DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rhetoric of Persusasive Games: Freedom and Discipline in America's Army

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rhetoric of Persusasive Games: Freedom and Discipline in America's Army View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games Freedom and discipline in America’s Army Master’s thesis in media studies, Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo March 5 th , 2007 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games 2/136 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games Summary Computer games are one of the most popular entertainment forms of our time. But these games can also be used for overt military propaganda – as in the case of the US Army’s vastly popular recruitment game America’s Army. This thesis uses computer game theory (often known as ludology) to try to understand how computer games can serve as representations of ideas. Looking at three fundamental aspects of computer games – the gameworlds, the rules and the player roles – I find three rhetorical strategies connected with these aspects: authenticity , legitimization and identification , respectively. All of these strategies are connected with an emphasis on discipline and constraints on player behavior within the game, and contribute to a subtly formed ethos which lends credibility and authority to the game – and by extension, to the US Army. Based on an argument about the nature of freedom and discipline in computer games, I suggest a model for rhetorical analysis of persuasive computer games which focuses on the game’s balance of freedom and constraints in each of the fundamental aspects of the game; in which the gameworld is seen on a spectrum between authenticity and autonomy, the player role on a spectrum between identification and identity play, and the game rules on a spectrum between legitimization and opposition. Sammendrag Dataspill er en av nåtidens mest populære underholdningsformer. Men disse spillene kan også brukes til utilslørt militær propaganda; noe den amerikanske hærens svært populære rekrutteringsspill America’s Army er et eksempel på. Denne masteroppgaven bruker dataspillteori (ofte omtalt som ludologi) for å forsøke å forstå hvordan dataspill kan tjene som representasjoner av ideer. Jeg ser på noen grunnleggende sider ved spillformen – spillverdenen, reglene og spillernes roller – og finner tre retoriske strategier forbundet med disse sidene: Henholdsvis autentisitet, legitimering og identifikasjon . Alle disse strategiene er forbundet med et fokus på disiplin og begrensninger på spillerens frihet i spillet, og bidrar til en subtilt formet ethos som gir troverdighet og autoritet til spillet – og dermed også til USAs hær. Ut fra en diskusjon om frihet og disiplin i dataspill foreslår jeg en modell for retorisk analyse av overtalende dataspill som fokuserer på spillets balanse mellom frihet og begrensninger i de ulike sidene ved spillet. I denne modellen sees spillverdenen som et spektrum mellom autentisitet og autonomi, spillernes roller som et spektrum mellom identifikasjon og spill med identiteter, og spillreglene som et spektrum mellom legitimering og opposisjon. 3/136 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games 4/136 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games Contents Summary..............................................................................................................................................3 Sammendrag.........................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................8 2. Persuasive games and rhetoric .......................................................................................................12 2.1 Persuasive games .....................................................................................................................12 2.2 Rhetoric....................................................................................................................................15 2.2.1 The rhetoric of political speeches .....................................................................................16 2.2.2 The rhetoric of the image..................................................................................................19 2.3.3 The rhetoric of moving images .........................................................................................20 2.2.4 The rhetoric of ergodic works...........................................................................................22 2.3 Game theories ..........................................................................................................................23 2.3.1 Janet Murray: Hamlet on the Holodeck ............................................................................24 2.3.2 Espen Aarseth: Cybertext..................................................................................................25 2.3.3 Ludology...........................................................................................................................26 2.3.4 Jesper Juul’s game model: Half-Real................................................................................26 2.3.5 Criticism of the half-real model........................................................................................27 2.3.6 Games and representation .................................................................................................30 2.3.7 Player