THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETIES FROM FORAGING GROUP TO AGRARIAN STATE, SECOND EDITION 2ND EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Allen W Johnson | --- | --- | --- | 9780804740326 | --- | --- Books on "Foraging"

While we might assume humans would choose to get food in the most efficient way possible, their models suggest otherwise. Populations might not have all jumped aboard the farm wagon right away. Those researchers surmised that the Northern Europeans might have found that foraging fed them sufficiently, so they saw no reason to change. Furthermore, farming might not have looked very appealing to people at the beginning. Already a subscriber? Your subscription to The Christian Science Monitor has expired. You can renew your subscription or continue to use the site without a subscription. If you have questions about your account, please contact customer service or call us at This message will appear once per week unless you renew or log out. Skip to main content Skip to main menu Skip to search Skip to footer. This website uses cookies to improve functionality and performance. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Search for:. Subscribe to the Monitor. Manage subscription. Monitor Daily Current Issue. Complete coronavirus coverage. A Christian Science Perspective. Monitor Movie Guide. Monitor Daily. Photos of the Week. Monitor Weekly PDF. About Us. Get news that uplifts and empowers. See our other FREE newsletters. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Policy. Select free newsletters: The Weekender. Christian Science Perspective. A farmer plants seeds in a corn field in Gaocheng, Hebei province, China, Sept. What prompted the shift? Coat as shelter: Designer Bas Timmer creates for people who have no home. Get the Monitor Stories you care about delivered to your inbox. Related stories Test your knowledge Are you scientifically literate? Take our quiz Did Northern Europeans resist the rise of agriculture? See all 2 pre-owned listings. Buy It Now. Add to cart. Sold by thrift. About this product Product Information For this new edition, the authors have thoroughly rewritten the theoretical argument for greater clarity, updated the case studies to incorporate new research, and added a new chapter that extends their perspective to the problem of industrialization and globalization. Additional Product Features Dewey Edition. Show More Show Less. Pre-owned Pre-owned. No ratings or reviews yet No ratings or reviews yet. Be the first to write a review. Best Selling in Nonfiction See all. Greenlights by Matthew McConaughey Hardcover 5. Save on Nonfiction Trending price is based on prices over last 90 days. You may also like. Timothy Zahn Paperback Books. Hunter-gatherer - Wikipedia

Then, some 12, years ago, these hunter-gatherers began to farm. This transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture seems to have emerged independently in northern China, the Fertile Crescent, Mesoamerica, and various locations in Africa. A new paper points out that farm productivity may not have mattered. Instead, a suite of other factors may have kicked off the agricultural revolution, according to their mathematical models. People were more likely to turn to farming if they were in small, structured groups with farming-friendly property rights, they argue. So farming needed to coevolve with a system of property rights, argue both this paper and one from Bowles and Choi suggest that farming arose among people who had already settled in an area rich with hunting and gathering resources, where they began to establish private property rights. When wild plants or animals became less plentiful, they argue, people chose to begin farming instead of moving on. New ideas are much more easily adapted by a small group, he says, while in a large community, it's more difficult to spread ideas, ethics, or rules. Furthermore, successful farming groups must be more "conservative," Thomas says. With little archaeological evidence available, the researchers depended on computer models to tackle the age-old question of agriculture's origins. These models allowed them to manipulate various variables, or parameters, that could contribute to the emergence of farming. Bowles and Choi approached that challenge by manipulating them one at a time. So instead, their team varied all the parameters simultaneously, to see how the model was behaving overall, Thomas explains. While we might assume humans would choose to get food in the most efficient way possible, their models suggest otherwise. Populations might not have all jumped aboard the farm wagon right away. Those researchers surmised that the Northern Europeans might have found that foraging fed them sufficiently, so they saw no reason to change. Furthermore, farming might not have looked very appealing to people at the beginning. Already a subscriber? Your subscription to The Christian Science Monitor has expired. You can renew your subscription or continue to use the site without a subscription. If you have questions about your account, please contact customer service or call us at This message will appear once per week unless you renew or log out. Skip to main content Skip to main menu Skip to search Skip to footer. This website uses cookies to improve functionality and performance. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Search for:. Subscribe to the Monitor. Manage subscription. Monitor Daily Current Issue. Complete coronavirus coverage. A Christian Science Perspective. Monitor Movie Guide. Monitor Daily. 