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Dialogue and Diversity in Abkhazia Public Opinion Survey March 2015 Dialogue and Diversity in Abkhazia Public opinion survey Logo using multiply on layers Summary of results Logo drawn as seperate elements with overlaps coloured seperately The Association of Women of Abkhazia The Association of Women of Abkhazia (AWA) was established as a non-governmental organisation in 1999, following a conference that was organised by a group of women dealing with the human and material losses, disabilities, psychological and physical trauma that their society had suffered as a consequence of the 1992-93 war. AWA strives to protect the rights of women; promote better conditions and opportunities for women’s participation; strengthen the social and political position of women through civil society development; encourage co-operation and networking, and participate in peacebuilding processes in the Caucasus region and internationally. AWA provides social and psychological support to socially vulnerable women, offers free legal advice, and delivers a variety of educational activities, such as training seminars, conferences and public discussions. Its members co-operated closely with lawyers and members of the Abkhazian parliament to draft the Law on Gender Equality, which was adopted in 2009. AWA activists believe in the potential in women to promote peace and security, and to transform cultures of war and violence into cultures of non-violence and collaboration. They therefore work to foster the (political) participation of women across Abkhazia and from all ethnic and religious backgrounds, including in remote and isolated villages. Conciliation Resources Conciliation Resources is an independent organisation working with people in conflict to prevent violence and build peace. We provide advice, support and practical resources to help divided communities resolve their differences peacefully. In addition, we take what we learn to government decision-makers and others working to end conflict, to improve peacebuilding policies and practice worldwide. Cover photo © Ibragim Chkadua Dialogue and Diversity in Abkhazia: Public opinion survey – Summary of results • 3 Preface As a peacebuilding organisation, Conciliation analysis. The aim was to enhance the capacity of Resources sees issues around minority rights civil society actors in Abkhazia to facilitate inter- and inclusion in the wider context of conflict community dialogue, and to formulate priorities transformation. Establishing a long-term, and suggestions for better integrating and taking sustainable peace often requires a long process into account the needs of diverse ethnic and of supporting dialogue, repairing relationships, religious groups. and addressing the underlying causes of In order to get a better picture with regard to diverse conflict. Working with all those involved in and groups in Abkhazia, their perceptions and needs affected by a conflict is critical to bring about a concerning Abkhazian society and their respective lasting change. places in it, AWA began the project with a series The violation of human rights and civil liberties lies of focus groups and in-depth interviews among at the heart of many violent conflicts. Unmet social, representatives of a range of ethnic and religious political and economic needs may provoke opposition communities. The results of this qualitative research and civil unrest. Processes and institutions that are presented in more detail in this publication. promote people’s rights and address exclusion are Apart from providing first-hand information on therefore an integral part of peacebuilding. people’s perspectives, the research process Conciliation Resources has been working on the prompted a range of interlocutors to think, and Georgian-Abkhaz peace process since 1998, working generated interest in the topic among diverse closely with local partner organisations to promote circles within Abkhazia. Many of the respondents dialogue across various ethnic and political divides, continued to play an active role in the project, mainly and supporting local actors to address inequality and by engaging in a regular dialogue platform. This political tensions in their communities. platform brought together around fifteen individuals representing seven ethnic/religious groups, who Though inter-ethnic relations and minority inclusion met every other month to discuss serious issues of had long been identified as a pressing issue by a concern, compare perspectives, voice grievances number of Conciliation Resources’ interlocutors and find ways of supporting one another. This in Abkhazia, there had been a lack of concerted, dialogue was sustained throughout the lifetime of strategic work to improve the situation in this the project, even during periods of political turmoil regard. Individual cases relating to social and and instability in Abkhazia. political inclusion had been supported by the public chamber, and a couple of leading non-governmental Participants also attended joint training sessions, organisations in particular had been vocal on the which enhanced their understanding of various need for change in regard to managing diversity. approaches to inclusion and mechanisms for And yet, the lack of structured co-operation, and the civic engagement, and gave them opportunities to absence of a focus for collaborative discussion and generate ideas for collaborative activities to engage strategising, had allowed work in this area to slip their respective communities, the general public down the list of priorities. We were therefore grateful and those in positions of decision making. Small- for the opportunity in 2014 to put issues of minority scale initiatives promoting inter-community dialogue rights and inclusion back on the agenda in our work thus involved more than 300 representatives of a and that of our local partners. variety of ethnic/religious groups in four regions of Abkhazia, among them a high percentage of youth Promoting ‘Dialogue and Diversity’ and ‘multipliers’, such as those working in the in Abkhazia teaching profession. This publication was produced as part of ‘Dialogue On the whole, participants have come away from and Diversity: building confidence between ethnic this experience with a greater sense of confidence, and religious groups in Abkhazia’, a project funded mutual understanding and motivation to keep through the Confidence Building and Early Response active and connected. Their dialogue continues, and Mechanism (COBERM), a joint EU-UNDP initiative. further consultations with policymakers are planned Over the course of 2014, the Association of Women to take forward action to help people in Abkhazia of Abkhazia (AWA) worked together with other civic work toward a society that is truly ‘shared’ by all its actors and in close consultation with Conciliation subjects in an inclusive and collaborative fashion. Resources, to reach out to diverse ethnic and religious communities in Abkhazia and bring them together for exchange of information and joint 4 • Conciliation Resources Dialogue and Diversity in Abkhazia: Public opinion survey – Summary of results • 5 Key observations be a point of contention and controversy. ‘Dialogue Though it did not last long, a number of practical and Diversity’ participants of various backgrounds lessons and suggestions can be drawn from this felt strongly they needed to find ways of making project that might be relevant for other local and this serious issue a unifying factor for Abkhazian international actors engaged in the Georgian- society, rather than a divisive one. In fact, the Abkhaz context: qualitative research has revealed a great degree of understanding and sympathy on the part of non- The fact that diverse groups of Abkhazian society Abkhaz respondents regarding Abkhaz concerns largely share key concerns and interests is about their language and its future survival. They not sufficiently acknowledged and utilised. On acknowledge that their own native languages are a number of occasions, people involved in the not facing such threat, as they are widely spoken project found that, notwithstanding their different in their ‘historical homelands’. Many Armenians, backgrounds and affiliations, there are more Estonians, Georgians, Greeks, Russians and things they have in common than that divide them. Ukrainians expressed interest and readiness to Respondents would often refer to the shared Soviet learn the Abkhaz language, or at least for their past, the hardships of the war and post-war period, children to do so. However, the lack of adequate and how people pulled through, supporting one language-learning programmes, methodology another. However, in today’s Abkhazia, many of and qualified teaching personnel poses severe the rural communities are fairly homogenous in obstacles. While these problems affect Abkhaz and terms of ethnic composition. They often live isolated non-Abkhaz residents alike, there are particular from each other, with little interaction. This lack of difficulties when it comes to teaching and learning information leaves room for myths and stereotypes. Abkhaz as a foreign language: The past year has shown that small-scale Apart from the need to overhaul the education initiatives can make a real difference in breaking system and modernise textbooks and approaches perceived exclusion and helping people with little to teacher training, participants felt it would or no exposure to other cultures and perspectives be beneficial specifically to train non-Abkhaz to connect and collaborate. It would be fairly teachers to teach the
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