ARTICLES Comparison of the Development of agrarian landscapes based on regional inventories of the Southern Baltic Region and North Frisia

Dirk Schleinert*, Ludwig Fischer**, and Haik Thomas Porada*** * Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt, Hegelstraße 25, 39104 Magdeburg, [email protected] ** Benkel 15, 28870 Ottersberg, Germany [email protected] *** Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde e.V., Schongauerstraße 9, 04329 Leipzig, Germany [email protected]

Key words: reviews and presentations of regional geography in Germany, landscape analysis, reader-orientated knowledge transfer

The following article aims to give insights into the possibilities of reviewing and presenting regional geography according to the Leipzig Model, using two regional case studies. These re- gions are in the southern Baltic region and the (German) south-eastern coast of the North Sea. What is the Leipzig model? Reviews and presentations of regional geography, the results of which have been published since 1957 in the series of volumes entitled “Werte der deutschen Heimat” (Values of the German homeland), can look back on a history of more than 100 years. Originally, this was a project of geography teachers in the state of Saxony, which was also aimed at readers outside the school system after the Second World War. This new direction in terms of readership and the fact that the series occupied a niche market in East Germany for more than three decades has resulted in the “Werte der deutschen Heimat” series being among the best selling regional study publications in German-speaking countries up to the present day. Well in excess of a million copies have been printed of the 71 volumes published to date. Since 2000, the series has been published by the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography (Leibniz- Institut für Länderkunde, IfL) and the Saxony Academy of Sciences in Leipzig under the new name “Landschaften in Deutschland“ (Landscapes in Germany). At the IfL the series is seen as an important element in reader-orientated knowledge transfer. The aim of the editors and authors of this series is to make available to a wider public knowledge about the origin and the present-day development of selected landscapes in Germany. The project is accompanied by an advisory scientific committee. Results of the surveys of the respective landscapes are published in volumes furnished with abundant high-value map and pictorial material, which are addressed equally at experts and a lay public and can also be used for more intensive reading on journeys and excursions.

78 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA

Introduction Eiderstedt (The Eiderstedt Peninsula) will be Well-founded study of regions is based published in a few months’ time (Steensen, on an interdisciplinary analysis of cultural Panten and Porada, 2012). In this way it has landscapes, in which the spatial natural, been possible to subject small landscapes in economic and cultural characteristics of a re­­­ the states of Mecklenburg-Western gion are portrayed in their origin and in their and Schleswig-Holstein to an interdisciplinary present-day existence. In this way not only cultural landscape analysis parallel to another aspects of research but also of knowledge and it is worth comparing them for several transfer are considered. Selected objects of reasons. In the following we will concentrate the landscape within a broad spectrum be- on the evidence for the development of the tween natural elements and settlements are agrarian cultural landscape in the Middle Ages described using actual results of research and and in early modern times. With this study are recorded according to the relative posi- we have albeit chosen only a small section tion of their value for the cultural landscape. out of the great spectrum of themes which Finally on a regional level general statements are dealt with in these volumes. However, can be made on natural endowment and the this appears particularly interesting to us, as development of the landscape as well as on in this way a comparison of two very different economic and social structures and their cor- agrarian landscapes is made possible. The relation. As a result of the variety of methods natural preconditions for the development of of the expert fields of research involved, an the cultural landscape as well as the social intensive exchange takes place between the processes, which took place since the Middle disciplines, whereby in particular geography Ages on the (German) south-east coast of the as a cross-section phenomena in them which North Sea and the south coast of the Baltic are recorded are orientated to actual spatial Sea differ from another in very marked form. developments. The particular concern of the Even today, the settled landscape, as well as project is to investigate such landscapes, the agrarian structure, shows these differing which in the perception of the population developments. In a first step we will establish are clearly defined historically or by nature. the basic agrarian historical processes on the In this way the regional study survey makes south Baltic coast over the past 800 years. In an important contribution to the discussion a second step the village and field forms of this on the value of cultural landscapes and their region will be portrayed in an exemplary way respective social importance, for example for as evidence of these processes, which made formation of a regional identity (Brogiato and out of this region of peasant colonization the Porada, 2008). central area par excellence of large estates Although the previous projects focused on east of the river Elbe. In a third step using Central Germany, i.e., the states of Saxony, the example of the Eiderstedt peninsula (in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, the series has western Schleswig-Holstein) a completely been an all-German project since German different development in a coastal region, reunification (Fig. 1). This also explains why permanently threatened by the storm floods of two projects could be carried out in North the North Sea, will be described. The special Germany during the last few years. Volume house and farmstead forms there up to the 71, Die Halbinsel Fischland-Darß-Zingst present day are testimony to the particular und das Barther Land (The Fischland-Darß- form of agricultural organization which arose, Zingst Peninsula and the Barth Region) was protected by extensive dyke works. For the published in December 2009 (Billwitz and first two steps approaches from research Porada, 2009). Volume 72, Die Halbinsel methods will be used which go back to the

