Siphonaptera De La Costa Sur-Occidental De América (Primera Lista Y Distribución Zoo-Geografica)

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Siphonaptera De La Costa Sur-Occidental De América (Primera Lista Y Distribución Zoo-Geografica) SIPHONAPTERA DE LA COSTA SUR-OCCIDENTAL DE AMÉRICA (PRIMERA LISTA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN ZOO-GEOGRAFICA) Por el Dr. ATILIO MACCHIAVELLO Epidemiólogo de Za Ojkina Sanitaria Panamericana Durante los trabajos epidemiológicos relacionados con la peste bubó- nica, el A. y sus colaboradores han examinado unas 500,000 pulgas durante los últimos 15 años, en Chile, Peru,” y Ecuador,* la mayor parte de origen murino, reduciendose la fauna pulida de las ratas domesti- cas a una docena de especies, a lo menos en la costa sur-occidental de América. Las recientes investigaciones sobre peste selvática y rural, en el Norte del Perú, han proporcionado la oportunidad de obtener roedores y pulgas diferentes de los que se acostumbraba examinar anteriormente. La dificultad en encontrar literatura entomológica hace creer oportuno resumir los nuevos hallazgos en relación a sifonápteros, en una lista tentativa de las especiesdescritas en la costa sur-occidental de América, algunas de las cuales pueden adquirir importancia futura como vectoras de peste. Hay escasezde informaciones sobre el genero Polygenis, que juega papel preponderante en la transmisi6n y manten- ción de la peste selvática en el foco recientemente descubierto en la frontera peruano-ecuatoriana. La lista que sigue no es total y las referencias son incompletas. Los autores que mencionan especies púlidas, no lo hacen con la precisión deseable respecto a huéspedes o sitios de recolección. Muchas de las clasificaciones no han sido realizadas por entornologos, ni por zoólogos. Asi, por ejemplo, las pulgas clasificadas en Ecuador como Ceratophyllus fasciatus probablemente corresponden a i?osopsyllus londiniensis, ya que la primera no se encuentra en ese pais. Hasta donde es posible, las designaciones zoológicas se han modernizado de acuerdo con la nomen- clatura utilizada por Cabrera, Yepes y Wiedner, en la obra “Mamíferos Sud-Americanos.” La bibliografía sobre Xiphonaptera de esta zona es casi totalmente extranjera. Los autores nacionales se ocupan más bien de problemas de entomología aplicados a la medicina y en especial en relación a la peste bubónica. De estos trabajos se extrajeron datos relativos a la reparti- ción zoo-geográfica de especiesya descritas. La parte más importante de esta lista se refiere a las especies pulidas que parasitan roedores. * En el Perú, el Sr. B. Mostajo P. nos prestó valiosa ayuda en la recolección de pulgas de ratas, en las zonas pestosas. Lo mismo, en Ecuador, el personal del Servicio Antipeetoso. Los Dres. Carro1 Fox, Jellison y Jordan han cooperado examinando algunos materiales, especialmente dudosos, o de zonas bajo investi- gación inicial. 412 [Muyo 19481 SIPHONAPTERA 413 Muchos de los datos mencionados son inéditos. Las investigaciones a que se refiere este trabajo se desarrollaron en Chile de 1929 hasta 1939, período en que el autor fue Jefe del Servicio Nacional Antipestoso; en Ecuador, se realizaron en 194041 y desde 1942 a 1944, primero como Epidemiólogo de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana y luego como Direc- tor del Instituto Nacional de Higiene; en el Per& las primeras investiga- ciones se hicieron en 1941, y se reanudaron a fines de 1944 hasta la fecha (1947). Se ha contado con la cooperación de los respectivos servicios de sanidad y antipestosos, estando 10sestudios más recientes financiados por una subvención del Instituto de Asuntos Interamericanos. Evidentemente muchos AA. citados no son entomólogos, ignorándose el grado de certeza que exista en sus determinaciones taxonómicas. Hay necesidad de mayores estudios sobre la fauna púIida y su distribución zoológica y geográfica en América. Los géneros y especiesque no cor- responden a roedores han sido insuficientemente estudiados y a veces sólo se conoce el ejemplar tipo del género que sirvió para establecerlo. En otros casoslas series observadas son pequeñas y corresponden a una sola localidad. Aunque es evidente que existen variantes geográfkas de muchas especiesde pulgas, no se pretende aquf establecerlas. La bibliograffa correspondiente a las primeras descripciones taxonómicas se agrega a los nombres gen&icos o específicos. La cita de los autores en conexión con Ia repartición zoo-geográficade las especies se hace Gaextenso en cada caso, con referencias a la bibliografía general y en la forma en uso. Sólo se exceptúan las referencias al autor del presente trabajo, marcadas simplemente (M), siguiéndose la indicación del año del hallazgo y a veces de la indicación (inéd.) que indica el carácter del mismo. Valiosa ayuda en Ia confección de la lista ha prestado el reciente catá- logo de Pulgas de1Mundo, de Costa Lima y Hathaway, manteniendo las divisiones adoptadas por estos autores, exceptuada la designacibn del orden, en que preferimos Siphonaptera a Suctoria. La presente lista nos marca un punto de partida para investigaciones más extensas sobre este asunto, sin perder de vista la finalidad epidemio- lógica. Orden SIPHONAPTERA Latreiile, 1825 (Fam. iVat. Regn. Anim., p. 334) A.