MARKET ACCESS

PROJECT NUMBER: PN07.1052 August 2007

Manual 1 – Climate data processing

This report can also be viewed on the FWPA website www.fwpa.com.au FWPA Level 4, 10-16 Queen Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, T +61 (0)3 9927 3200 F +61 (0)3 9927 3288 E [email protected] W www.fwpa.com.au Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 1

USP2007/030

MANUAL NO. 1

Processed Climate Data for Timber Service Life Prediction Modelling

C-H. Wang and R.H. Leicester

March 2008

This report has been prepared for FWPA.

Please address all enquiries to: Urban Systems Program CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems P.O. Box 56, Highett, 3190 Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 2

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3 1. PROCESSING OF RAW CLIMATE DATA ...... 4 1.1. Assumptions and Strategies for Data Processing ...... 4 1.2. Correction of Rainfall Duration of Three-Hour Data by Half-Hour Data ...... 5 2. PLOTS OF STATION LOCATIONS, RAINFALL, AND TEMPERATURE ...... 11

Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 3

Executive Summary

 This report documents a set of climate data recorded by the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and used for durability model development and analysis in the timber durability project. The original set of data comprises records collected from 144 weather stations; however, the records at a site are typically flawed with missing (or blank) data and/or some outliers. Moreover, among the records from different stations, different temporal steps for data recording were often used.  Processing of the original climate data is performed to eliminate the data from some stations from which not enough years of data being recorded for statistical inferences, as well as the data in years in which missing records and outliers were deemed too many to be useful. As a result, data from 132 stations are retained for climate parameter estimation. Plots that show the estimated yearly climate parameters (i.e., rainfall, dry-bulb temperature, and wet-bulb temperature) at these stations are included in this report.  The raw data are stored in a folder ―Raw BOM Datafiles.‖ The processed climate data files are used to generate the annual climate parameter estimates needed in the durability prediction and design. More specifically, the following parameters are estimated:  annual rainfall (mm/year),  number of dry months (months/year),  number of rain days (days/year),  time of wetness (hours/year),  dry-bulb temperature (°C),  wet-bulb temperature (°C),  wind speed (km/hr), and  wind direction (degrees from the north) Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 4

1. Processing of Raw Climate Data

1.1. Assumptions and Strategies for Data Processing

Durability prediction of timber construction requires knowledge of local climate data such as temperature, relative humidity, vapour pressure, wind speed, wind direction, and rainfall, among others, to make reasonable estimation of adverse attack processes, for example, fungal decay, metal fastener corrosion, termites and borers, on structural and non-structural elements. Availability of climate data thus is a prerequisite for this purpose. A set of climate data recorded by the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) at 144 weather stations around Australia were obtained. Locations of the weather stations are tabulated in Table 1.1. The number of years being recorded at each station varies widely, with the latest being started in 1984 (Latrobe Valley , VIC, BOM ID 85280, CSIRO ID 84), and the earliest in 1858 (Sydney Regional Office, NSW, BOM ID 66062, CSIRO ID 124). All data were the records prior to either 1997 or 1998 inclusive. An examination of the records reveals that the readings at a site are typically incomplete. It may be attributed to the facts that: (1) Recording was made for discrete periods instead of spanning the entire time period of interest; (2) there are some short intermittent periods where data have not been recorded; and (3) the readings are contaminated by systematic or random errors. Moreover, in each of the recorded datasets, it generally consists of peculiar missing (or blank) data and/or some outliers. Among the records from different stations, different temporal steps for data recording were often used. All of these cause direct use of the raw climate data to be difficult. The following strategies were adopted for estimating the annual rainfall (mm/year), number of dry months (months/year), number of rain days (days/year), time of wetness (hours/year), dry-bulb temperature (°C), wet-bulb temperature (°C), wind speed (km/hr), and wind direction (degrees from the north): 1. Prior to 1988, all the climate data were recorded as what were observed; i.e., if no rainfall observed, it was recorded 0.0 mm. Therefore, when blanks appeared, they were regarded as missing records. The data in a year in which less than of data missing were used for annual climate estimation. For example, if daily observations were carried out eight times (every three hours), then there must be 2920 instances of data recording in a 365- day year. Then if an entity (e.g. rainfall) were recorded more than 2433 instances in a year, the year was used to estimate the average of that entity. 2. In and after 1988, generally observations were more comprehensively carried out; therefore, if observations were maintained for one full calendar year, the data from that Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 5

