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Zoonotic Diseases of Public Health Importance
ZOONOTIC DISEASES OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE ZOONOSIS DIVISION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HEALTH SERVICES) 22 – SHAM NATH MARG, DELHI – 110 054 2005 List of contributors: Dr. Shiv Lal, Addl. DG & Director Dr. Veena Mittal, Joint Director & HOD, Zoonosis Division Dr. Dipesh Bhattacharya, Joint Director, Zoonosis Division Dr. U.V.S. Rana, Joint Director, Zoonosis Division Dr. Mala Chhabra, Deputy Director, Zoonosis Division FOREWORD Several zoonotic diseases are major public health problems not only in India but also in different parts of the world. Some of them have been plaguing mankind from time immemorial and some have emerged as major problems in recent times. Diseases like plague, Japanese encephalitis, leishmaniasis, rabies, leptospirosis and dengue fever etc. have been major public health concerns in India and are considered important because of large human morbidity and mortality from these diseases. During 1994 India had an outbreak of plague in man in Surat (Gujarat) and Beed (Maharashtra) after a lapse of around 3 decades. Again after 8 years in 2002, an outbreak of pneumonic plague occurred in Himachal Pradesh followed by outbreak of bubonic plague in 2004 in Uttaranchal. Japanese encephalitis has emerged as a major problem in several states and every year several outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis are reported from different parts of the country. Resurgence of Kala-azar in mid seventies in Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand still continues to be a major public health concern. Efforts are being made to initiate kala-azar elimination programme by the year 2010. Rabies continues to be an important killer in the country. -
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Crimean-Congo Importance Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by a zoonotic virus that Hemorrhagic seems to be carried asymptomatically in animals but can be a serious threat to humans. This disease typically begins as a nonspecific flu-like illness, but some cases Fever progress to a severe, life-threatening hemorrhagic syndrome. Intensive supportive care is required in serious cases, and the value of antiviral agents such as ribavirin is Congo Fever, still unclear. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is widely distributed Central Asian Hemorrhagic Fever, in the Eastern Hemisphere. However, it can circulate for years without being Uzbekistan hemorrhagic fever recognized, as subclinical infections and mild cases seem to be relatively common, and sporadic severe cases can be misdiagnosed as hemorrhagic illnesses caused by Hungribta (blood taking), other organisms. In recent years, the presence of CCHFV has been recognized in a Khunymuny (nose bleeding), number of countries for the first time. Karakhalak (black death) Etiology Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic Last Updated: March 2019 fever virus (CCHFV), a member of the genus Orthonairovirus in the family Nairoviridae and order Bunyavirales. CCHFV belongs to the CCHF serogroup, which also includes viruses such as Tofla virus and Hazara virus. Six or seven major genetic clades of CCHFV have been recognized. Some strains, such as the AP92 strain in Greece and related viruses in Turkey, might be less virulent than others. Species Affected CCHFV has been isolated from domesticated and wild mammals including cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo, hares (e.g., the European hare, Lepus europaeus), African hedgehogs (Erinaceus albiventris) and multimammate mice (Mastomys spp.). -
Zoonotic Diseases Fact Sheet
ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET s e ion ecie s n t n p is ms n e e s tio s g s m to a a o u t Rang s p t tme to e th n s n m c a s a ra y a re ho Di P Ge Ho T S Incub F T P Brucella (B. Infected animals Skin or mucous membrane High and protracted (extended) fever. 1-15 weeks Most commonly Antibiotic melitensis, B. (swine, cattle, goats, contact with infected Infection affects bone, heart, reported U.S. combination: abortus, B. suis, B. sheep, dogs) animals, their blood, tissue, gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and laboratory-associated streptomycina, Brucellosis* Bacteria canis ) and other body fluids causes highly disseminated lesions bacterial infection in tetracycline, and and abscess man sulfonamides Salmonella (S. Domestic (dogs, cats, Direct contact as well as Mild gastroenteritiis (diarrhea) to high 6 hours to 3 Fatality rate of 5-10% Antibiotic cholera-suis, S. monkeys, rodents, indirect consumption fever, severe headache, and spleen days combination: enteriditis, S. labor-atory rodents, (eggs, food vehicles using enlargement. May lead to focal chloramphenicol, typhymurium, S. rep-tiles [especially eggs, etc.). Human to infection in any organ or tissue of the neomycin, ampicillin Salmonellosis Bacteria typhi) turtles], chickens and human transmission also body) fish) and herd animals possible (cattle, chickens, pigs) All Shigella species Captive non-human Oral-fecal route Ranges from asymptomatic carrier to Varies by Highly infective. Low Intravenous fluids primates severe bacillary dysentery with high species. 16 number of organisms and electrolytes, fevers, weakness, severe abdominal hours to 7 capable of causing Antibiotics: ampicillin, cramps, prostration, edema of the days. -