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Fig. 1. Overview of the volumes in the series of books “Landschaften in Deutschland — Werte der deutschen Heimat” (Landscapes in Germany — Values of the German homeland) published between 1957 and 2011. Draft: Patricia Mund/Leibniz-Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig

Greifswald school of Historical Geography. and agrarian historical conditions for earlier There in the first half of the 20th century periods on the basis of the Swedish Territorial Fritz Curschmann developed an extensive Survey of Pomerania carried out from 1692 reconstruction of the cultural landscape to 1709 and also by intensive study of high

80 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA and late medieval charters. For the third step until the start of the 19th century. Mainly rye, the over 40 years’ old tradition of research on barley and oats were cultivated. Based on the farm houses in North Frisia and Dithmarschen state of the art at that time, farming was re- can be relied upon. In particular attempts ally quite intensive. More extensive methods to preserve the buildings by a grassroots’ of utilisation dominated only in the coastal movement aimed to set intensive research regions and on the Fischland-Darß-Zingst and its effective presentation in public against peninsula where natural conditions were not the accelerated loss of these witnesses of a as favourable. In most cases the fields were cultural landscape. not divided into hides because they were not located in large interconnecting areas and, Development of agriculture in the especially on the peninsula, the extensive southern Baltic region since the grassland areas were used as pastures and High Middle Ages meadows. Apart from this, as in all coastal From the beginning of the 13th century, regions, fishing played a significant role well the German occupation, settlement of land into the 20th century. This means that these and colonisation triggered a fundamental villages are better described as fishing rather change in economic and social conditions. than farming villages or as combined fishing The introduction of the Hide Constitution and farming villages (Bütow, 1998, passim; (‘Hufenverfassung’) based on the Western Benl, 1999, 48 f.). Along with the Hide Con- European pattern went hand in hand with stitution came the manorial system or lord- the change in agriculture towards what be- ship as it is also known, which was to define came almost entirely a grain monoculture, rural society as a second basic element until which dominated the southern Baltic region the early 19th century. During settlement and

Fig. 2. Administrative (vested rights) and church structure around 1780. Draft: Dirk Schleinert/Borleis & Weis

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occupation the land was distributed among on the properties of private land owners the lords, who then acted as locators to pro- there began a phase where farming was dis- mote further colonization and the settlement continued. This almost led to the complete of farmers. The settlers paid various forms of disappearance of peasantry (Schleinert, rent to use the land granted to them by the 2000, 214 f.). In the 19th century, farm- lords. This could be natural and cash pay- ing villages and domain farms existed only ments as well as work, generally described as on properties of the sovereign rulers (Grand socage (Fig. 2). The estate owners were the Dukes of Mecklenburg and Kings of Prussia). territorial lords, especially the resident Slav In the 19th century, the grain monoculture nobility as well as the German nobility who was supplemented by root crops; initially po- came to the region, but they also included tatoes, followed by sugar beet, which grow religious institutions and the newly formed especially well on the heavy soil. When the , their institutions and citi- manorial-peasant conditions ceased and after zens (Benl, 1999, 60 ff., 65 ff.; Schleinert, enclosure, farming was dominated by estates 2005, 23 f.). A new element in the socio- increasingly operating according to capitalist economic structure evolved with the founda- production methods (Schleinert, 2005, 33). tion of towns based on German law. In the area under investigation and the surrounding Types of fields and villages on the area this was exclusively based on Lübeck Fischland-Darß-Zingst peninsula law. The towns took over the function of re- and the neighbouring mainland gional craft and trade centres, although some From the names of towns and villages it of them, such as , very quickly can be seen that the region is made up of achieved supra-regional importance. Coloni- former Slav and German settlements from zation of the flat land and the foundation of the time of colonization. It can be assumed towns and cities are very closely connected in that the Slav settlements also experienced terms of the economy. Apart from intermedi- far-reaching changes during the expansion in ary trade with many other goods, the rise of the 13th and early 14th centuries. In particu- the Hanseatic cities from the late 13th cen- lar, they were adapted to suit the new types tury was especially due to the trade in grain of management (polyculture) and the cor- from the newly formed grain-growing regions responding cadastral constitution (hide con- in their hinterland (Fritze, 1976, 29 ff.). From stitution). Without doubt it can be assumed the 16th century, the manorial system devel- that all places with the German name-roots oped in several phases into a form of estate “dorp/dorf” and “hagen” belong to the newly ownership in which the manorial self-suffi- founded villages that were made arable by cient economies (manors, outlying estates) clearance or formed by merging small Slav became the decisive economic element that settlements. They are especially found on everything else was subordinate to. Favour- a broad strip two to almost ten kilometres able factors for this development included the long south of the Bodden coast (shallow bay wars in the 17th century with their side ef- coast) on the mainland part of the area under fects, decline in population and the destruc- investigation. There one can especially find tion of material values (buildings, equipment, the loamy soil of the moraine land. It was cattle). In the18th century, traditional estate first possible to farm this heavy but fertile ownership, i.e., managing the estates, was soil with the superior ploughs brought by the completely shaped by labour services from German colonists. Agriculture was the main the dependent population. However, in the source of revenue in this region. But there second half of the 18th century, especially were also a number of places without hides.

