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Entrepreneurs from Technology-Based Universities: Evidence from MIT David Hsu University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Management Papers Wharton Faculty Research 6-2007 Entrepreneurs From Technology-Based Universities: Evidence From MIT David Hsu University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, and the Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons Recommended Citation Hsu, D. (2007). Entrepreneurs From Technology-Based Universities: Evidence From MIT. Research Policy, 36 (5), 768-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.001 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers/146 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Entrepreneurs From Technology-Based Universities: Evidence From MIT Abstract This paper analyzes major patterns and trends in entrepreneurship among technology-based university alumni since the 1930s by asking two related research questions: (1) Who enters entrepreneurship, and has this changed over time? (2) How does the rate of entrepreneurship vary with changes in the entrepreneurial business environment? We describe findings based on data from two linked datasets joining Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) alumni and founder information. New company formation rates by MIT alumni have grown dramatically over seven decades, and the median age of first time entrepreneurs has gradually declined from about age 40 (1950s) to about age 30 (1990s). Women alumnae lag their male counterparts in the rate at which they become entrepreneurs, and alumni who are not U.S. citizens enter entrepreneurship at different (usually higher) rates relative to their American classmates. New venture foundings over time are correlated with measures of the changing external entrepreneurial and business environment, suggesting that future research in this domain may wish to more carefully examine such factors. -
Entrepreneurs from Technology-Based Universities: Evidence from MIT David H
Research Policy 36 (2007) 768–788 Entrepreneurs from technology-based universities: Evidence from MIT David H. Hsu a,∗, Edward B. Roberts b, Charles E. Eesley b a Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 2000 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States b MIT Sloan School of Management, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States Received 13 March 2006; received in revised form 4 December 2006; accepted 6 March 2007 Available online 19 April 2007 Abstract This paper analyzes major patterns and trends in entrepreneurship among technology-based university alumni since the 1930s by asking two related research questions: (1) Who enters entrepreneurship, and has this changed over time? (2) How does the rate of entrepreneurship vary with changes in the entrepreneurial business environment? We describe findings based on data from two linked datasets joining Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) alumni and founder information. New company formation rates by MIT alumni have grown dramatically over seven decades, and the median age of first time entrepreneurs has gradually declined from about age 40 (1950s) to about age 30 (1990s). Women alumnae lag their male counterparts in the rate at which they become entrepreneurs, and alumni who are not U.S. citizens enter entrepreneurship at different (usually higher) rates relative to their American classmates. New venture foundings over time are correlated with measures of the changing external entrepreneurial and business environment, suggesting that future research in this domain may wish to more carefully examine such factors. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; University alumni 1. Introduction records from the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy (MIT), thereby introducing several facts about the This paper analyzes major patterns and trends entrepreneurial activity of MIT alumni. -
Alibaba: Entrepreneurial Growth and Global Expansion in B2B/B2C Markets
JIntEntrep DOI 10.1007/s10843-017-0207-2 Alibaba: Entrepreneurial growth and global expansion in B2B/B2C markets Syed Tariq Anwar 1 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 Abstract The purpose of this case-based research is to analyze and discuss Alibaba Group (hereafter Alibaba) and its entrepreneurial growth and global expansion in B2B/ B2C markets. The paper uses company and industry-specific data and surveys to analyze a fast growing Chinese B2B/B2C firm and its internationalization and expan- sion in global markets. Findings of the work reveal that in a short time, Alibaba has become a major entrepreneurial icon and global player and continues to grow world- wide because of its well-planned business initiatives and B2B/B2C-based business models. The paper also provides implications in the area of international entrepreneur- ship and its related areas. International entrepreneurs need to learn from Alibaba’sfast growing business model and dynamic growth because of its competitive platforms and Web-based strategies which helped the company to target small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in global markets. Within the areas of international entrepreneurship and international business, the paper also provides discussion which deals with the changing e-commerce industry and its future growth and developments. El objetivo de esta investigación basada en casos de negocios es analizar y discutir el Grupo Alibaba (de aquí en adelante Alibaba) y su crecimiento empresarial y la expansión global en mercados de B2B/B2C. El ensayo utiliza estadísticas y encuestas específicas a la compañía e industria para analizar una empresa china B2B/B2C y su internalización y expansión en los mercados globales. -
