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PANHELLENIC TOWER (Now the Beekman Tower Hotel), 3 Mitchell Place (Aka 1-7 Mitchell Place, 876-880 First Avenue), Manhattan

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PANHELLENIC TOWER (Now the Beekman Tower Hotel), 3 Mitchell Place (Aka 1-7 Mitchell Place, 876-880 First Avenue), Manhattan Landmarks Preservation Commission February 3, 1998: Designation List 288 LP-1972 PANHELLENIC TOWER (now the Beekman Tower Hotel), 3 Mitchell Place (aka 1-7 Mitchell Place, 876-880 First Avenue), Manhattan. Hotel built 1927-28, apartment annex built 1928-29; John Mead Howells, architect. Landmark Site: Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block 1361, Lot 1. On September 16, 1997, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Panhellenic Tower, and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No. 9). The hearing had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. Three witnesses spoke in favor of designation, including representatives of the New York Landmarks Conservancy and Municipal Art Society. A representative of the owner indicated that the owner was not opposed to designation. There were no speakers in opposition to this designation. The Commission has received a statement in support of the designation from Manhattan Community Board Six. 1 Summary Prominently sited at the top of Beekman Hill, the Panhellenic Tower (now the Beekman Tower Hotel) is one of the great Art Deco skyscrapers in Midtown Manhattan. Erected in 1927-29 as a residence and clubhouse for women belonging to national Greek-letter college sororities, the Panhellenic Tower provided affordable housing for young college-educated women who were entering the work force in record numbers in the 1920s. Designed by the noted architect John Mead Howells, this striking modernistic building features a square-plan twenty-six story tower with ' "111111111 chamfered corners and setbacks. The tower is i ""'" renowned for its dramatic volumetric massing and ~. , ..I ' bold vertical striping created by deeply recessed ,,, e.,• window-and-spandrel bays set between narrow piers which rise unbroken from a two-story base to a parapet crown. Though sparsely decorated, the building incoiporates handsome Gothic­ inspired Art Deco ornament by the leading architectural sculptor Rene Chambellan. 1 Description and Analysis The Panhellenic House Project members, thus assuring an equal representation of In the period following World War I, the the sororities in the management of the project and number of women attending college began to the continued involvement "of those who would be approach that of men for the first time.2 Unlike the sympathetic to the purposes and ideals of the graduates of the preceding generation, three-quarters Panhellenic House." It was decided that the of whom had intended to become teachers, the common stock had to be subscribed before preferred majority of women attending college in the 1920s shares would be offered for sale. planned on careers in business, the social sciences, Though well meant, these restrictions severely or the professions. Nearly every woman student limited the number of potential investors in the expected to obtain a job upon graduation, and many project and led to a long period of delay. It was not intended to move to urban centers where the career until 1925 that sufficient shares of common stock opportunities were greatest. were sold to warrant the search for an appropriate Young women choosing to settle in New York, site. This responsibility fell to Emily Eaton however, faced a major housing shortage. War-time Hepburn, a philanthropist and civic leader, active in rent controls and inflation had brought housing the sorority movement, who took over the construction to a standstill.3 Apartments were Panhellenic project in 1926. difficult to find and generally too costly for young women just establishing their careers. Alternative housing choices such as boarding houses and hotels Emily Eaton Hepburn and the Panhellenic Project usually gave preferential treatment to men. By Emily Eaton was born in Middlesex, Vermont, 1915, there were also about fifty-four organized, in 1865. The daughter of a prosperous farmer, she non-commercial homes for self-supporting women, attended public school in Montpelier and in 1886 but most of these were charitable institutions serving graduated from St. Lawrence College in Canton, recent immigrants and working-class women. New York, then one of the few co-educational Thus, in 1921 the year-old, 3,000 member, New colleges in the country. The following year she York Chapter of the Panhellenic Association married [Alonzo] Barton Hepburn (1846-1922), a proposed to erect a clubhouse to provide permanent former legislator and businessman. In 1891 the and temporary living accommodations for students Hepburns moved to New York City, where Barton and working women. A committee investigated Hepburn began a successful career in banking, what other associations and clubs had done in eventually becoming president and chairman of providing housing for their members and friends . Chase National Bank. In addition to raising four Two clubs, the Bryn Mawr Club and the Smith children and taking post-graduate courses in botany