roles........................................................................................................................40 2.4 The rhetoric of computer games ..............................................................................................45 3. America's Army : A game-rhetorical analysis.................................................................................51 3.1 Background ..............................................................................................................................51 3.1.1 Other works about America’s Army.................................................................................52 3.2 Genre: Multiplayer tactical shooter..........................................................................................53 3.2.1 Counter-Strike: Source......................................................................................................55 3.2.2 Battlefield 2.......................................................................................................................56 3.3 America’s Army ........................................................................................................................59 3.4 Gameworld measurements.......................................................................................................68 3.4.1 Speed measurements.........................................................................................................68 3.4.2 Size of maps......................................................................................................................69 3.4.3 Gameworld realism...........................................................................................................72 3.5 Rhetorical strategies.................................................................................................................76 5/136 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games 3.5.1 Player roles: The strategy of identification.......................................................................77 3.5.2 A “realistic” gameworld – the strategy of authenticity.....................................................84 3.5.3 Rules of Engagement – the strategy of legitimization......................................................88 4 Freedom and Discipline ..................................................................................................................92 4.1 Kill the instructor .....................................................................................................................92 4.2 Hamlet revisited: Freedom and discipline on the Holodeck....................................................95 4.3 Gonzalo Frasca’s serious games: Radical discipline, radical freedom ....................................97 4.3.1 Ephemeral games: Seriousness by discipline....................................................................97 4.3.2 Videogames of the Oppressed: Seriousness by radical freedom ......................................99 4.4 Reduction and transgression ..................................................................................................100 4.5 The rhetoric of persuasive games...........................................................................................102 5. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................108 References........................................................................................................................................111 Games...........................................................................................................................................111 Audiovisual sources .....................................................................................................................114 Literature......................................................................................................................................115
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UPC Platform Publisher Title Price Available 730865001347
    UPC Platform Publisher Title Price Available 730865001347 PlayStation 3 Atlus 3D Dot Game Heroes PS3 $16.00 52 722674110402 PlayStation 3 Namco Bandai Ace Combat: Assault Horizon PS3 $21.00 2 Other 853490002678 PlayStation 3 Air Conflicts: Secret Wars PS3 $14.00 37 Publishers 014633098587 PlayStation 3 Electronic Arts Alice: Madness Returns PS3 $16.50 60 Aliens Colonial Marines 010086690682 PlayStation 3 Sega $47.50 100+ (Portuguese) PS3 Aliens Colonial Marines (Spanish) 010086690675 PlayStation 3 Sega $47.50 100+ PS3 Aliens Colonial Marines Collector's 010086690637 PlayStation 3 Sega $76.00 9 Edition PS3 010086690170 PlayStation 3 Sega Aliens Colonial Marines PS3 $50.00 92 010086690194 PlayStation 3 Sega Alpha Protocol PS3 $14.00 14 047875843479 PlayStation 3 Activision Amazing Spider-Man PS3 $39.00 100+ 010086690545 PlayStation 3 Sega Anarchy Reigns PS3 $24.00 100+ 722674110525 PlayStation 3 Namco Bandai Armored Core V PS3 $23.00 100+ 014633157147 PlayStation 3 Electronic Arts Army of Two: The 40th Day PS3 $16.00 61 008888345343 PlayStation 3 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed II PS3 $15.00 100+ Assassin's Creed III Limited Edition 008888397717 PlayStation 3 Ubisoft $116.00 4 PS3 008888347231 PlayStation 3 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed III PS3 $47.50 100+ 008888343394 PlayStation 3 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed PS3 $14.00 100+ 008888346258 PlayStation 3 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood PS3 $16.00 100+ 008888356844 PlayStation 3 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed: Revelations PS3 $22.50 100+ 013388340446 PlayStation 3 Capcom Asura's Wrath PS3 $16.00 55 008888345435