Risky Expertise in Chinese Financialisation Haigui Returnee Migrants in the Shanghai Financial Market
Risky Expertise in Chinese Financialisation Haigui Returnee Migrants in the Shanghai Financial Market. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award for the degree Doctorate of Philosophy From Western Sydney University Giulia Dal Maso Institute for Culture and Society Western Sydney University 2016 Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. Sections of chapter 5 have been previsouly published in Dal Maso, Giulia. “The Financialisation Rush: Responding to Precarious Labor and Social Security by Investing in the Chinese Stock Market.” South Atlantic Quarterly 114, no. 1: 47-64. ............................................................................... (Signature) Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Professor Brett Neilson and Professor Ned Rossiter for their extraordinary intellectual support, encouragement and incredible patience. They have been invaluable interlocutors and the best supervisors I could hope for. My gratitude also goes to Professor Sandro Mezzadra for his intellectual generosity, guidance and for having encouraged me many times. It is thanks to him that my Chinese adventure started. Particular thanks go to Giorgio Casacchia. His support has been essential both for the time of my research fieldwork and for sustenance when writing. He has not -
Entrepreneurs from Technology-Based Universities: an Empirical First Look
PRELIMINARY Not for copying, distribution or quotation Entrepreneurs from Technology-Based Universities: An Empirical First Look by David H. Hsu*, Edward B. Roberts** and Charles E. Eesley*** Draft Date: September 2005 Abstract This paper provides an initial analysis of major patterns and trends in entrepreneurship among technology-based university alumni since the 1930s. We describe findings from two linked datasets joining MIT alumni with MIT founder information. The rate of forming new companies by MIT alumni has grown dramatically over seven decades. Women alumni have in more recent decades become entrepreneurs at a faster growth rate than men, but still constitute only 10% of new entrepreneurs. Alumni who are not U.S. citizens also are entering entrepreneurship at a faster pace than their American classmates, but still constitute only 15% of current entrants. The median age of first time entrepreneurs has gradually declined from about age 40 to about age 30. Our results also suggest that rather than examining stable individual traits, future research in this domain may wish to examine business and strategic environment factors. *Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 2000 Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia PA 19104. [email protected]; **MIT Sloan School of Management, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge MA 02142. [email protected]; *** MIT Sloan School of Management, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge MA 02142. [email protected] 1 PRELIMINARY 1. Introduction This paper provides an initial analysis of major patterns and trends in entrepreneurship among technology-based university alumni since the 1930s. The national innovative systems literature has stressed the role of universities in generating commercially important technical knowledge (Nelson, 1996). -
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Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 20-F (Mark One) ¨ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 or x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. or ¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to or ¨ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report Commission file number: 000-51469 Baidu, Inc. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) N/A (Translation of Registrant’s name into English) Cayman Islands (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Baidu Campus No. 10 Shangdi 10th Street Haidian District, Beijing 100085 The People’s Republic of China (Address of principal executive offices) Jennifer Xinzhe Li, Chief Financial Officer Telephone: +(86 10) 5992-8888 Email: [email protected] Facsimile: +(86 10) 5992-0000 Baidu Campus No. 10 Shangdi 10th Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100085 The People’s Republic of China (Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered American depositary shares (ten American depositary shares representing one Class A ordinary share, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC par value US$0.00005 per share) (The NASDAQ Global Select Market) Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per share* The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (The NASDAQ Global Select Market) * Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The NASDAQ Global Select Market of American depositary shares. -
