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Preoperative Giant Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Embolization in a Newborn – a Case Report and a Review

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Preoperative Giant Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Embolization in a Newborn – a Case Report and a Review Clinical Case Cir Pediatr. 2020; 33: 95-98 Preoperative giant sacrococcygeal teratoma embolization in a newborn – A case report and a review J. Guitart, M. Teixidor, N. Brun, S. López, E. Criado, N. Romero Parc Taulí Healthcare and University Corporation. Sabadell, Barcelona (Spain). Abstract La embolización selectiva antes de la cirugía de resección del Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is the most frequent congenital TSC gigante es factible y aparece como una técnica segura y útil en germ cell tumor. Patients have a higher risk of perinatal complica- el control del sangrado perioperatorio. tions and death, with bleeding and cardiac decompensation being the most common causes of neonatal mortality. Palabras Clave: Teratoma sacrococcígeo; Recién nacido pre- This is the case of a 35-week preterm newborn with a large SCT maturo; Embolización; Arteria sacra media; Embolización prequi- diagnosed at ultrasound screening in the second trimester. Preop- rúrgica. erative selective embolization of the middle sacral artery and total surgical resection were performed postnatally with minimal blood loss. The patient was discharged at 25 days of life with a normal physical examination. INTRODUCTION Selective embolization prior to giant SCT resection is feasible and appears as a safe and useful technique in the control of periop- Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is the most frequent erative bleeding. germ cell tumor in pediatric age and the most common (1) Key Words: Sacrococcygeal teratoma; Preterm newborn; Embo- perceptible fetal neoplasia . Typically, it is diagnosed at lization; Middle sacral artery; Preoperative embolization. prenatal control ultrasound screening as an intrauterine mass. Lesions over 10 cm are associated with high perinatal mortality, especially if they are hypervascular, if they have Embolización preoperatoria de teratoma been caused by intraoperative bleeding, or if they are com- sacrococcígeo gigante en un recién nacido. plications arising from congestive cardiac insufficiency. Reporte de un caso y revisión These tumors are usually irrigated by a hypertrophic middle Resumen sacral artery, so arterial ligation or control are a key step in El teratoma sacrococcígeo (TSC) es el tumor congénito de cé- the surgical procedure. A comprehensive literature search lulas germinales más frecuente. Los pacientes afectados tienen un showed three preoperative SCT embolization cases only(2-4). mayor riesgo de complicaciones perinatales y muerte, siendo la This is the case of a patient born at 35 weeks gestation with hemorragia y la descompensación cardiaca las causas más comunes type 1 giant SCT successfully embolized prior to surgical de mortalidad neonatal. removal. The objective of this article was to describe the Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido pretérmino de 35 se- endovascular procedure and discuss benefits and risks. manas con un TSC de gran tamaño diagnosticado por ecografía en el segundo trimestre. La embolización selectiva preoperatoria de la arteria sacra media y la resección quirúrgica total postnatal se realizaron con una mínima pérdida de sangre. El paciente fue dado CINICAL CASE de alta a los 25 días de vida con un examen físico normal. Preterm 35-week newborn diagnosed with giant SCT prenatally. Ultrasound screening in the second trimester and subsequent fetal MRI at 29 weeks gestation confirmed the presence of a type 1 SCT according to Altman’s clas- Corresponding author: Dr. Josep Guitart Giménez. Parc del Taulí, 1. 08208 sification. No signs of cardiac insufficiency were noted Sabadell, Barcelona (Spain). at subsequent fetal echocardiograms. An urgent cesarean E-mail address: [email protected] section was carried out as a result of a premature rupture Date of submission: October 2019 Date of acceptance: January 2020 of the membranes and anomalies in the associated cardio- VOL. 33 No. 2, 2020 Preoperative giant sacrococcygeal teratoma embolization in a newborn – A case report and a review 95 Figure 1. Middle sacral artery hypertrophy (arrow tips) with signif- Figure 2. Aortoiliac angiogram following embolization with Gel- icant neovascularization in the tumor bed. foam® and microcoils. tion through the middle sacral artery, decision was made to try preoperative embolization under general anesthesia 18 hours following delivery. Given that the common femoral artery approach was not feasible due to the position of the patient’s limbs – as a result of the tumor’s size –, the left common carotid artery (CCA) was used following surgical exposure. An abdominal aortography was performed by means of a manual contrast injection using a 4F vascular introducer sheath and a 4F multipurpose catheter. 