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Fundación Jatun Sacha CONSEJO ECUATORIANO PARA LA CERTIFICACIÓN FORESTAL VOLUNTARIA ECUATORIANA (CEFOVE) GUÍA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN Y MANEJO DE BOSQUES DE ALTO VALOR DE CONSERVACIÓN EN ECUADOR Realizado por: Alianza Jatun Sacha – CDC Ecuador Autores: Carlos Carrera Reyes Angel Jácome Mena Armando Chamorro Rosero David Thomas Contrato No. age 45/04 Consultoría CEFOVE: Formulación de Indicadores para la Aplicación del Principio 9 del FSC-Bosques de Alto Valor de Conservación en Ecuador Fecha: Marzo 2005 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH © 2005, GTZ / CEFOVE / ALIANZA JATUN SACHA - CDC ECUADOR CEFOVE Consultoría financiada por: GTZ: Proyecto Estándares Ecológicos y Sociales Manejada por: CEFOVE Alianza Jatun Sacha – CDC Ecuador Eugenio de Santillán N34-248 y Maurián Telfs: (593) 2 432240 / (593) 2 432246 Fax: (593) 2 453583 E-mail: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador Realizado por: Alianza Jatun Sacha – CDC Ecuador Autores: Armando Chamorro Rosero Angel Jácome Mena Carlos Carrera Reyes “Guía para la identificación y manejo de bosques de alto valor de conservación en Ecuador” fue posible mediante el apoyo proveído por el Proyecto Estándares Ecológicos y Sociales de la GTZ, bajo CEFOVE. Las opiniones expresadas en este informe son de los autores y no necesariamente representan la opinión oficial de GTZ. ii RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El presente documento de guía nacional para determinación de Bosques de Alto Valor de Conservación (BAVC) ha sido construido en el marco de los lineamientos generados por el FSC a escala global y en función de los criterios regionales registrados en la información secundaria. Es preciso señalar que se han tomado en cuenta los lineamientos propuestos por el grupo de certificación forestal voluntaria del Ecuador CEFOVE. La determinación de estos atributos demandó una revisión exhaustiva y metódica de la información disponible sobre el tema. Sin embargo, hubo grandes limitaciones para su obtención por la poca literatura existente. Es evidente que el tema de BAVC tiene un desarrollo incipiente a escala global y regional sobre todo en el tema social. El proceso incluyó una fase consultiva con diferentes actores de la sociedad civil y del Estado. Con ellos se reflexionó sobre los elementos básicos para la construcción de los indicadores nacionales. La consulta se realizó en tres provincias: Pichincha, Esmeraldas y Pastaza. El principal resultado de este proceso fue la determinación de altos valores aplicables para el país. Se procuró que estos sean de fácil comprensión para los manejadores y propietarios de bosques, con este propósito, esta guía incluye lineamientos de manejo aplicables para cada AVC. Es importante señalar que los altos valores nacionales partieron del modelo presentado en la guía nacional del ProForest para el FSC. Cada valor se validó y adaptó para el caso del Ecuador. La presente guía constituirá un instrumento no solo de consulta, pero de interpretación de la realidad aplicable a nivel nacional en el contexto de la certificación forestal. iii Tabla de contenidos RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ....................................................................................................................... III SIGLAS UTILIZADAS ........................................................................................................................... V I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. CERTIFICACIÓN FORESTAL ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2. BOSQUES PRODUCTORES DE ECUADOR ................................................................................... 1 1.3. DEFINICIÓN DE BOSQUES DE ALTO VALOR DE CONSERVACIÓN (BAVC)..................................... 2 1.4. ELEMENTOS DE BOSQUES DE ALTO VALOR DE CONSERVACIÓN A NIVEL MUNDIAL. ........................ 2 II. GUÍA PARA DETERMINAR ALTOS VALORES DE CONSERVACIÓN..................................... 5 AVC1. ÁREAS FORESTALES QUE CONTIENEN GLOBAL, REGIONAL O NACIONALMENTE CONCENTRACIONES SIGNIFICANTES DE VALORES DE BIODIVERSIDAD (POR EJEMPLO, ENDEMISMO, ESPECIES EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN, REFUGIOS). ........................................................................................................................ 5 AVC2. ÁREAS FORESTALES SIGNIFICATIVAS INTACTAS A NIVEL DE PAISAJE ........................................... 21 AVC3. ÁREAS FORESTALES QUE SON O CONTIENEN ECOSISTEMAS AMENAZADOS O EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN ......................................................................................................................................... 22 AVC4. ÁREAS FORESTALES QUE OFRECEN SERVICIOS BÁSICOS EN SITUACIONES CRÍTICAS (POR EJEMPLO, PROTECCIÓN DE CUENCAS, CONTROL DE LA EROSIÓN) ......................................................................... 