Knowledge and Attitude About Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (Cchf) Amongst Local Residents of Karachi, Pakistan
166 | J App Pharm Vol. 6; Issue 2: 166-170; April, 2014 Safila et al., 2014 Original Research Article KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ABOUT CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (CCHF) AMONGST LOCAL RESIDENTS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN Safila Naveed*, Naila Rehman, Shumaila Rehman, Sana Malick, Shahnaz Yousuf, Sarah Marium, Sidrah Khan, Rabiya Ali, Aisha Akhter Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan ABSTRACT Background: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), a tick-borne disease has been in the news with reports of its outbreak in Pakistan. Pakistan is considered as an endemic country for CCHF during last two decades . Humans get this infection after a bite of an infected tick or from one infected human to another by contact with infectious blood or body fluids. Aim: To assess the level of knowledge regarding Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) among the local residence of Karachi, Pakistan. Method: This questionnaire based cross-sectional survey was conducted among the local residence of Karachi, Pakistan. The questionnaire was composed of 20 questions. The questionnaire included demographic information with their designation and knowledge level regarding sources, transmission, symptoms, prevention and treatment of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). Result: A total of 150 respondents interviewed in the survey. Sufficient knowledge about CCHF was not found in (23%) of the respondent participants. Literate individuals (71%) were relatively better knowledge about CCHF as compared to the illiterate people (29%). Television and internet (50%) were considered as the most important and useful source of information on the disease. Conclusion: This study revealed that the knowledge level of Karachi citizens about CCHF was insufficient. -
Meeting on Prevention and Control of Crimean– Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Summary report on the WHO-EM/CSR/103/E Meeting on prevention and control of Crimean– Congo haemorrhagic fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Muscat, Oman 7–9 December 2015 WHO-EM/CSR/103/E Summary report on the Meeting on prevention and control of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Muscat, Oman 7–9 December 2015 © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Knowledge Sharing and Production, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, PO Box 7608, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt (tel: +202 2670 2535, fax: +202 2670 2492; email: [email protected]). -
Occupational Zoonoses in Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians in India: a Review
Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 REVIEW ARTICLE Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.6/Sept-2013/5.pdf Open Access Occupational zoonoses in zoo and wildlife veterinarians in India: A review H. B. Chethan Kumar1, K. M. Lokesha2, C. B. Madhavaprasad3, V. T. Shilpa4, N. S. Karabasanavar5 and A. Kumar6 1. Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]; 2. School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected]; 3. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]; 4. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Hassan, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]; 5. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]; 6. Principal Scientist and Head, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: H. B. Chethan Kumar, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 27-02-2013, Revised: 14-04-2013, Accepted: 16-04-2013, Published online: 19-06-2013 How to cite this article: Chethan Kumar HB, Lokesha KM, Madhavaprasad CB, Shilpa VT, Karabasanavar NS and Kumar A (2013) Occupational zoonoses in zoo and wildlife veterinarians in India, Vet World 6(9): 605-613, doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2013.605-613 Abstract Zoos and biological parks are considered as a hub for public recreation and education. This is highlighted by the fact that visitors to the zoos are increasing year by year and they generate sizeable revenue. -
Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases for Multisectoral, One Health Collaboration in the United States Workshop Summary
Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases for Multisectoral, One Health Collaboration in the United States Workshop Summary CS29887A ONE HEALTH ZOONOTIC DISEASE PRIORITIZATION WORKSHOP REPORT, UNITED STATES Photo 1. A brown bear in the forest. ii ONE HEALTH ZOONOTIC DISEASE PRIORITIZATION WORKSHOP REPORT, UNITED STATES TABLE OF CONTENTS Participating Organizations ........................................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Workshop Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Recommendations for Next Steps ........................................................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX A: Overview of the One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Process ................................ 39 APPENDIX B: One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Workshop Participants for the United States ............................................................................................................................................................................... -
ZOONOSES INTRODUCTION: There Are More Helminth Parasites of Lower Animals Infecting Humans Than Any Other Group of Animal Parasites
ZOONOSES INTRODUCTION: There are more helminth parasites of lower animals infecting humans than any other group of animal parasites. Nematodes, cestodes and trematode infections abound in nature and are found in every known species of vertebrate. Most parasites usually exist in harmony in their natural hosts, but when they become zoonotic parasites, they usually cause serious disease in humans. Zoonoses are “those diseases or infections that are naturally transmitted between animals and man”. In a broad sense, all animals are included in the definition, but most studies of zoonoses involve only diseases of vertebrates. The term anthroponoses means human diseases that are transmissible to animals. The word “zoonoses” (singular zoonosis) originated from the Greek word „zoon‟ meaning animal, „nosos‟ meaning disease and it was Rudolf Virchow who first used this term in 1855 in his famous „Handbook of Communicable Disease‟ to describe the animal diseases secondarily transmissible to man. The overall concept of zoonoses is complex. It involves man, another vertebrate, often an arthropod, the agent that causes disease, and the environment – all forming a biologic whole. The interaction of these parts involves more than just a sum of the parts. A serious study of zoonoses should thus include the ecology of all organisms involved – parasite, animal, vector and man. Many zoonoses such as balantidiasis (caused by an intestinal ciliate), fascioliasis hepatica (liver fluke disease) and tongue-worm infection, are found almost exclusively in animals and only rarely in man. Others, such as leishmaniasis (Oriental sore), flea infestation, African sleeping sickness and clonorchiasis (chinese fluke infection), are common in both animals and man. -
Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus: Introduction in the Americas Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011
O P S N N O PR O V United States of America Washington, D.C. 20037, 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W., I S M A U L U N T D E I O H P A PAHO/CDC PREparEDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS INTRODUCTION IN THE AMERICAS Chikungunya Virus Chikungunya Introduction in theAmericas in Introduction Preparedness andResponse for Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas S A LU O T R E P O P A P H S O N I O D V I M U N PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus: Introduction in the Americas Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011 ISBN: 978-92-75-11632-6 I. Title 1. VECTOR CONTROL 2. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL 3. EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE 4. DISEASE OUTBREAKS 5. VIRUS DISEASE - transmission 6. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 7. AMERICAS NLM QX 650.DA1 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Editorial Services, Area of Knowledge Management and Communications (KMC), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The Area for Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control, Project for Alert and Response and Epidemic Diseases, at (202) 974-3010 or via email at [email protected], will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©Pan American Health Organization, 2011. -
Classification of Zoonoses