82 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA

These were primarily located along the Bod- at the same time, extensive range of maps, den coast, both on the mainland and on the these maps have only limited value as de- Fischland-Darß-Zingst peninsula. These were scriptions of the types of open-field systems. probably areas to which the Slav population, Generally, they show only the different agri- who had preserved their conventional form of cultural areas as such but do not describe the economy, retreated. Indeed in fact Slav place internal subdivision. In one farming village of names dominate and it can be assumed that the Barth Subdivision the fields, meadows, there was quite intensive Slav settlement in pastures and other areas are entered, but the this area. On the other hand, one also finds fields belonging to the individual farms can- place names with “dorp/dorf” and “hagen’ not be determined. However, there is a more that suggest new settlements. This can in- accurate description of what the fields were dicate that farming was carried out without used for and of the crop rotation. In many units being divided into hides. But the reason cases, the relatively fertile soil of the hinter- for this would probably have been the poor land allowed a modification of the three-field quality and less fertile soil — generally sand crop rotation to a form of five-field rotation. and sandy marsh. Apart from this, in these These differ from the coastal regions with coastal settlements farming was probably the poorer sandy soil with no distinct land- just a secondary source of income in addi- use planning. Another reason for the unreg- tion to the more widespread fishing (Fig. 3). ulated field systems could be the extensive Some difficulties arise when it comes to de- abandonment of villages in the 17th century termining the specific types of villages and and the fact that farming was recommenced open field systems. While the Swedish land only after a long period of abandonment records from 1695/96 give us an early and, (Curschmann, 1948, passim; Wegner, 1968,

Fig. 3. Forms of village and field distribution around 1700. Draft: Dirk Schleinert/Borleis & Weis

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Fig. 4. Building phases of the Divitz manor since the Late Middle Ages and the location of the “Festes Haus” (manorhouse) in the Barth lowland 1696. Draft: Jana Olschewski and Haik Thomas Porada/Leibniz-Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig

84 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA

Fig. 5. Field usage system of Martensdorf 1695. Draft: Dirk Schleinert/Leibniz-Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig

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map in appendix). The types of villages are format (‘Gewann’) (Fig. 5). In a few cases, much more obvious on the maps of the land such as in Martensdorf, there is also evidence inventory. But there is also often a lack of of how the shares of the users (peasants and obvious features, which does make precise others) were distributed in the fields. The determination difficult (Fig. 4). At that time, long narrow fields were used in lengthwise medieval settlements were already shaped by and crosswise strips. The sources also men- two processes. The first is the development of tion the term “Ruthen”, which was also used large estates that increased from the middle as a measure of area. On the other hand, of the 16th century and the second is the ex- block-type fields dominate in the pure estate tensive abandonment of villages in the 17th villages where the only industry was farm- century, some of which can still be seen di- ing. In most places with farmers and estates, rectly and some of which was also catalysed the fields were still in mixed use; in some, by the development of the estates. There are however, estate and farm fields were already few villages without deserted farmsteads or separated and enclosed (Curschmann, 1948, without unused fields, which are either iden- passim; and 1952, map 3 and 4). One par- tified directly as deserted fields or which have ticular feature is found in the “hagen” vil- been used more extensively as pastures or lages, which are often regarded as exemplary forest. The changes resulting from these two German colonisation villages. While at the processes have a more serious effect in that end of the 17th century most villages were here, like everywhere in the northern part of still recognisable as “Hagen”, only very few West Pomerania, relatively small village dis- still have long lots (‘Hagenhufen’) or evidence tricts with correspondingly small settlements that areas were divided up according to the dominate. Most village districts have an area long-lot principle (‘Hagenhufenprinzip’), in of between 500 and 750 ha. Districts of more other words, separate areas for each type than 1000 ha are very rare and are usually of farming (Fig. 6). Much more common are in combination with large forests. More com- long narrow fields (‘Gewann’), as seen in the mon, in fact, are small village districts of less example of Spoldershagen (Curschmann, than 500 or even less than 300 ha. The ef- 1948, 40 f.; and 1952, Bl. 3; Baumgarten fect of abandonment and the development of and Bentzien, 1963, 191 ff.). The types of large estates on the small settlements with villages and fields changed further through relatively few farmsteads (seldom more than the continued development of estates in the ten), resulting from districts of this size is 18th and 19th centuries and the separations/ much more serious for the overall appearance enclosures in the remaining farming villages of the village or townscape than it is for larger in the19th century. The estate villages mostly settlements (Känel, 1971, 69; Bütow, 1998, developed towards the typical format with 120 f.). Because of the special features of cottages for the estate workers and the man- the Swedish land inventory that have been or house with residential and farm buildings. described and the general lack of enclosure New settlements evolved in the 19th century maps as an additional source of information, as a result of the separations/enclosures and it is only possible to describe the types of vil- more intensive use of the fields. But as a rule, lage and field usage systems here. The body this was not associated with subdividing the of source material seemed too unfavourable districts; rather the new settlements were re- for a more reliable determination. At the end garded as part of the old districts and were of the 17th century, the fields in the farming often given supplementary names such as villages and townships with several agricul- ‘Ausbau’ (extension), ‘Heide’ (heath) or sim- tural enterprises had mainly a long narrow ply ‘Neu’ (new). In spite of this, at the end of

86 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA the 19th century the settlements in the hin- marshland that had been open to the sea terland of the area under investigation were for centuries evolved only gradually through dominated by the estates (Känel, 1971, 69 the building of dykes and dams. Therefore, f.; Bütow, 1998, 121). the most important phases of the geo- morphological changes and human actions to Types of settlement and rural secure land are also mapped in the forms of building on the Eiderstedt settlement and in the types of buildings over peninsula a long period (Fig. 7). The fact that the types of settlement and Although this is a slight simplification, buildings shaping the landscape do not go one can distinguish between five types of back very far in history compared to other settlement that shaped the landscape and regions has a lot to do with the development that are still recognisable: raised embank- of Eiderstedt itself, as it only became a land- ments/dwelling mounds made by humans fast peninsula about 450 years ago. The (‘Warften’, terps) of various ages, sizes and particular conditions needed to settle the types; clustered villages (‘Haufendörfer’) with

Fig. 6. Field distribution of Spoldershagen 1695. Draft: Dirk Schleinert/Leibniz-Institute for Regional Geography Leipzig

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buildings close together on high geest ridg- settlements had their own churches in the es; rows of dwellings on spits, old dikes and 12th century. Even after the start of the dyke along surfaced traffic routes; older and newer building (11th or early 12th century) many single buildings in the landscape on more or villages and polders were still separated by less flat ground from land reclamation (‘ok- tideways and tidal flows. The island-like troyierte Köge’) initiated by the sovereign rul- structure of Eiderstedt made it necessary to ers since the 17th century (Jessen, 1933) to have churches within a reasonable distance. the systematic land development of the Nazi Until the early 20th century, Eiderstedt era and the resettlement programmes after was one of the wealthiest regions of north 1960; finally, the new housing estates of the western Germany, even though it always last decades that no longer have any connec- suffered from strong economic fluctuations. tion with farming. Since at least the 13th century export of The older settlements up until the 18th agricultural products, such as livestock, century are most significant for characterizing grain, cheese and wool, played a decisive role the Eiderstedt landscape. But the individual in founding the at times legendary wealth of villages and polders show some very big farmers (Tödt, 1965, 67). significant differences, which are mainly due The western spit barriers at today’s to the condition of the soil, the location and St. peter-Ording with their relatively high also the age of the settlement. But one thing sand ridges and the spit from there towards in particular characterizes the picture of the east and Katharinenheerd offered early set- entire landscape: the prominent role of the tlers adequate protection against the storm 18 churches — even very small and remote floods (Bantelmann, 1970, passim). This