25 AVC5. ÁREAS FORESTALES FUNDAMENTALES PARA CUMPLIR CON LAS NECESIDADES BÁSICAS DE LAS COMUNIDADES LOCALES (POR EJEMPLO, SUBSISTENCIA, SALUD) ........................................................... 33 III. GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS ................................................................................................... 45 IV. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................................................................... 47 VII. FUENTES IDENTIFICADAS DE INFORMACIÓN ................................................................. 49 VIII. ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................. 50 ANEXO 1. ÁREAS DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS DEL ECUADOR. ............................... 51 ANEXO 2. UBICACIÓN DE HUMEDALES RAMSAR DECLARADOS EN ECUADOR........................................ 52 ANEXO 3. ÁREAS DETERMINADAS POR MAN AND BIOSPHERE (MAB) COMO RESERVAS DE LA BIOSFERA. 53 ANEXO 4. ÁREAS DE ALTAS CONCENTRACIONES DE ENDEMISMO EN LA CORDILLERA REAL ORIENTAL. .... 54 ANEXO 5. AREAS DE ALTO ENDEMISMO EN AVES .................................................................................. 55 ANEXO 6. ÁREAS DE ENDEMISMO DE AVES PARA ECUADOR. ................................................................ 56 ANEXO 7. ÁREAS IMPORTANTES PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN SEGÚN GLOBAL 200 DE WWF....................... 70 ANEXO 8. MAPA DE VEGETACIÓN REMANENTE DEL ECUADOR. ............................................................. 71 ANEXO 9. ÀREAS PRIORITARIAS PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODEIVERSIDAD EN EL ECUADOR CONTINENTAL. ................................................................................................................................... 72 ANEXO 10. MAPA DE RIESGOS DE EROSIÓN. ....................................................................................... 73 ANEXO 11. MODELO DE ENCUESTAS Y OTROS INSTRUMENTOS ............................................................. 74 iv SIGLAS UTILIZADAS AVC: Alto Valor de Conservación BAVC: Bosques de Alto Valor de Conservación. BID: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. CAP: Conocimientos Actitudes y Prácticas. CECIA: Corporación Ecuatoriana de Conservación e Investigación de las Aves. CEFOVE: Grupo nacional de trabajo sobre certificación forestal voluntaria del Ecuador. CI: Conservation International – Conservación Internacional. DINAREN: Dirección Nacional de Recursos Naturales EBAs: Endemic Bird Areas – Áreas de Endemismo de Aves. ENSO: El Niño Oscilación del Sur. FJS: Fundación Jatun Sacha. FSC: Forest Stewardship Council – Consejo de Manejo Forestal. IGM: Instituto Geográfico Militar. INEC: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. IRD: Instituto Francés de Investigación para el Desarrollo MFS: Manejo Forestal Sustentable. OIT: Organización Internacional del Trabajo. ONG: Organización No Gubernamental. PNM: Productos No Maderables. PNUD: Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. SIISE: Sistema Integrado de Indicadores Sociales del Ecuador. SNAP: Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. UMF: Unidad de Manejo Forestal. UNICEF: Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia. WWF: World Wildlife Fund – Fondo mundial para la vida silvestre. v I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. Certificación Forestal El Consejo de Manejo Forestal o Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) es una organización internacional no gubernamental, que tiene 10 años de vida y provee mecanismos que contribuyen a mejorar las condiciones sociales y ambientales presentes en las actividades de manejo forestal a escala mundial. Para ello ha creado y acreditado estándares de certificación de buen manejo forestal, con una amplia participación de actores sociales, ambientales y económicos. La certificación forestal es un proceso voluntario que evalúa en qué medida una operación o industria de manejo forestal cumple con los estándares acreditados por el FSC. Para llevarla a cabo, se utilizan estándares basados en 10 principios y 56 criterios que consideran aspectos ambientales, sociales y económicos. La certificación forestal es un instrumento de reciente incorporación en los procesos de manejo forestal sustentable en América Latina. Las experiencias se encuentran en diversas etapas y ritmos de concreción; surge, en consecuencia, la necesidad de conocer las experiencias, revisar los avances realizados, aclarar los caminos, compartir los éxitos y extraer lecciones aprendidas en esos procesos. En Ecuador, en marzo de 2004, se han consensuado los estándares nacionales. El Grupo Nacional de Trabajo sobre Certificación Forestal Voluntaria en Ecuador (CEFOVE) mantuvo reuniones
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