year were used for annual climate estimation. The final year (either 1997 or 1998) was discarded if it was not recorded up to November. 3. A site that has at least two years of good data for all of the recorded climate parameters after processing, as described in points 1 and 2, was chosen for use; otherwise, it was discarded. 4. All the other derived climate data: number of dry months, number of rain days, equilibrium moisture content, relative humidity at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, and time of wetness were calculated from the data records in the years used. The annual quantity of a derived climate entity was then estimated in the same way as was done for the recorded climate entities. Two of the stations were located in Papua New Guinea and thus discarded. Ten of the other stations covered either less than two years of readings or too many data readings missing and are thus discarded, leaving a set of data from 132 stations for use. The twelve discarded records are shown in Table 1.1 with double strikethrough lines. The raw data are stored in a folder ―Raw BOM Datafiles.‖

1.2. Correction of Rainfall Duration of Three-Hour Data by Half-Hour Data

The raw climate data obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology for the 132 weather stations used in this project were recorded at irregular time intervals. They were later processed into three-hour interval data for each site. This set of processed data gives a resolution of three hours — the distribution of an item of interest, e.g. rainfall, in an interval can only be assumed uniformly distributed if no other information is available. This causes the problem of underestimating the rainfall intensity in many cases as durations of rainfall may be well less than three hours. One way to rectify this problem is to use a set of more refined data, e.g. five-minute- interval data, for the computation of rainfall quantities and intensities. A set of half-hour- interval data for the years 2000 and 2001 has been obtained from the BOM for nine cities: Adelaide, , Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. The equivalent three-hour-interval rainfall quantities for the nine cities were determined from the half-hour-interval data by adding the rainfall in six consecutive half-hour intervals. For rainfall duration estimation, it is assumed that whenever there is rainfall in a half-hour interval, the rainfall intensity is constant over the interval.

For each city, the rainfall duration, td (hr), against the three-hour rainfall, R3hr (mm), was grouped and averaged as follows:  For = 0 – 4 mm: divided into 16 groups with equal interval of 0.25 mm

 For = 4 – 8 mm: divided into 4 groups with equal interval of 1 mm

 For = 8 – 10 mm: 1 group with interval of 2 mm

 For = 10 – 20 mm: divided into 2 groups with equal interval of 5 mm

 For > 20 mm: divided into as many groups with equal interval of 10 mm Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 6

The averages of the groupings are then used for determination of relationship between three- hour rainfall and its duration. The dots in Figure 1.1 show the grouped averages from all the nine cities, and the solid line is the least-square regression line of rainfall duration on three- hour rainfall,

tRd1.2 0.3ln 3 hr , and td  0 (1.1)

The estimated rainfall intensity, rrain (mm/hr), is

R3hr rrain  (1.2) td

3.0

td = 1.2 + 0.3ln R3hr 2.5

2.0

(hr)

d t 1.5

Duration Duration 1.0

0.5

0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 3-hour rainfall R3hr (mm)

Figure 1.1 Duration vs. three-hourly rainfall derived from half-hourly rainfall data. Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 7