Applications: S
Applications: S This chapter contains the following sections: • Sabah, on page 9 • Safari, on page 10 • SAFT, on page 11 • Sage, on page 12 • Sahibinden, on page 13 • Saks Fifth Avenue, on page 14 • Salesforce.com, on page 15 • Salesforce.com Live Agent, on page 16 • Sam's Club, on page 17 • Sametime, on page 18 • SAMR, on page 19 • Samsung, on page 20 • Samsung Push Notification, on page 21 • SANity, on page 22 • Sanook.com, on page 23 • SAP, on page 24 • SAP HostControl, on page 25 • SASCDN, on page 26 • SATNET, on page 27 • SATNET and Backroom EXPAK, on page 28 • SATNET Monitoring, on page 29 • SaveFrom, on page 30 • Sberbank of Russia, on page 31 • SBS, on page 32 • SCC Security, on page 33 • SCCM, on page 34 • SCCM Remote Control, on page 35 • SCCP, on page 36 • Schedule Transfer Protocol, on page 37 • schuelerVZ, on page 38 • Schwab, on page 39 • ScienceDirect, on page 40 Applications: S 1 Applications: S • SCO Desktop Administration Server, on page 41 • Sco I2 Dialog Daemon, on page 42 • SCO System Administration Server, on page 43 • SCO Web Server Manager 3, on page 44 • SCO WebServer Manager, on page 45 • scohelp, on page 46 • Scopia, on page 47 • Scopia Audio, on page 48 • Scopia Video, on page 49 • Scorecard Research, on page 50 • Scottrade, on page 51 • SCPS, on page 52 • Scribd, on page 53 • Scribd Upload, on page 54 • Scribol, on page 55 • SCSI-ST, on page 56 • SCTP, on page 57 • scx-proxy, on page 58 • SDNS-KMP, on page 59 • SDRP, on page 60 • Seamonkey, on page 61 • Search-Result.com, on page 62 • Searchnu, on page 63 • -
User Browsing Graph: Structure, Evolution and Application1
User Browsing Graph: Structure, Evolution and Application1 Yiqun Liu, Min Zhang, Shaoping Ma, Liyun Ru State Key Lab of Intelligent Technology and Systems Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China P.R. [email protected] ABSTRACT don’t work very well in this new situation. This paper focuses on ‘user browsing graph’ which is constructed Recently, the wisdom of the crowd is paid much attention in with users’ click-through behavior modeled with Web access logs. Web search researches, e.g. [7], [8] and [9]. In their work, users’ User browsing graph has recently been adopted to improve Web browsing behavior is usually considered as implicit feedback search performance and the initial study shows it is more reliable information for page relevance and importance. For example, Liu than hyperlink graph for inferring page importance. However, et. al. constructed ‘user browsing graph’ with search log data [10]. structure and evolution of the user browsing graph haven’t been They proposed a page importance estimation algorithm called fully studied and many questions remain to be answered. In this BrowseRank which performs on the user browsing graph. It is paper, we look into the structure of the user browsing graph and believed that the link structure in user browsing graph is more its evolution over time. We try to give a quantitative analysis on reliable than hyperlink graph because users actually follow links the difference in graph structure between hyperlink graph and in the browsing graph. user browsing graph, and then find out why link analysis Liu’s initial study shows that the BrowseRank algorithm works algorithms perform better on the browsing graph. -
Thème : Le Web Les Moteurs De Recherche Moteur De Recherche
Thème : Le Web Les moteurs de recherche Capacités attendues : - Comprendre le fonctionnement des moteurs de recherche - Mener une analyse critique des résultats d’un moteur de recherche - Comprendre les enjeux de la publication d’informations Moteur de recherche : application informatique permettant de rechercher une ressource (page Web, image, vidéo, fichier…) à partir d’une requête sous forme de mots-clés. 1. Le fonctionnement des moteurs de recherche * Au brouillon, essayez de schématiser le fonctionnement d’un moteur de recherche. Vocabulaire à retenir : - crawlers : robot d’indexation qui explore automatiquement le Web en suivant les liens entre les différentes pages pour collecter les ressources. - indexation : les mots-clés sont listés, classés et enregistrés sur des serveurs qui stockent les données. - pertinence : répond au besoin au moment où il est exprimé. Le Web est un immense graphe : chaque page est un noeud relié à d’autres nœuds par des liens hypertextes. On pourrait le schématiser de façon très simplifiée, comme ci-contre. Mme Suaudeau SNT 2019-2020 * A partir du nœud E, parcourez le graphe précédant en listant les pages consultées et les pages à visiter à chaque étape : Action Pages visitées Pages à visiter On visite E, lié à A et H E A H On visite A , lié à B E A H B On visite H , lié à J E A H B J On visite B , lié à A et C E A H B J C (A déjà visité) On visite J , lié à F E A H B J C F On visite C , lié à A E A H B J C C F (A déjà visité) On visite F , lié à C D G H E A H B J C F D G (C et H déjà visités) On visite D , lié à / E A H B J C F D G On visite G , lié à / E A H B J C F D G * Que se passe-t-il si l’on commence l’exploration par le nœud A ? La visite est terminée en 3 étapes mais on a « raté » une grande partie du graphe. -
Charles Zhang