Club, and two YWCAs, the Judson Memorial Home and chemistry at Barnard College, Emily Hepburn in Brooklyn and the Tatham House in Manhattan, devoted her considerable energies to social and civic had long waiting lists . The committee came to the activities. conclusion that "there was more to be lost by Among her chief concerns were civil service building too small than too large"4 and therefore reform and the women's suffrage movement. proposed to build a fourteen-story building with two Working with such leading figures as Carrie floors of public and club rooms and bedrooms to Chapman Catt, she marched in suffrage parades, accommodate 400-500 guests. In October 1922, held suffrage meetings in her apartment, and Donn Barber, a prominent designer of institutional traveled to different parts of the state organizing and commercial buildings who had planned the groups of suffragists. Once the vote for women was Central Branch of the YWCA at East 52nd and secured, she organized a political club for women on Lexington in 1913, was selected as architect. the East Side and served on the Republican County Meanwhile a corporation was formed to sell Committee. Believing that the study of history stock in the venture. The corporation would issue promoted good citizenship, she was active in the both preferred and common stock, with the common City History Club, serving as its president from stock (which carried voting rights) assigned equally 1914 to 1953. A founder of the Woman's Roosevelt to the eighteen member-sororities of the National Memorial Association, which honored Theodore Panhellenic Association. Each national sorority was Roosevelt's memory by erecting a house-museum at expected to purchase a controlling interest in its his birthplace site on East 20th Street in 1923, assigned shares and to sell the balance to its Hepburn negotiated the purchase of the site and 2 worked with the architect Theodate Pope Riddle in Street, the first model tenements built specifically developing plans for the building. for African-Americans (1901-02, demolished). Emily Hepburn became interested in the Other notable works by the firm included St. Paul's Panhellenic Project because she regarded the young Chapel at Columbia University (1904-07, a women recently graduated from college, seeking designated New York City Landmark), the careers in the city, as the heirs to the fight for Baltimore Stock Exchange (1905), the Royal women's rights to which she had devoted so many Insurance Company Building (1909-10) at William years. Moreover, she believed that the project Street and Maiden Lane in New York City, Paine offered an excellent opportunity "to prove that Hall (1913) and the Dudley Memorial Gateway women could do big business. "5 She invested (1915) at Harvard University, and the Turk's Head heavily in the Panhellenic Association stock, Building (1916) in Providence, Rhode Island. They becoming the majority stockholder in the project. In also were responsible for a redevelopment plan for 1926, she became president of the Association and the Metropolitan Tract in Seattle, including the Cobb began looking for a site for the new building. Building (1909-10). Inspired by the success of Anne Morgan, Elsie When the firm dissolved in 1917, Howells DeWolfe, and Elisabeth Marbury in redeveloping began practicing independently, designing such Sutton Place, Hepburn opted for a site on the far buildings as the neo-Romanesque Memorial Hall East Side at the corner of First A venue and Mitchell (1926-27) at Pratt University, a designated New Place, a small private street on a rise overlooking York City Landmark, and the Art Deco style Title East 49th Street. There were slums and Guarantee & Trust Company Building (1929-30) at slaughterhouses to the south and west, transportation 6-8 East 45th Street. In 1922, Howells collaborated was bad, and neighborhood shopping non-existent. with Raymond Hood on an entry for the Chicago However, Mitchell Place intersected with the Tribune Building competition, placing first among a southern end of Beekman Place which was beginning field of 259 applicants, in the most prestigious to be redeveloped following the construction of two American architectural competition of the 1920s. large apartment buildings, Beekman Terrace (1924) Howells was associated with Hood on several other and Beekman Mansion (1926), on East 51st Street. 6 projects in the late 1920s, notably the apartment Concerned that she might lose the site, Hepburn house at 3 East 84th Street (1927-28) and the Daily bought the property in her own name in the spring News Building (1929-30). 9 of 1926. She turned it over to the Panhellenic In the 1930s, Howells became involved in the Association in 1928, after she had persuaded the preservation and restoration of Colonial buildings, president of the Metropolitan Life Insurance working primarily in Charleston, South Carolina, Company, who lived in her apartment building, to and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He also wrote give the Association a mortgage. extensively on early American architecture, Since Donn Barber had died in 1925, Hepburn publishing numerous articles and three books: Lost had to select a new architect for the project.
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