-Familia PULICIDAE Stephens, 1829 (Sgst. Cat. Brit. Iris., 2: 328) Sub-familia PULICINAE Tiraboschi, 1904 (Arch. Paras., 8: 242) I.-GLnero PULEX Linne, 1758 l.-PTJLEX IRRITANS IRRITANS Linne, 1758 (Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 614, part.) Costa Lima y Hathaway, 1946, Pulgas, p. 93 414 OFICINA SANITARIA PANAMERICANA Mwo (a) Hombre.-En Chde la mencionan Demarla y Gallinato en San- tiago (1929), Vidal en Valparaíso (1929) y Gallinato en Santiago y Arica (1931), así como M. en las siguientes localidades: Antofagasta, Iquique, Tocopilla, Taltal, Arica, Mejillones y Caleta CoIoso, de la Costa Norte de Chile (1932-1939); en Pica, Tarapacá (1934); en Calama, Chuquica- mata, San Pedro de Atacama y 14 poblados de 10s alrededores, hasta 4,200 metros de altura, en los Andes, al interior de Antofagasta (1933) ; en Salamanca (Valle del Choapa) y Los Vilos (1937) ; en Copiapó y La Serena (1930) ; en Santiago, Valparafso, San Carlos, Chillán, Concepción, San Javier, San Fabián de AIico, Talca, Linares (193739) ; y en Puerto Montt y Ancud (1938). En Perú, Eskey, Long, Mostajo, Colichón, Ramos Díaz la mencionan como abundante para la Costa y Sierra peruanas, siendo predominante en ésta. Despulgues de ponchoshan sido realizados frecuentemente por estos autores, obteniéndose cantidades variables de P. irritans, a veces varios centenares en un individuo. EI autor ha hecho hallazgos similares, habiendo constatado personalmente la existencia de P. ZrrZtuns sobre hombre en la Provincia del Callao y en los Departamentos de Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Libertad, Ancash, Lima e Ica, envarios centenares de localidades ubicadas desde el nivel del mar hasta cercade 4,000 metros de alturas, desde la costa, hasta el Río Marañón (Balzas). (1941 y 1944-7). En Ecuador, Suárez la encuentra sobre hombres, en Quito, Guaytacama, Latacunga, Salcedo, Ambato, Guamote, Pungalá, Guasuntos y Guaya- quil; Miño, en los mismos sitios (menos Salcedo), y además en Rio- bamba, Cebadas, Aehupallas, AIausí, Huigra, Cuenca y Cañar; (1933) ; Eskey, se refiera a ella como una “peste” de la Sierra ecuatoriana; Sáenz Vera (inéd.) la encuentra en todas las poblaciones de la Provincia de Chimborazo y Loja. En 1940 y 1941, el autor con S&enzVera, realizaron un censo púlido en hombres de la Sierra. En 1940, sobre 6,143 pulgas recolectadas sobre hombres y SUSropas, en los sectores de Alausí, Sibambe, Guasuntos, Guamote, Riobamba, Huigra, Flores, Pungalá y Quimiag, y en un total de 54 localidades, 98.33yo fueron P. irritans. En 1941, sobre 7,225, recolectadas en 70 localidades de la misma Sierra interandina, ~610 130 n6 fueron P. irritans. El A. ha comprobado además esta pulga sobre hombres, en Quito, Ibarra, Guayaquil, Loja y El Oro, Matará y Hda. Bolasbamba, en la frontera con el Perú. En Bolivia, se conoce la elevada incidencia de P. irritans en las Iocali- dades de Ia Sierra, pero no hay menciones específicas sobre su distri- bución. El A. la ha constatado en La Paz. (b) Perro (C%nisfcwwZaris).-En Chile, M. en Antofagasta, Iquique, Santiago, San Carlos (1932-39). En Perú, M. en Chincha, Lima, Huacho, Trujillo, Piura, Tumbes, Lancones (Los Encuentros, Jabonillos, La Chorrera) y Huancabamba (Soccha, aprox. 2,000 metros de altura l&?JS] I SIPHONAPTERA 415 y Cascamache,aprox. 3,300 m). En Ecuador, Suárez (1927) la encuentra en perros de Quito, y Guaytacama (aproximadamente 2 y 30%) ; Miño (1933), en Quito, Huigra, Cañar y Cuenca; eI A. (1940), en Aguaysacte, Huigra, Lutumbug y GUZO,formando el 5% de 1556 pulgas de este origen. En Riobamba, Ambato, Alausí, Guamote, Quito y Guayaquil, la proporción de P. irritans sobre perros fue menor del 1%. Ocasional- mente, la pulga del hombre predomina sobre la Ctenoeephalides canis. (c) Gato (Felis domestkus).-En Chile, el A. la ha encontrado en Antofagasta e Iquique; en Per& en Lima, Huacho, Cajamarca y Celen- din; y en Z&uador, en Ambato y Quito. Suárez (1927) la menciona en Guaytacama, Ecuador. (d) Conejos.-En Chile, M., en Antofagasta, sobre conejosen cauti- verio (Oryctolugus cunzkz& (?) ; lo mismo en Perú, Huacho, (1945 inéd.). En Ecuador, Miño, en Guamote, Cuenca, Ambato, Alausf. En Ecuador, Suárez (1927), en Alausí, sobre Sylvilagus sp. (undinus?) y el A. (1946) sobre SyZvvZZagussp. de la zona rural de Huancabamba (Siclamache), Perú, capturados en las cercanías de viviendas humanas, a cerca de 2,000 m. de altura. (e) Cavia porceZZus.-Mostajo, Long (1935), Colichón (1934), Ramos Dfaz (1938), en Perú, mencionan la frecuencia con que P. irritans se encuentran sobre cobayos de la Sierra que conviven con el hombre. Ramos Díaz, calcula en
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