Table 1.1 Location of BOM weather stations for climate data

CSIRO BOM Lat Long Elev Year Year State Station Name ID ID Start End 1 23034 34.96 138.53 6 1955 SA- Adelaide ( Ccmposite) 2 9741 34.94 117.8 68 1942 WA- Albany Airport 3 15590 23.81 133.88 546 1940 NT- 4 56002 30.53 151.67 987 1857 NSW Armidale (Uni New England) 5 85279 37.88 147.56 49.4 1942 VIC () was 084097 6 13007 20.14 127.99 420 1940 WA- Balgo Hills 7 89002 37.52 143.78 441 1908 VIC Ballarat (Aerodrome) 8 82002 36.55 145.97 169.6 1882 VIC Benalla (Shadforth Street) 9 38002 25.9 139.35 46.5 1892 QLD Birdsville Police Station 10 70005 36.91 149.24 705 1885 NSW Bombala (Bombala Post Office) 11 14723 16.08 136.3 16.1 1987 NT- Borroloola 12 38003 22.91 139.91 156.5 1886 QLD Boulia (Boulia Post Office) 13 9510 33.96 116.14 149.9 1887 WA- Bridgetown Post Office 14 40223 27.39 153.12 4 1949 QLD Brisbane (Brisbane AMO) 15 47007 31.98 141.47 315 1889 NSW Broken Hill (Patton Street) 16 15085 18.64 135.95 218 1891 NT- Brunette Downs 17 29004 17.74 139.55 5.5 1886 QLD Burketown (Burketown Post Office) 18 31011 16.89 145.76 3 1942 QLD Cairns AMO 19 70014 35.31 149.2 578.4 1939 ACT Canberra (Canberra AMO AWS) 20 9518 34.37 115.13 13 1897 WA- Cape Leeuwin 21 9519 33.54 115.02 109 1903 WA- Cape Naturaliste 22 90015 38.86 143.51 82 1862 VIC Cape Otway Lighthouse 23 32004 18.26 146.02 5.7 1871 QLD Cardwell (Eden Street) 24 8025 29.69 115.89 268 1887 WA- Carnamah Post Office 25 6011 24.88 113.67 4 1945 WA- Carnarvon Airport 26 13015 25.8 122.97 448 1942 WA- Carnegie 27 18012 32.13 133.71 15.3 1939 SA- Ceduna AMO 28 44021 26.41 146.26 302.6 1942 QLD Charleville (Charleville AMO) 29 34084 20.04 146.27 290 1942 QLD Charters Towers (Charters Towers APT) 30 21131 33.82 138.59 395 1993 SA- Clare (Care High School) 31 18014 33.7 136.49 193 1896 SA- Cleve (Cleve) 32 29141 20.67 140.51 189 1978 QLD Cloncurry () 33 48027 31.49 145.83 260 1962 NSW Cobar (Cobar MO) 34 27005 13.94 143.2 195 1887 QLD Coen (Coen Post Office) 35 59040 30.32 153.12 5 1943 NSW Coffs Harbour (C.Harb..MO/AWS) was 059112 36 90174 38.39 143.6 248.1 1983 VIC Colac (Elliminyt) 37 16090 29.04 134.72 225 1994 SA- Coober Pedy () 38 18110 30.62 130.41 120 1918 SA- Cook (Cook Hospital) 39 31017 15.45 145.19 5.5 1942 QLD Cooktown AMO (Mission Strip) 40 70217 36.3 148.97 930 1967 NSW Cooma (Cooma Airport) 41 51010 30.98 148.38 180 1878 NSW Coonamble (Coonamble Airport) 42 29012 18.21 142.24 116.3 1889 QLD Croydon (Croydon Township) Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 8