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International Journal of Primatology, 6 , — Marks, J. Individuals and the evolution of biological and cultural systems. Human Evolution, 3 , — Marlowe, F. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology, 14 , 54— The Hadza: Hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. Marques, J. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18 , 1— Marsh, A. Psychological Science, 14 , — Marshack, A. Early hominid symbol and evolution of the human capacity. Mellars Ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Marshall, A. Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees? Animal Behaviour, 58 , — Martin, C. Folk theories about sex and race differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 , 45— Marwick, B. Pleistocene exchange networks as evidence for the evolution of language. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 13 , 67— McBrearty, S. Journal of Human Evolution, 39 , — McComb, K. Roaring and numerical assessment in contests between groups of female lions, Panthera leo. Animal Behaviour, 47 , — McConvell, P. Language shift and language spread among hunter-gatherers. Panter-Brick, P. Layton Eds. McDonald, M. Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: the male warrior hypothesis. McElreath, R. Shared norms and the evolution of ethnic markers. Current Anthropology, 44 , — Other Editions 5. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about The Evolution of Human Societies , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about The Evolution of Human Societies. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Shelves: anthropology , environmental-history , mudd-library , non- fiction , school-reading , the-problem-of-civilization , wealth-and-power-inequality. I was explicitly reading this book as part of an IS course investigating Derrick Jensen's anthropological assertions. The particular premises I was hoping this book would address are as follows: a civilization as a culture that both leads to and emerges from the growth of cities, with cities being defined as people living more or less permanently in one place in densities high enough to require the routine importation of food and other necessities of life. Earle and Johnson's analysis was an eye-opening whirlwind tour of some real case studies with bearing on Jensen's assertions. They create a much more nuanced and serious analysis of the "evolution of human societies" from family level to local groups to chiefdoms to states. However, the truth of Jensen's argument stands in some sense. The poles he identified do more or less gel with the ideas presented in the book. Stratification, control, conflict, malnourishment, environmental degradation, etc, are much more pronounced in more integrated societies. The strength of Earle and Johnson's evolution metaphor is to show that while these traits and their potentials are present in all societies, they are expressed differently in adaptive response to local conditions. While Jensen never questions why civilization should have emerged in the first place, Earle and Johnson deftly explain the logic of each sacrifice of family autonomy to group control. Thus groups living at higher densities must provide for defense and offense, which requires the coordination of a leader. For instance, a whaling canoe costs many resources but brings back more than any family can eat. Leaders are required to accumulate resources and coordinate construction of these technologies. At higher levels these include irrigation works, etc. Interestingly, Johnson and Earle never identify it as a mechanism to increase efficiency on its own. This analysis is intuitive and has a great degree of explanatory power, at least it seems to me. Thus while Jensen's argument has elements of truth to it, it is shown to leave out many nuances and narratives that add substantially to discussion of the question. While it's true that hierarchy, repression, and domination increase with civilization, as do slavery, inequality, and environmental damage, Jensen never explores the trade-offs these negatives are a part of, the reasons why anyone ever agreed to them. In Endgame, Derrick discusses the idea that population is the variable that must come down for the planet to live, and concludes that population is more or less tangential, since technology and consumption are so much more important. Yet this ignores the strong likelihood that those latter are direct results of population growth, and don't exist in abstraction from high population densities. However, the book also shows Derrick's specific claims are also more or less untrue. For instance, warfare is not "a relatively non-lethal and exhilarating form of play," but rather a very deadly means to secure scarce resources, often at the expense of the very existence of neighboring social and ethnic groups. Other claims, as in those about child abuse and other social values, are not addressed. Throughout the book, I got an interesting sense of fatalism - if population growth is inevitable, and the negatives critiqued by Jensen are nigh inevitable adjustments to population growth, then the element of human choice seems negligible - a lack of free will I find intuitively satisfying. Moreover, it makes ideology seem superfluous, which I like. And it sort of presented things in an objective way, that gave me the amoral perspective that if civilization is inevitable, why bother trying to destroy it? Furthermore, farming might not have looked very appealing to people at the beginning. Already a subscriber? Your subscription to The Christian Science Monitor has expired. 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Human Identity and the Evolution of Societies | SpringerLink