    [Show full text]
  • Runequestrunequest
    RUNEQUESTRUNEQUEST The Fantasy Role-Playing Game BY STEVE PERRIN RAY TURNEY STEVE HENDERSON WARREN JAMES with editing and special sections by John Sapienza and Greg Stafford illustrations by LUISE PERRIN Sartar and Prax maps by WILLIAM CHURCH based on the universe created by GREG STAFFORD with second-edition clarifications and corrections added by STEPHEN J WELLS 1 This book is dedicated to Dave Arneson and Gary Gygax, who first opened Pandora's box, and to Ken St. Andre, who found it could be opened again. With thanks to the following playtesters and critics - Richard Barnhart Ken Kaufer Greg Stafford Clint Bigglestone Bill Keyes Anders Swenson Ann Bruner Rudy Kraft Art Turney George Bruner Charlie Krank Bill Voorhees Ruth Bruner Jody Lee Warren Walton Mark Chilenskas Les Lugar Al Dewey Steve Marsh special 2nd edition thanks to Don Dupont Hal Moe Mark Chilenskas Tadashi Ehara Gordon Monson Bill Keyes David Forthoffer Hendrik Pfeifer Dan Pierson Hilda Hannifen Dan Pierson John Sapienza Owen Hannifen Hilary Powers Greg Stafford Terry Jackson Zack Richardson Anders Swenson Bill Johnson Rory Root Bill Jouris John Sapienza Sherman Kahn Wayne Shaw and all the playtesters whose names we forgot to get, and the contributors to ALARUMS AND EXCURSIONS, THE WILD HUNT, and THE LORDS OF CHAOS, who helped us find what was needed for the second edition. I INTRODUCTION 3 weapons use and training 24 VII RUNE MAGIC 53 background 4 missile weapons 27 mastering the Runes 53 map: Glorantha 6 shields 28 Rune cults 54 Pelorian Chronology (3rd age) 7 armor 28
    [Show full text]
  • MARCH 1St 2018
    March 1st We love you, Archivist! MARCH 1st 2018 Attention PDF authors and publishers: Da Archive runs on your tolerance. If you want your product removed from this list, just tell us and it will not be included. This is a compilation of pdf share threads since 2015 and the rpg generals threads. Some things are from even earlier, like Lotsastuff’s collection. Thanks Lotsastuff, your pdf was inspirational. And all the Awesome Pioneer Dudes who built the foundations. Many of their names are still in the Big Collections A THOUSAND THANK YOUS to the Anon Brigade, who do all the digging, loading, and posting. Especially those elite commandos, the Nametag Legionaires, who selflessly achieve the improbable. - - - - - - - – - - - - - - - - – - - - - - - - - - - - - - - – - - - - - – The New Big Dog on the Block is Da Curated Archive. It probably has what you are looking for, so you might want to look there first. - - - - - - - – - - - - - - - - – - - - - - - - - - - - - - - – - - - - - – Don't think of this as a library index, think of it as Portobello Road in London, filled with bookstores and little street market booths and you have to talk to each shopkeeper. It has been cleaned up some, labeled poorly, and shuffled about a little to perhaps be more useful. There are links to ~16,000 pdfs. Don't be intimidated, some are duplicates. Go get a coffee and browse. Some links are encoded without a hyperlink to restrict spiderbot activity. You will have to complete the link. Sorry for the inconvenience. Others are encoded but have a working hyperlink underneath. Some are Spoonerisms or even written backwards, Enjoy! ss, @SS or $$ is Send Spaace, m3g@ is Megaa, <d0t> is a period or dot as in dot com, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Serious Games Advergaming, Edugaming, Training and More
    Serious games Advergaming, edugaming, training and more Project manager Laurent Michaud [email protected] M83708 – June 2008 Author Julian Alvarez, PhD Science of Communication and Information Contributor Laurent Michaud, Head of the digital leisure division Copyright IDATE 2008, BP 4167, 34092 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Tous droits réservés – Toute reproduction, stockage All rights reserved. None of the contents of this ou diffusion, même partiel et par tous moyens, y publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval compris électroniques, ne peut être effectué sans system or transmitted in any form, including accord écrit préalable de l'IDATE. electronically, without the prior written permission of IDATE. ISBN 978-2-84822-169-4 Executive Summary Serious Games Advergaming, edugaming, training and more This study outlines the characteristics, uses and different genres of serious game. It examines the challenges involved in the design, development and distribution of various types of titles, while analysing the outlook for the industry and its growth drivers. 600 million to one billion potential Defining serious gaming Areas addressed users worldwide. There is a huge variety of ways to classify Today, serious games are employed in a At the end of 2007, the global video serious gaming. However, accepting the wide variety of sectors. game industry was worth 30 billion ambiguities and possible challenges in- Defence: one of the most important USD. At the same time, the serious herent in this, this study defines serious areas in terms of client investment and gaming market was estimated to be gaming as follows: orders. Serious games are also used by worth between 1.5 and 10+ billion The purpose of a serious game is to armies in Europe, though less widely than USD.