CSIRO BOM Lat Long Elev Year Year State Station Name ID ID Start End 43 44026 28.07 145.68 188.7 1879 QLD Cunnamulla (Cunnamulla Post Office) 44 14626 16.27 133.38 210.3 1939 1970 NT- Daly Waters Aero 45 14015 12.42 130.88 30 1941 NT- Darwin airport 46 74128 35.55 144.95 93 1858 NSW Deniliquin (Deniliquin Post Office) 47 3032 17.37 123.66 6.2 1951 WA- Derby Aero 48 65070 32.22 148.58 284 1946 NSW Dubbo (Dubbo Airport) 49 80015 36.17 144.76 96 1859 VIC Echuca (Echuca Aerodrome) 50 14504 12.04 135.57 28 1937 NT- Elcho Island 51 35264 23.57 148.17 187.9 1981 QLD 52 16097 26.26 132.18 703.2 1996 SA- Ernabella (Pukatja) 53 9542 33.68 121.83 142 1950 WA- Eucla 54 11003 31.68 128.88 93.1 1876 WA- Eucla 55 3093 18.18 125.56 114.5 1997 WA- Fitzroy Crossing Aero 56 11052 30.84 128.11 159 1993 WA- Forrest 57 6022 25.06 115.21 144 1907 WA- Gasgoyne Junction 58 87117 38.09 144.34 54.9 1970 VIC Geelong (Norlane) 59 8051 28.8 114.7 33 1941 WA- 60 39326 23.87 151.22 16.6 1993 QLD GladstoneAirport AWS 61 75041 34.26 146.06 140 1958 NSW Griffith (Griffith Aero) 62 40093 26.16 152.64 100 1870 QLD Gympie (Gympie Forestry) 63 90173 37.65 142.06 241.1 1983 VIC Hamilton (Hamilton Airport) 64 90103 37.83 142.06 200 1962 VIC Hamilton (Hamilton Research Station) 65 94008 42.84 147.5 4 1958 TAS AMO 66 79023 36.65 142.1 141 1873 VIC Horsham Composite 67 43015 25.84 148.57 390 1925 QLD Injune (Injune Post Office) 68 32025 17.52 146.03 4.2 1881 QLD Innisfail (Innisfail Township) 69 49019 32.9 144.3 85 1884 NSW Ivanhoe (Ivanhoe Post Office) 70 12038 30.79 121.45 365.3 1939 WA- Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport 71 1021 14.3 126.64 23 1908 WA- Kalumburu 72 10579 33.69 117.55 310 1891 WA- Katanning Post Offcie 73 14903 14.44 132.27 108 1942 NT- Katherine Aviation Museum 74 63039 33.72 150.3 1030 1885 NSW Katoomba (Katoomba Composite) was 063264 75 25507 36.1 140.35 29 1906 SA- Keith (Keith) 76 59017 31.06 152.83 10 1882 NSW Kempsey (North Street) 77 80023 35.74 143.92 77.7 1880 VIC Kerang (Kerang Post Office) 78 94006 7.42 144.23 74.4 1913 1973 PNG Kikori P.P. 79 98017 39.88 143.88 36.2 1962 TAS King Island () 80 22807 35.66 137.64 20 1877 SA- Kingscote (Kingscote Post Office) 81 2056 15.78 128.71 44 1971 WA- Kununerra Aero 82 18044 33.13 135.56 57 1930 SA- Kyancutta (Kyancutta) 83 94027 6.73 147.00 7.6 1925 1973 PNG Lae A/F (ME1) 84 85280 38.21 146.48 55.5 1984 VIC Latrobe Valley Airport 86 12046 28.88 121.33 376 1898 WA- Leonora Post Office 86 33045 21.17 149.18 5.7 1950 QLD Mackay ( M O) 87 4020 21.18 119.75 182.3 1895 WA- Marble Bar 88 17031 29.65 138.06 50 1885 SA- Marree Post Office Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 9