Fig. 7. Loss of Haubargs in Eiderstedt since 1989 and current number. Draft: Johannes Matthießen/Borleis & Weis

88 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA is why ‘freely’ structured clustered villages over centuries. When a new sea dyke was were built on these ridges, from about 1100 built, the dyke body that had acted as the grouped around the church which stood at dyke up until that time became the middle the highest point. dyke. Some of these middle dykes or aban- Through finds from excavations archae- doned dykes in the third row were released ologists have been able to show that from after some time for cottages to be built on the 2nd century AD onwards raised embank- them, which resulted in long rows of small ments (‘Warften’) were built on unsheltered houses being built on these old dykes for farm grass lands for a settlement protected largely workers, fishermen and craftsmen. against storm floods. These oldest raised em- The principle of the long houses from the bankments were successively heightened to Roman Empire and the centuries following take account of the slowly rising sea level. In survived in the Frisian long house in terms of most cases these are very large raised em- construction and distribution: a long narrow bankments that generally grew from several house, roughly half of which was used as a individual raised embankments. The alloca- stable and the other half as living quarters. tion of these holm raised embankments in The many small houses (‘Katen’) basically the flat marshlands, open towards the sea, followed the same patterns of construction with their very narrow and small-sized lots and division. and buildings and a fresh water reservoir in But then building took a strange turn the centre, was frequently decisive for their in Eiderstedt: At the end of the 16th cen- early embankment. Existing raised embank- tury Dutch immigrants from West Frisia and ments often served as base for the dykes North Holland introduced the building prin- which in many cases enclosed an island-like ciple of the Gulf house. It quickly evolved territory in a ringlike manner (Meier, 1991, into the style of a large farmhouse that is 14 ff.). Within these very old dykes, a division typical for the peninsula, the Haubarg. This of allotments has been conserved until today shape regarded as “traditional” especially in which can be traced back to the tidal creek the 18th century has an almost square floor patterns in the salt meadows of pre-embank- plan covering an area of 600 m² and more. ment times. The overall settlement structure The Haubarg was the dwelling house/stable is characterized by scattered raised embank- of relatively wealthy farmers. In many cases ments of varying sizes, while the eastern part these houses were furnished opulently (Mei- of Eiderstedt features mainly very regular al- borg, 1977, 45 ff.). Gardens almost as big as lotment structures and drainage systems as parks surrounded the building, the terp was well as settlements mostly in form of rows of often enclosed by a wide moat. Many farms dwellings. These can be considered evidence were surrounded by trees offering protection of a systematic development of marshland. against the wind. Authors in the 19th cen- Therefore, a third relatively old form of tury were reminded of English parks (Fischer, settlement in Eiderstedt is rows of dwellings. 1984). Buildings with more or less even rows of By the middle of the 19th century, the houses evolved where over time many indi- Haubargs became impractical because of vidual raised embankments had been built on the increasingly intensive pastoral economy a favourable settlement line or where a slight (Fig. 8). Many farms were deserted, became ground elevation offered better protection dilapidated and were knocked down. More against flooding (Meier, 1991, 14 f.). A sec- modern buildings, usually with rooms each ond type of terraced housing evolved due to side of a hallway replaced the typical large the increased building of dykes in Eiderstedt Eiderstedt farmhouse. At the start of the

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First World War, only about two thirds of the and settlement of land on the west coast of roughly 400 Haubargs still remained, and by Schleswig-Holstein left sustainable traces 1930 the number had fallen to about 180 in the settlement pattern, on the southern (Saeftel, 1965, 63). Today only about 30 Baltic coast it was settlers are still well maintained, while only very few who, together with the existing Slav popula- museums or well renovated Haubargs show tion, developed the land. The cultural land- what they used to look like inside. scape of both regions still shows the long- term changes that farming has experienced Summary since the 12th/13th centuries. In Eiderstedt Settlement on the Eiderstedt peninsula it was mainly dyke building and the result- and on the southern Baltic coast between ing polders that shaped the pattern of the Stralsund and Rostock was very much in- fields and meadows to be reclaimed from fluenced by colonization processes in the the sea, while the southern Baltic coast was High Middle Ages. While Frisian occupation shaped by extensive deforestation in the Mid-