Its emphasis is on the causes, mechanisms, and patterns of cultural evolution, which the authors explain in terms of a coherent theory of political economydefined as the mobilization and exchange of By combining an original thesis and a representative body of ethnographic data, this ambitious work seeks to describe and explain the growth in complexity of human societies. Its emphasis is on the causes, mechanisms, and patterns of cultural evolution, which the authors explain in terms of a coherent theory of political economy—defined as the mobilization and exchange of goods and services between families. The authors show that the interconnected processes of technological change and population growth are the motor of social change, resulting in three related processes—intensification, integration, and stratification—that transform human societies over time. The validity of their theory rests on evidence drawn from 19 case studies that range widely over time and space. For this new edition, the authors have thoroughly rewritten the theoretical argument for greater clarity, updated the case materials to incorporate new research, and added a new chapter that applies their theoretical perspective to the problems of change since the industrial revolution and the globalization of trade and political influence. Reviews of the First Edition "In a book full of perceptive observations and persuasive arguments. Johnson and Earle show in masterly detail how societies articulate to their environments and. The book is a marvelous synthesis of ethnographic and historical data. Another plus is that the writing is clear and the argument is neatly conceived. Get A Copy. Paperback , Second Edition , pages. More Details Original Title. Other Editions 5. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about The Evolution of Human Societies , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about The Evolution of Human Societies. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Shelves: anthropology , environmental-history , mudd-library , non-fiction , school-reading , the-problem- of-civilization , wealth-and-power-inequality. I was explicitly reading this book as part of an IS course investigating Derrick Jensen's anthropological assertions. The particular premises I was hoping this book would address are as follows: a civilization as a culture that both leads to and emerges from the growth of cities, with cities being defined as people living more or less permanently in one place in densities high enough to require the routine importation of food and other necessities of life. Earle and Johnson's analysis was an eye-opening whirlwind tour of some real case studies with bearing on Jensen's assertions. They create a much more nuanced and serious analysis of the "evolution of human societies" from family level to local groups to chiefdoms to states. However, the truth of Jensen's argument stands in some sense. The poles he identified do more or less gel with the ideas presented in the book. Stratification, control, conflict, malnourishment, environmental degradation, etc, are much more pronounced in more integrated societies. The strength of Earle and Johnson's evolution metaphor is to show that while these traits and their potentials are present in all societies, they are expressed differently in adaptive response to local conditions. While Jensen never questions why civilization should have emerged in the first place, Earle and Johnson deftly explain the logic of each sacrifice of family autonomy to group control. Thus groups living at higher densities must provide for defense and offense, which requires the coordination of a leader. For instance, a whaling canoe costs many resources but brings back more than any family can eat. Leaders are required to accumulate resources and coordinate construction of these technologies. Pre-owned: Lowest price The lowest-priced item that has been used or worn previously. Readable copy. Johnson; Timothy Earle Readable copy. See all 2 pre-owned listings. Buy It Now. Add to cart. Sold by thrift. About this product Product Information For this new edition, the authors have thoroughly rewritten the theoretical argument for greater clarity, updated the case studies to incorporate new research, and added a new chapter that extends their perspective to the problem of industrialization and globalization. Additional Product Features Dewey Edition. Show More Show Less. Etic behavioral mode of reproduction : The etic behavioral mode of reproduction involves the actions that a society takes in order to limit detrimental increases or decreases to population Harris These actions are determined and analyzed from a scientific perspective by the observer, without regard for their meaning to the members of the native society. Infrastructure : The infrastructure consists of etic behavioral modes of production and etic modes of reproduction as determined by the combination of ecological, technological, environmental, and demographic variables Harris Structure : The structure is characterized by the organizational aspects of a culture consisting of the domestic economy e. Political economy involves issues of control by a force above that of the domestic household whether it be a government or a chief. Superstructure : The superstructure is the symbolic or ideological segment of culture. Ideology consists of a code of social order regarding how social and political organization is structured Earle 8. It structures the obligations and rights of all the members of society. The superstructure involves things such as