CSIRO BOM Lat Long Elev Year Year State Station Name ID ID Start End 89 7045 26.61 118.54 517 1944 WA- 90 86071 37.81 144.97 35 1855 VIC Melbourne Regional Office 91 76031 34.23 142.08 50 1946 VIC Mildura MO 92 5087 21.58 117.05 0 1972 WA- Millstream (CWS Pumping STN) see 505016 93 53048 29.48 149.84 212.1 1960 NSW Moree (Moree Comparison) 94 69018 35.91 150.15 17 1875 NSW Moruya Heads (Pilot Station) 95 7600 28.12 117.84 407 1995 WA- MT Magnet Aero 96 7062 23.79 120.24 571 1915 1981 WA- Mundiwindi 97 24521 35.12 139.27 15 1885 SA- Murray Bridge (Murray Bridge P.O.) 98 58158 28.34 153.38 18 1972 NSW Murwillumbah (Bray Park) 99 26023 36.96 140.74 58 1868 SA- Naracoorte (Naracoorte Post Office) 100 10612 32.07 118.39 276 1927 WA- Narembeen Post Office 101 74148 34.71 146.51 145 1967 NSW Narrandera () 102 61055 32.92 151.8 33 1862 NSW Newcastle (Nobbys Signal Station) 103 29041 17.67 141.08 8.4 1872 QLD Normanton (Normanton Post Office) 104 6072 23.03 115.04 111 1898 WA- Nyang Station 105 14042 12.33 133.06 6.7 1910 NT- Oenpelli 106 83025 37.1 147.6 685 1879 VIC Omeo (Omeo) 107 17043 27.58 135.45 116.5 1939 SA- () 108 63231 33.38 149.12 948 1968 NSW Orange () 109 84030 37.69 148.46 41 1883 VIC Orbost (Nicholson St) 110 76047 35.07 142.31 50.3 1911 VIC Ouyen (Ouyen Post Office) 111 28004 16 144.08 204.5 1889 QLD Palmerville (Palmerville) 112 9021 31.93 115.97 15.4 1944 WA- 113 4032 20.37 118.63 9 1942 WA- Port Hedland Airport 114 18070 34.72 135.86 4 1866 SA- Port Lincoln (Port Lincoln) 115 21043 33.18 138.01 4 1877 SA- Port Pirie BHAS Site 116 90171 38.32 141.47 80.9 1982 VIC Portland (Cashmore Airport) 117 45015 26.61 144.26 200 1917 QLD Quilpie () 118 30045 20.73 143.14 211.1 1889 QLD Richmond (Richmond Post Office) 119 26026 37.16 139.76 3.3 1860 SA- Robe (Robe Post Office) 120 33065 22.35 149.54 17.2 1870 QLD St Lawrence (St Lawrence Post Office) 121 41095 28.66 151.93 792.1 1873 QLD Stanthorpe (Stanthorpe Post Office) 122 18079 32.8 134.21 13 1865 SA- Streaky Bay (Streaky Bay) 123 66037 33.94 151.17 6 1929 NSW (AMO/AWS) 124 66062 33.86 151.2 39 1858 NSW Sydney Regional Office 125 16044 30.71 134.58 119.5 1903 SA- Tarcoola (Tarcoola) 126 15135 19.64 134.18 375.7 1969 NT- Airport 127 45017 28 143.82 128.7 1879 QLD Thargomindah (Thargomindah Post Office) 128 7080 25.12 119.15 520 1907 WA- Three Rivers 129 41103 27.58 151.93 674.9 1869 QLD Toowoomba Composite 130 14825 16.4 131.01 88.5 1885 NT- Victoria River Downs 131 82138 36.42 146.31 152.6 1987 VIC Wangaratta (Wangaratta Aero) 132 13011 26.13 126.58 459 1940 WA- Warburton Airfield 133 27045 12.68 141.92 20.4 1972 QLD Weipa (Weipa AMO) 134 18103 33.03 137.53 13.1 1906 SA- Whyalla (Norrie) Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 10

CSIRO BOM Lat Long Elev Year Year State Station Name ID ID Start End 135 46043 31.57 143.37 75 1879 NSW Wilcannia (Reid St) 136 15569 21.25 132.61 487 1947 1973 NT- Willowra 137 13012 26.59 120.22 521 1898 WA- Wiluna 138 38024 25.42 142.66 126.3 1887 QLD Windorah (Windorah Post Office) 139 37051 22.39 143.04 181.9 1884 QLD Winton (Winton Post Office) 140 68188 34.41 150.88 30 1970 NSW Wollongong (Wollongong Uni) 141 16001 31.15 136.82 165 1949 SA- Woomera (Aerodrome MO) 142 14502 12.25 136.88 9.4 1936 1975 NT- Yirrkala Mission 143 19062 33.03 138.74 515 1881 SA- Yongala (Yongala) 144 10311 31.9 116.76 179 1996 WA- York

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2. Plots of Station Locations, Rainfall, and Temperature

This section presents for each climate station one climate data plot and one map showing the location of the station. The climate data plot includes (a) the recorded rainfall (mm), (b) the observed yearly cumulative rainfall (mm), (c) the yearly average dry-bulb temperature (°C), and (d) the yearly average wet-bulb temperature (°C). Also shown in the plot are the years in which the data were used for annual climate estimation (labelled as squares). In the rainfall and temperature versus time plots, the points marked by solid squares denote the years at which the estimates are used for annual quantity estimation, whereas the points marked by stars mean the records for those years are deemed incomplete or unreliable and thus are discarded. The map following each rainfall/temperature quantity plot shows all the BOM climate stations in green dots used in this project and the station in red square where recorded rainfall and temperature are plotted right above the map. Manual No. 1: Processed Climate Data 12

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