250 IU of heparin were adminis- tered through the introducer sheath. Lower abdominal aorta angiogram demonstrated the presence of a large hypervascu- larized mass irrigated by a significantly hypertrophic mid- dle sacral artery (Fig. 1) and, to a lesser extent, by some lateral sacral branches of the left hypogastric artery. The Figure 3. Tumor appearance prior to the procedure (18 hours following embolization) showing signs of ischemia and necrosis. middle sacral artery was selectively catheterized using a 2.7F microcatheter (Progreat®, Terumo Europe) and suc- cessfully embolized with Gelfoam® (Pfizer, Spain) and two proximal pushable microcoils (Fig. 2). Embolization was tocographic record. Patient weight at birth, including the performed with 5 ml of iodinated contrast diluted in 10 ml of tumor, was 4,030 g. SCT was approximately 19 x 15 cm in saline solution. Total procedure time, including the surgical size and had ulcerations and bleeding signs on its surface. dissection of the left CCA, was 90 minutes. The patient was An echocardiogram was performed at 24 hours of life. moved to the neonatal ICU without further complications. It demonstrated a 3 mm persistent ductus arteriousus with The elective procedure was carried out the following day, left-right communication – which was normal considering at 38 hours of life, through a posterior sacral access, with the hours since birth – and no further relevant disorders a minor intraoperative blood loss that required a 5 ml/kg (73% ejection fraction). red blood cell concentrate transfusion, and with a 9.8 g/dl Owing to ulcerations and size, elective surgical removal final hemoglobin level. Prior to removal, the tumor had a at 24 hours was indicated. In order to control tumor irriga- purplish ischemic appearance with necrotic areas (Fig. 3). 96 J. Guitart et al. CIRUGÍA PEDIÁTRICA The tumor’s pathological anatomy confirmed diagno- resents nearly 70% of general mortality in the neonatal sis of immature congenital teratoma (with a maximum period. To prevent this risk, an adequate surgical dissec- diameter of 18 cm) and fragment of coccyx with adjacent tion should be carried out. Early occlusion of the arteries teratomatous elements (pancreatic tissue). The patient irrigating the tumor can also prove useful. was discharged at 25 days of life with a normal physical The middle sacral artery usually irrigates the SCT, and examination. can be as hypertrophic as the common iliac artery, which may cause vascular steal syndrome(10). The tumor can also be irrigated by both internal iliac artery branches, primarily DISCUSSION through the lateral sacral arteries. There are few cases published in the literature describ- This is the case of a successful preoperative SCT ing tumor devascularization prior to tumor removal by embolization using a left common carotid artery (CCA) ligating the middle sacral artery or the internal iliac arter- approach. CCA access, either through arteriotomy, or more ies, or by performing a temporal clamping of the abdominal recently, through percutaneous access(5), has already been aorta(11). described in infants with congenital cardiopathy undergo- To our knowledge, there are only 3 cases published ing cardiac catheterization. However, there is little infor- where preoperative hemostatic control was carried out mation on its use for other vascular procedures. To our using an endovascular approach. knowledge, there are only 3 SCT cases published where In 2006, Cowles et al. published the case of a 36-week preoperative hemostatic control was carried out using newborn with a large type 1 SCT undergoing arterial embo- an endovascular approach, and only 1(3) where the CCA lization and subsequent direct radiofrequency percutaneous approach was used. ablation for hemostatic control purposes prior to surgical Prenatally diagnosed SCT is difficult to manage as it resection. In this patient, the vascular access was carried is highly unpredictable. Perinatal mortality ranges from out through the right common femoral artery. The mid- 40% to 50%(6). dle sacral artery, the lateral sacral arteries, and the gluteal Imaging characteristics, particularly >10 cm tumor vol- artery were embolized using Gelfoam® and acrylic glue(2). ume, and associated with solid component, can provide In 2011 and 2013, respectively, Lahdes-Vasama et al.(3) prognostic information(6). Other factors associated with and Rossi et al.(4) described the preoperative devascular- high risk SCT include polyhydramnios and rapid tumor ization of a giant SCT using an endovascular approach growth. Fetal cardiac dysfunction (often associated with only. In the first case, the patient was a 30-week preterm non-immune hydrops), spontaneous tumor bleeding, and newborn; and similarly to our case, common carotid artery preterm delivery are also highly associated with perinatal access was decided upon. mortality and morbidity(7).
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