio (f/ratio or f/number): FLtelescope = Dtelescope × f/ratio Example: For the 66-mm f/5.9 refractor shown on the previous page, FLtelescope = 66 mm × 5.9 = 389 mm (close enough; round-off error!) Best eyepiece for a full-disk (~100 mm diameter) solar image: FLeyepiece (mm) ≈ FLtelescope (mm) ÷ 43 (The derivation of this formula appears later in this document.) Example: For the Galileoscope, a 50-mm f/10 refractor (FLtelescope = 500 mm), the eyepiece that will produce a full-disk solar image has a focal length of FLeyepiece = 500 ÷ 43 = 11.6 mm. There are many inexpensive 12.5-mm eyepieces available; any would make a good choice. An eyepiece with a shorter focal length will produce a larger Sun image; an eyepiece with a longer focal length will produce a smaller Sun image. Sample Pairs of Telescope & Eyepiece Focal Lengths for a Full-Disk Image of the Sun on the Sun Funnel Telescope Eyepiece (FLtelescope) (FLeyepiece) 300 mm 7 mm 400 mm 9 mm 500 mm 12 mm 600 mm 14 mm 700 mm 16 mm 800 mm 19 mm 900 mm 21 mm 1000 mm 23 mm Don’t worry about getting the eyepiece focal length “exactly right.” Depending on what you have available or what you can buy cheaply, aim to get an eyepiece whose focal length is within ± 10% of the “ideal” value of FLtelescope ÷ 43. A Matter of Size & Degrees The Sun Funnel was designed with small refractors, such as those with apertures in the range of 50 to 90 mm (2 to 3½ inches), in mind. There’s nothing to keep you from scaling it up to a much bigger siZe, except that you’re limited by the amount of sunlight you collect, so if you make a much bigger funnel for a small refractor, you’ll end up with a disappointingly dim image. If you want to double the diameter of the funnel so that you can double the diameter of the solar image, you’ll need to double the diameter of the refractor to maintain similar image brightness.
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