    [Show full text]
  • FANTASY GAMES and SOCIAL WORLDS Simulation As Leisure
    >> Version of Record - Sep 1, 1981 What is This? Downloaded from sag.sagepub.com at SAGE Publications on December 8, 2012 FANTASY GAMES AND SOCIAL WORLDS Simulation as Leisure GARY ALAN FINE University of Minnesota As the longevity and success of this journal attest, simulation games have had a considerable impact on the scholarly commun- ity, spawning cottage industries and academic specialties. Simu- lation gaming is now well established as a legitimate academic pursuit and teaching tool. Simultaneous with the growth of educational games, the 1970s witnessed the development and popularity of other role-playing games, essentially simulations, which have enjoyment and fantasy as their major goals. These games are known generically as fantasy role-playing games. My intent in this article is to describe the games, discuss the relationship of these games to similar activities (including educational simulations), describe the players, and examine their reasons for participating in this social world. By studying these play forms, researchers who specialize in educational simulations can observe parallels in this leisure activity. AUTHOR’S NOTE: The author would like to thank Sherryl Kleinman and Linda Hughes for comments on previous drafts of this article. SIMULATION ~c GAMES, Vol. 12 No. 3, September I981 251-279 @ 1981 Sage Pubhcations, Inc. 251 Downloaded from sag.sagepub.com at SAGE Publications on December 8, 2012 252 WHAT IS FANTASY ROLE-PLAY GAMING? A &dquo;[fantasy] role-playing game&dquo; has been defined as &dquo;any game which allows a number of players to assume the roles of imaginary characters and operate with some degree of freedom in an imaginary environment&dquo; (Lortz, 1979b: 36).
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Video Game Industry
    Inside the Video Game Industry GameDevelopersTalkAbout theBusinessofPlay Judd Ethan Ruggill, Ken S. McAllister, Randy Nichols, and Ryan Kaufman Downloaded by [Pennsylvania State University] at 11:09 14 September 2017 First published by Routledge Th ird Avenue, New York, NY and by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business © Taylor & Francis Th e right of Judd Ethan Ruggill, Ken S. McAllister, Randy Nichols, and Ryan Kaufman to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections and of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act . All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Ruggill, Judd Ethan, editor. | McAllister, Ken S., – editor. | Nichols, Randall K., editor. | Kaufman, Ryan, editor. Title: Inside the video game industry : game developers talk about the business of play / edited by Judd Ethan Ruggill, Ken S. McAllister, Randy Nichols, and Ryan Kaufman. Description: New York : Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa Business, [] | Includes index. Identifi ers: LCCN | ISBN (hardback) | ISBN (pbk.) | ISBN (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Video games industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Dragon Magazine
    DRAGON 1 Publisher: Mike Cook Editor-in-Chief: Kim Mohan Shorter and stronger Editorial staff: Marilyn Favaro Roger Raupp If this isnt one of the first places you Patrick L. Price turn to when a new issue comes out, you Mary Kirchoff may have already noticed that TSR, Inc. Roger Moore Vol. VIII, No. 2 August 1983 Business manager: Mary Parkinson has a new name shorter and more Office staff: Sharon Walton accurate, since TSR is more than a SPECIAL ATTRACTION Mary Cossman hobby-gaming company. The name Layout designer: Kristine L. Bartyzel change is the most immediately visible The DRAGON® magazine index . 45 Contributing editor: Ed Greenwood effect of several changes the company has Covering more than seven years National advertising representative: undergone lately. in the space of six pages Robert Dewey To the limit of this space, heres some 1409 Pebblecreek Glenview IL 60025 information about the changes, mostly Phone (312)998-6237 expressed in terms of how I think they OTHER FEATURES will affect the audience we reach. For a This issues contributing artists: specific answer to that, see the notice Clyde Caldwell Phil Foglio across the bottom of page 4: Ares maga- The ecology of the beholder . 6 Roger Raupp Mary Hanson- Jeff Easley Roberts zine and DRAGON® magazine are going The Nine Hells, Part II . 22 Dave Trampier Edward B. Wagner to stay out of each others turf from now From Malbolge through Nessus Larry Elmore on, giving the readers of each magazine more of what they read it for. Saved by the cavalry! . 56 DRAGON Magazine (ISSN 0279-6848) is pub- I mention that change here as an lished monthly for a subscription price of $24 per example of what has happened, some- Army in BOOT HILL® game terms year by Dragon Publishing, a division of TSR, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of Persusasive Games
    Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games Freedom and discipline in America’s Army Master’s thesis in media studies, Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo March 5 th , 2007 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games 2/136 Anders Sundnes Løvlie The rhetoric of persuasive games Summary Computer games are one of the most popular entertainment forms of our time. But these games can also be used for overt military propaganda – as in the case of the US Army’s vastly popular recruitment game America’s Army. This thesis uses computer game theory (often known as ludology) to try to understand how computer games can serve as representations of ideas. Looking at three fundamental aspects of computer games – the gameworlds, the rules and the player roles – I find three rhetorical strategies connected with these aspects: authenticity , legitimization and identification , respectively. All of these strategies are connected with an emphasis on discipline and constraints on player behavior within the game, and contribute to a subtly formed ethos which lends credibility and authority to the game – and by extension, to the US Army. Based on an argument about the nature of freedom and discipline in computer games, I suggest a model for rhetorical analysis of persuasive computer games which focuses on the game’s balance of freedom and constraints in each of the fundamental aspects of the game; in which the gameworld is seen on a spectrum between authenticity and autonomy, the player role on a spectrum between identification and identity play, and the game rules on a spectrum between legitimization and opposition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Advergame and Brand Loyalty
    International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom Vol. VI, Issue 11, November 2018 http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADVERGAME AND BRAND LOYALTY Servet Gura PhD. Student, Department of Marketing & Tourism, Faculty of Economy, University of Tirana, Albania [email protected] Vjollca Hysi Panajoti Prof. Dr., Head of Department of Marketing & Tourism, Faculty of Economy, University of Tirana, Albania Kriselda Sulçaj Gura PhD. Student and Research Assistant, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Epoka University, Albania Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of advergame on increasing brand loyalty. It aims to achieve concrete results by comparing the level of brand loyalty among two groups of Vodafone brand customers: those who have been part of the "Vodafone City" advergame and those who have not played it. The method chosen in this paper is the Quantitative Method. Study Approach is Deductive Approach. The research material used in this paper is collected through the Survey. The sample of this study consists of 600 people, clients of "Vodafone Albania" Sh.A. The main findings of the study are: (1) Advergame has a positive impact on brand loyalty, (2) Loyalty to advergame is closely related to brand loyalty. This study is the first of its kind in Albania. To date, there is no study which investigates advergame practice as a brand communication tool. Presenting concrete results, the current study can contribute to the existing literature and be an impetus for further studies in this regard. Keywords: Advergame, Brand Loyalty, Vodafone City Advergame, Vodafone Brand Licensed under Creative Common Page 183 © Gura, Panajoti & Gura INTRODUCTION Nowadays the main focus is not “to produce” but to be successful in transferring it from producer to consumer.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Squad Tactical Shooter (STS) by Guest W Riter Chuck "Magnum MGG" Ankenbauer