Fig. 8. The Haubarg Blumenhof in the western part of the Eiderstedt peninsula was built in 1790. The supporting construction of the “gulfhouse” consists of six wooden pillars (pinewood). The photograph shows the integrated part of living space, which is oriented to the south. The domestic part with the storeroom for the crop in the centre of the house, in the so called Vierkant between the wooden pillars, the threshing floor and the cowbarn points to the north. Photo: Gerd Kühnast, Interessengemeinschaft Baupflege Nordfriesland & Dithmarschen

90 COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES BASED ON REGIONAL INVENTORIES OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC REGION AND NORTH FRISIA dle Ages and the many new long-lot villages operating units from more than 400 years of (‘Hagenhufendörfer’). In the Middle Ages, farming tradition, especially as a result of the both regions were characterized by farming collectivization during the Communist period. settlements but during early modern times On the other hand, in Eiderstedt the peasant the entire East Elbian region changed to be- and large-scale peasant farms have remained come the core region of estate farming, which almost without interruption since the Middle was accompanied by the spread of serfdom Ages. This is evident in the settlement pattern in both Mecklenburg and Pomerania. Similar to the present day. processes cannot be observed in North Frisia. Determining such differences in agrarian This is due to different agricultural production culture landscapes with the help of text, conditions and especially the closer vicinity maps, aerial and satellite images as well as to customers of the agricultural products in pen and ink drawings and photographs is Western Europe. From the 16th century, the one of the main tasks of presenting regional increasing prosperity in Eiderstedt was evi- geography according to the Leipzig Model. dent in the so-called Haubargs, which were The aim of the editors and authors is not a sign of large farming wealth. On the other only to reconstruct earlier conditions or to hand, since the Late Middle Ages, several describe settlement-genetic processes, but waves of abandonment can be recognised also to connect these with findings from all on the southern Baltic coast. After the Thirty fields interested in interdisciplinary regional Years’ War, the lack of workers increased the and cultural studies so that readers may trend towards serfdom and led to an exten- understand complex structures and are thus sive change in the settlement pattern. Most able to interpret the current appearance of a farming villages around Barth were turned cultural landscape. In this way geographers into estate villages by the 17th century at along with representatives of other natural the latest. Behind these marked agrarian and humane sciences have the opportunity historical differences can also be discerned to help modern-day people find their identity. socially differing processes: Whereas on the one hand in Eiderstedt the nobility and the References towns played practically no role and the free Bantelmann, A. (1970). Spuren vor- und peasants were all the more able to admin- frühgeschichtlicher Besiedlung auf einem ister themselves despite the lordship of the Strandwall bei Tating, Eiderstedt. Probleme Dukes of Schleswig at the highest level, on der Küstenforschung, 9, 49–57. the other hand in Mecklenburg and Pomera- Baumgarten, K., Bentzien, U. (1963). Hof nia the estates (nobles and towns) were able und Wirtschaft der Ribnitzer Bauern. Edition to increase their power extensively. As the und Kommentar des Kloster-Inventariums power of the territorial ruler became weaker von 1620 (= Veröffentlichungen des Instituts not least as a result of the Peace of Westpha- für Deutsche Volkskunde 31). Berlin. lia, the nobility and the towns were able to Benl, R. (1999). Pommern bis zur Teilung preserve and indeed even extend their privi- von 1368/72. In: Buchholz, W. (Ed.). Pom- leges for almost another 200 years. These mern. Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Euro- privileges were at the cost of the peasants pas (pp. 21–126). Berlin. who in contrast to Scandinavia and also Billwitz, K., Porada, H.T. (eds.) (2009). North Frisia possessed no participation what- Fischland, Darß, Zingst und Barth mit Um- soever in the political power. Despite short land — Eine landeskundliche Bestandsauf- phases of settlement in the 20th century, the nahme im Raum , , Zingst East Elbian region is characterized by large und Barth. (= Landschaften in Deutschland

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