ritual, taboos, and symbols Harris In other words, the main factor in determining whether a cultural innovation is selected by society lies in its effect on the basic biological needs of that society. The innovations within the infrastructure will be selected by a society if they increase productive and reproductive capabilities even when they are in conflict with structural or superstructural elements of society Harris Innovations can also take place in the structure e. Therefore, the driving force behind culture change is satisfying the basic needs of production and reproduction. Epistemologically, cultural materialism focuses only on those entities and events that are observable and quantifiable Harris In keeping with the scientific method, these events and entities must be studied using operations that are capable of being replicated Harris Using empirical methods, cultural materialists reduce cultural phenomena into observable, measurable variables that can be applied across societies to formulate nomothetic theories. Harris focuses on practices that contribute to the basic biological survival of those in society i. In order to demonstrate this point, analysis often involves the measurement and comparison of phenomena that might seem trivial to the native population Harris Harris used a cultural materialist model to examine the Hindu belief that cows are sacred and must not be killed.. He also observed that the Indian farmers claimed that no calves died because cows are sacred Harris In reality, however, male calves were observed to be starved to death when feed supplies are low Harris Harris argues that the scarcity of feed infrastructural change shaped ideological superstructural beliefs of the farmers Harris Thus, Harris shows how, using empirical methods, an etic perspective is essential in order to understand culture change holistically. Maxine Margolis empirically studied this phenomenon and interpreted her findings according to a classic cultural materialist model. This movement was an economic necessity that increased the productive and reproductive capabilities of U. Thus, here we see how infrastructure determined superstructure as ideology changed to suit new infrastructural innovations. Rather than rely solely on native explanations of phenomenon, Harris and others urged analysts to use empirical and replicable methods. Cultural materialism also promoted the notion that culture change can be studied across geographic and temporal boundaries in order to get at so-called universal, nomothetic theories. Archaeologists, too, have adopted cultural materialist approaches. Archaeologist William Rathje wanted to test many of the assumptions archaeologists have in dealing with waste from the past Rathje In pursuit of this aim, Rathje excavated modern landfills in Arizona and other states and took careful measurements of artifact frequencies. One of the many things he did with this data was to test the difference between stated alcohol consumption of informants and actual alcohol consumption based on refuse evidence. In order to do this, Rathje selected a sample of households from which he collected and analyzed refuse. He also gave those households a questionnaire that asked questions relating to alcohol consumption. After analyzing what people said they drank and what was actually found in the refuse, Rathje found a significant discrepancy between stated and actual alcohol consumption Rathje This case study demonstrates that an etic approach to cultural phenomena may uncover vital information that would be otherwise missed by a wholly emic analysis. Criticisms of cultural materialism are plentiful in anthropology. As with all of the different paradigms in anthropology e. They argue that a cultural materialist approach can disregard the superstructure to such an extent that the effect of superstructure on shaping structural elements can be overlooked. Idealists such as structuralists e. They argue that the cultural materialist emphasis on an etic perspective creates biased conclusions. Postmodernists also argue vehemently against cultural materialism because of its use of strict scientific method. Postmodernists believe that science is itself a culturally determined phenomenon that is affected by class, race and other structural and infrastructural variables Harris In fact, some postmodernists argue that science is a tool used by upper classes to oppress and dominate lower classes Rosenau Thus, postmodernists argue that the use of any science is useless in studying culture, and that cultures should be studied using particularism and relativism Harris This is a direct attack on cultural materialism with its objective studies and cross-cultural comparisons. Layer 1. Basic Premises Coined by Marvin Harris in his text, The Rise of Anthropological Theory , cultural materialism embraces three anthropological schools of thought: cultural materialism, cultural evolution and cultural ecology Barfield Key Works Burroughs, James E. Dawson, Doyne. Ferguson, R. Warfare, Culture, and Environment. Yanomami Warfare: A Political History. Goodenough, Ward H. In pursuit of culture. Harris, Marvin. New York: Crowell. Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Culture. New York: Random House. Henrich, Joseph. Cultural transmission and the diffusion of innovations: Adoption dynamics indicate that biased cultural transmission is the predominate force in behavioral change. California: Stanford University Press. Manners, Robert A. Process and pattern in culture, essays in honor of Julian Steward. Margolis, Maxine L. Marvin Harris

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