    Feature State of the Squad Tactical Shooter (STS) by Guest W riter Chuck "Magnum MGG" Ankenbauer W ow, Christmas is just around the corner! W hat does that mean for the PC gamer? W ell, to start with you need to start saving your money and begin deciding what games to get and what to pass up. I‘m not concerned with the thousands of console games to be released in the next few months, or even the hundreds of PC games (OK, I‘m bumping those numbers a little!), but I do want to talk about what squad tactical shooters are coming to the PC in the near future. Before we get started, let‘s break down what a squad tactical shooter is. W e all know that a squad is a group of soldiers, usually 10 to 12. A squad is part of a platoon, which is part of a company. —Tactical“ is the way that squad moves, engages, and sometimes retreats in battle. The tactics used by the squad include movement, formations, cover fire, flanking, and bounding over watch. There are many more but these are the most common. —Shooter—, well that‘s an easy one, a shooter is someone who shoots, someone who pulls the trigger of a gun, a weapon, or in our case clicks the left or right mouse button. There‘s been a lot of discussion on what makes a squad tactical shooter. Usually it‘s divided between more realistic games like Rainbow Six, Ghost Recon, and Operation Flashpoint and the other —run and gun“ type tactical shooters like Battlefield 1942, Blackhawk Down, and Joint Operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Theescapist 086.Pdf
    This week, Mur Lafferty returns to That explains the fast moving forward It’s a greedy game company’s smart discuss the rising number of game and cutting off anything left behind move to allow autonomy for the design degree programs with various tactic (“we don’t need anything that developers, since that will produce best We hear from a lot of people on a weekly industry insiders. Newcomer Blake doesn’t make us money”), as well as the games which will establish a base for basis wishing to write for the magazine. Schreurs shares the trials of an indie clinging to the Genesis system (“it made success (and thus - money) in the long Some just like the magazine’s style and game designer trying to get noticed by a us more money than any other attempt, run (think franchises), it’s too bad they want to be involved. Sometimes, they’ve publisher. Sara Grimes explores a so we must try and milk it for all it’s didn’t think of others - customers and 3d already looked at our editorial calendar potential outcome of child-focused worth”) and expensive(-ity of) add-ons. party developers - more. and have an issue in particular for which advergaming: datamining. Erin Hoffman they’d like to write. And some come jumps in to give the history and explain - shadowbird forward with fully fleshed out pitches or the importance of those in the bright T- articles, great ideas, but not at all shirts at GDC, the Conference In response to “Uwe Boll and the related to our calendar.
    [Show full text]
  • A Browser-Based Advergame As Communication Catalyst: Types of Communication in Video Games
    Comunicação e Sociedade, vol. 27, 2015, pp. 75 – 94 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.27(2015).2090 A browser-based advergame as communication catalyst: types of communication in video games Heinrich Söbke & Thomas Bröker Abstract Video games are a comprehensive, interactive media. Online games foster communica- tion and extend the range of communication types considerably. We examine prevailing types of communication in video games using the browser-based advergame Fliplife. This game pro- vides all a clear, delimited structure, an unpretentious user interface and the characteristics of a multiplayer online game. Thus Fliplife is an excellent frame to demonstrate the wide range of communication initiated in a video game. Among contained types of communication are verbal and non-verbal communications using graphics and actions/non-actions. Found communica- tion typically serves controlling and coordination of the game play, however private discussions and social banter exist also besides demonstration of player status and community identifica- tion. In our work we draw on the basic definition of communication as conveying information from a sender to a recipient. We categorize the found types of communication according to an abstract model of communication derived from common definitions. The compiled enumeration of communication elements and possible manifestations represents a draft of categorization for communication in video games in general. Although it still needs extended validation, this enumeration demonstrates that video games provide frameworks which host and initiate a wide variety of communication. As a significant difference compared to other media, video games and their notion of interactivity allow players to communicate through action and to change roles of sender and receiver.
    [Show full text]