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Narrating the Springbok Tour (Re)Presenting 1981: Narrating the Springbok Tour by Sebastian JS Potgieter University of Otago School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science June 2020 A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Otago (Re)Presenting 1981: Narrating the Springbok Tour Abstract The extent to which historians impose themselves on the past through their narratives remains contentious. While historians of sport have engaged these debates (e.g. Phillips, 2002; Nathan, 2003; Booth, 2005; Liberti and Smith, 2015), most continue to assume a realist correspondence between historical narratives and the past. In this thesis, I draw on Alun Munslow’s ‘deconstructive consciousness’ to analyse competing popular and academic narrative representations of the 1981 Springbok rugby tour of New Zealand between 1981 and 2019. In order to practically deconstruct these texts, I draw on Hayden White’s Model of Narrative Explanation, which focusses on the form of historical narratives and directs attention to their tropes, emplotments, arguments and ideologies. In applying White’s model, I demonstrate the literary dimensions embedded in all historical texts. Furthermore, I argue that historians are ideologically embedded in the present and project this back onto the past. As a result, changing material contexts means that our representations of the past are never static and always shifting. I map how representations of the 1981 tour have changed across three distinct epochs – 1981 – 1986; 1987 – 1994; 1995 – 2019. In deconstructing these representations of the 1981 tour, I demonstrate that history is both an empirical-analytic and narrative-linguistic discipline. i Acknowledgements My sincerest thanks are extended to my supervisors, Prof Douglas Booth and Dr Mark Falcous. Their guidance, support and nurturing over the course of this research is what made this project possible. I have felt throughout this process that I could turn to them with question, queries and concerns and in turn receive constructive and supportive feedback which I knew had my best interests at heart. So too, they have endeavoured to guide and aid me beyond my dissertation. Their contributions and feedback on my conference presentations, academic publications, and job applications has helped me make my way into the world of academia. For this, I am exceedingly grateful to them. To my mother and father, who have supported me – emotionally and financially – through a decade of university studies. They have made sacrifices for me for which I am eternally grateful. They have both instilled in me a curiosity in and awareness of the world around me. I would like to extend a special thank you to my mother, Carol, for the countless hours of reassurance over phone calls, the unfailingly good advice, and the unconditional love. My father too bears special mention here for providing me with my love of and interest in history. I would also like to express my deepest appreciation to my partner, Sisley, who has ridden the highs and the lows of this process with me. She has unfailingly offered support, advice and nurture, all while forging her own career path. I would be remiss if I did not give my thanks to the friends I have made along the way. In what can be an isolating journey, having close friends – many of whom have also been Doctoral students – has been of immense benefit to maintaining a sound state of mind. Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to Alhambra-Union Rugby Club for providing me with a ‘second-home’. As an outsider to New Zealand culture, the warmth and friendliness with which the club accepted me made my integration into a new society seamless. ii Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. VII INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 The 1981 Springbok Tour ............................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER ONE: DECONSTRUCTIONIST HISTORY ....................................................................... 11 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................................. 11 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 15 White’s Model of Historical Explanation ..................................................................................................... 18 Ideological Implication ............................................................................................................................. 20 Theory of Tropes ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Explanation by Emplotment ..................................................................................................................... 25 Explanation by Argument ......................................................................................................................... 27 Critiques of Deconstructionism .................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER TWO: POLITICISING RUGBY: ACTIVIST TOUR HISTORIES, 1981 – 1986 ........... 39 Tom Newnham, By Batons and Barbed Wire (1981) ................................................................................... 40 Rosemary Hollins & Margaret Freeman (eds.), Arms Linked: Women Against the Tour (1982) ................. 48 Ross Meurant, The Red Squad Story (1982) ................................................................................................. 56 Geoff Chapple, 1981: The Tour (1984) ........................................................................................................ 62 CHAPTER THREE: REHABILITATING AND DEPOLITICISING RUGBY: POPULAR RUGBY HISTORIES, 1987 – 1994 ........................................................................................................................... 72 Don Cameron, “Political Football”, in Ron Palenski (ed.), Between the Posts: A New Zealand Rugby Anthology (1989) ........................................................................................................................................... 76 Rod Chester & Neville McMillan, The Visitors: The History of International Rugby Teams in New Zealand (1990) ............................................................................................................................................................ 82 Graham Hutchins, Magic Matches: Great Days of New Zealand Rugby (1991) ......................................... 87 Graeme Barrow, All Blacks versus Springboks: A Century of Rugby Rivalry (1992) .................................. 91 CHAPTER FOUR: VIRTUOUS RUGBY: POPULAR RUGBY HISTORIES, 1995 – 2019 ............ 101 Finlay Macdonald & Bruce Connew, The Game of Our Lives (1996) ....................................................... 104 Keith Quinn, Outrageous Rugby Moments (2002) ..................................................................................... 113 iii Malcolm Mulholland, Beneath the Māori Moon: An Illustrated History of Māori Rugby (2009) ............. 119 Ron Palenski, Rugby: A New Zealand History (2015) ................................................................................ 124 CHAPTER FIVE: POLITICISING RUGBY IN ACADEMIC REPRESENTATIONS ................... 133 Jock Phillips, A Man’s Country? The Image of the Pākehā Male: A History (1987) ................................. 134 Geoff Fougere, “Sport, Culture and Identity: The Case of Rugby Football” in David Novitz & Bill Willmot (eds.), Culture and Identity in New Zealand (1989) ................................................................................... 143 Trevor Richards, Dancing on Our Bones: New Zealand, South Africa, Rugby and Racism (1999) .......... 149 Charlotte Hughes, “Moira’s Lament? Feminist Advocacy and the 1981 Springbok tour of New Zealand” in Greg Ryan (ed.), Tackling Rugby Myths (2005) ......................................................................................... 155 Malcolm MacLean, 1998 – 2010 ................................................................................................................ 163 CONCLUSION: REMEMBERING THE PAST IN THE FUTURE ................................................... 174 Contemporary Representations of 1981 ...................................................................................................... 179 Popular Texts as History ............................................................................................................................. 184 Gaps in the Research and Future Directions ..............................................................................................
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