In a little over 35 years China’s economy has been transformed Week in China from an inefficient backwater to the second largest in the world. If you want to understand how that happened, you need to understand the people who helped reshape the Chinese business landscape. china’s tycoons China’s Tycoons is a book about highly successful Chinese profiles of entrepreneurs. In 150 easy-to- digest profiles, we tell their stories: where they came from, how they started, the big break that earned them their first millions, and why they came to dominate their industries and make billions. These are tales of entrepreneurship, risk-taking and hard work that differ greatly from anything you’ll top business have read before. 150 leaders fourth Edition Week in China “THIS IS STILL THE ASIAN CENTURY AND CHINA IS STILL THE KEY PLAYER.” Peter Wong – Deputy Chairman and Chief Executive, Asia-Pacific, HSBC Does your bank really understand China Growth? With over 150 years of on-the-ground experience, HSBC has the depth of knowledge and expertise to help your business realise the opportunity. Tap into China’s potential at www.hsbc.com/rmb Issued by HSBC Holdings plc. Cyan 611469_6006571 HSBC 280.00 x 170.00 mm Magenta Yellow HSBC RMB Press Ads 280.00 x 170.00 mm Black xpath_unresolved Tom Fryer 16/06/2016 18:41 [email protected] ${Market} ${Revision Number} 0 Title Page.qxp_Layout 1 13/9/16 6:36 pm Page 1 china’s tycoons profiles of 150top business leaders fourth Edition Week in China 0 Welcome Note.FIN.qxp_Layout 1 13/9/16 3:10 pm Page 2 Week in China China’s Tycoons Foreword By Stuart Gulliver, Group Chief Executive, HSBC Holdings alking around the streets of Chengdu on a balmy evening in the mid-1980s, it quickly became apparent that the people of this city had an energy and drive Wthat jarred with the West’s perception of work and life in China. -
Sogou Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2020 Results BEIJING, China, February 4, 2021 – Sogou Inc. (NYSE: SOGO) ("So
Sogou Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2020 Results BEIJING, China, February 4, 2021 – Sogou Inc. (NYSE: SOGO) ("Sogou" or the “Company"), an innovator in search and a leader in China's internet industry, today announced its unaudited financial results for the fourth quarter and full year, ended December 31, 2020. Fourth Quarter 2020 Financial Results Total revenues1 were $189.5 million, a 37% decrease year-over-year. The decrease was primarily driven by uncertainties with respect to Sogou’s business policies among certain advertisers as a result of the previously-announced proposal by Tencent Holdings Limited (“Tencent”) to take Sogou private, as well as reduced traffic acquisition activity. • Search and search-related revenues were $166.7 million, a 39% decrease year- over-year. Auction-based pay-for-click services decreased year-over-year, accounting for 84.0% of search and search-related revenues, compared to 88.2% in the corresponding period in 2019. • Other revenues were $22.8 million, a 14% decrease year-over-year. The decrease was primarily due to decreased revenues from non-core businesses. Cost of revenues was $151.2 million, a 10% decrease year-over-year. Traffic acquisition cost, a primary driver of cost of revenues, was $115.5 million, a 10% decrease year-over-year, representing 60.9% of total revenues, compared to 42.8% in the corresponding period in 2019. The decrease in traffic acquisition costs was driven by decreased traffic acquisition from third parties. Gross profit and non-GAAP2 gross profit were both $38.3 million, a 71% decrease year- over-year for both. -
Is Google the Next Microsoft? Competition, Welfare and Regulation in Online Search
IS GOOGLE THE NEXT MICROSOFT? COMPETITION, WELFARE AND REGULATION IN ONLINE SEARCH RUFUS POLLOCK UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE Abstract. The rapid growth of online search and its centrality to the ecology of the Internet pose important questions: why is the search engine market so concentrated and will it evolve towards monopoly? What implications does this concentration have for consumers, search engines, and advertisers? Does search require regulation and if so in what form? This paper supplies empirical and theoretical material with which to examine these questions. In particular, we (a) show that the already large levels of concentration are likely to continue (b) identify the consequences, negative and positive, of this outcome (c) discuss the regulatory interventions that policy-makers could use to address these. Keywords: Search Engine, Regulation, Competition, Antitrust, Platform Markets JEL Classification: L40 L10 L50 Emmanuel College and Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. I thank the organizers of 2007 IDEI Toulouse Conference on the Economics of the Software and Internet Industries whose search round-table greatly stimulated my thoughts on this topic as well as participants at seminars in Cambridge and at the 2009 RES conference. Particular thanks is also due to the editor and anonymous referee who provided an excellent set of comments that served to greatly improve the paper. Finally, I would like to thank http://searchenginewatch.com and Hitwise who both generously provided me with access to some of their data. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence (v3.0, all jurisdictions).