Classification of Zoonoses Dr. R. S. Tayde Assistant professor Dept. of VPH & Epidemiology Co.V.Sc. & A.H., Mhow Coined the term “Zoonoses” Stating that “Between animal and human medicine, there is no dividing line, nor should there be. The object is different but the experience gained constitute Rudolf Virchow the basis of all medicine” 1821-1905 What are zoonoses? Zoonosis (singular) / Zoonoses (plural) Zoon = animals Noses = diseases Infections or agents that are naturally transmitted Animals Humans Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959 3 Why zoonotic diseases are important ? • 61% (868 / 1415) of human pathogens are shared by animals (Zoonoses) (Woolhouse et al., 2005) • 64% (14/ 22) infectious agents identified from1973-1994 are zoonoses (Chomel, 2003) • 73% (130/177) of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin (Woolhouse et al., 2005) Who transmit zoonoses? HUMANS Farm Animals Wild Animals Vectors Cattle Rats Mosquitoes Buffaloes Mice/rodents Sheep Ticks Squirrels Goats Lice Raccoons Swine Foxes Flea Cats Bats House Dogs Migratory birds Camel Flies others Poultry Insects who are at risk in humans ? Population at higher risk Infants Children <5 Pregnant women People undergoing chemotherapy People with organ transplants People with HIV/AIDS Elderly Most susceptible groups ( Farmers, livestock owners & occupational groups) 1. Share air and space with animals 2. Frequent contact with domestic and wild animals 6 who are at risk in animals ? Immunosupressed High yielder Reptiles Chicks/ducklings Puppies, kittens < 6 months Animals with diarrhea Exotic and wild animals Classification of Zoonoses Etiological agents. Transmission cycle. Reservoir hosts Classification based on Etiological agents. -
Zoonotic Alert –
ZOONOTIC ALERT – What is zoonosis and why should you care? Zoonosis refers to a parasite, bacteria, or virus (such as rabies), that can be passed directly from animals to humans. Members of your family can unknowingly pick up a zoonotic disease at the park, playground, or even in your own backyard. Children are especially vulnerable to zoonotic diseases because they play outside and are more likely to put contaminated objects into their mouths. The most common zoonotic parasites are roundworms and hookworms. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected with roundworms. The staff of Ellington Center Animal Clinic takes parasite infections and zoonotic disease transmission very seriously. We STRONGLY recommend annual parasite testing for your pet and a year-round monthly prevention program. Even indoor cats are exposed to parasites if you have other pets that go outside. Fleas may “hitch a ride” on your shoes or pant legs and jump onto your indoor cat. It is estimated that 15% of commercially available potting soil is contaminated with roundworm eggs. Even indoor cats can hunt mice. Mosquitos frequently enter our homes. In multi-cat homes, when it is difficult to identify which fecal specimen belongs to which cat, we recommend testing a stool specimen every year and if parasites are found, deworming all cats in the household. FECAL TESTING = INTESTINAL PARASITE SCREEN The fecal sample you brought today will be analyzed at the A pre-paid fecal collection vial will be added to today’s laboratory. You will receive a telephone call with results in invoice. -
Transmission of Diseases Via Animals and Insects Zoonotic Infections
7/13/2011 Transmission of Diseases via Animals and Insects Greta Schuster, PhD. Associate Professor, IPM Texas A&M University ‐ Kingsville Environmental and Children’s Health Training Texas AgriLife Research & Extension Center Weslaco, TX June 23, 2011 Zoonotic infections • Zoonoses are infections that can be passed from animals to humans. • Sources of zoonoses include cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, chickens, native birds, kangaroos, wild animals, rodents, reptiles (including turtles and tortoises) and bats. 1 7/13/2011 • A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be shared between animals and people. • A person may become infected with an animal disease indirectly (from the environment or through flies, mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) or directly (through close contact between animals and people). Ways Zoonotic Diseases Are Spread • Fecal‐oral route ‐Animal feces may pass directly from soiled hands to mouth, or indirectly by way of objects, surfaces, water or food contaminated with feces. • Inhalation ‐ Humans may breathe in droplets containing harmful organisms (aerosols) originating from an infected animal. 2 7/13/2011 Ways Zoonotic Diseases Are Spread • Ingestion ‐ Consuming contaminated food or water may lead to illness –for example, consumption of unpasteurized milk from an infected animal or eating animal feed. • Vector transmission Vector • Biological Vector –e.g. mosquitoes that transmit WNV • Mechanical Vector –insect that carries pathogen on body surface or mouthparts, or even within the gut but which does not allow for multiplication of the pathogen. House flies – Think dirty needle! 3 7/13/2011 Vector‐borne Diseases • A vector‐borne disease is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts.