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A Importância Da Conservação De Bacias Hidrográficas Para a Manutenção Das Assembleias De Peixes De Riachos Da Amazônia Oriental

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A Importância Da Conservação De Bacias Hidrográficas Para a Manutenção Das Assembleias De Peixes De Riachos Da Amazônia Oriental UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ - UFPA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - ICB PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA AQUÁTICA E PESCA - PPGEAP NAIARA RAIOL TORRES A IMPORTÂNCIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS PARA A MANUTENÇÃO DAS ASSEMBLEIAS DE PEIXES DE RIACHOS DA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL Belém - PA 2017 NAIARA RAIOL TORRES A IMPORTÂNCIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS PARA A MANUTENÇÃO DAS ASSEMBLEIAS DE PEIXES DE RIACHOS DA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Universidade Federal do Pará – UFPA, como requisito para obtenção do título de mestre em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca. Orientador: Dr. Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag ICB/UFPA Belém – PA 2017 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação- na-Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFPA Torres, Naiara Raiol A importância da conservação de bacias hidrográficas para a manutenção das assembleias de peixes de riachos da Amazônia Oriental / Naiara Raiol Torres ; Orientador, Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag. - 2017. 56 f. : il. Inclui bibliografia Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca, Belém, 2017. 1. Ecologia aquática - Amazônia. 2. Ecologia das bacias hidrográficas - Amazônia. 3. Matas ripárias - Amazônia. 4. Peixes – Amazônia. I. Montag, Luciano Fogaça de Assis, orientador. II. Titulo. CDD – 22 ed. 577.609811 NAIARA RAIOL TORRES A IMPORTÂNCIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS PARA A MANUTENÇÃO DAS ASSEMBLEIAS DE PEIXES DE RIACHOS DA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL Data: 24 de fevereiro de 2017 Banca examinadora: AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus e a Nossa Senhora de Nazaré por oferecer força e fé para enfrentar e vencer os obstáculos encontrados durante esses dois anos de trabalho. Agradeço ao meu orientador Profº Dr. Luciano Montag pela confiança e dedicação depositados em mim desde o princípio do desenvolvimento deste manuscrito, pelas conversas engraçadas, pela paciência, pelos conselhos oferecidos e por sempre perguntar “Tá Feliz? ”. Muito Obrigada Miúdo! Agradeço também ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado nesses dois anos. Não poderia deixar de agradecer aos doutorandos Thiely Garcia e Bruno Prudente por todo conhecimento oferecido, por todas as conversas e pela amizade. Agradeço também aos amigos do LABECO: Luciana, Híngara, Lisveth, Cléo, Nara, Sara, Begot, Hagi, Ana, Ana Lu, Erlane, Barbosa, Lenize, Fernando e Gilbertos (rs) por todas as conversas e opiniões referentes as análises estatísticas, revisões na redação desta dissertação e nos momentos de descontração no dia-a-dia do laboratório. Agradeço ao Profº Dr. Pedro Walfir e Dr. Wilson Nascimento pela disponibilidade e disponibilização de equipamentos e auxílio técnico para concretização do processamento digital das imagens de satélite no LAIT, sem isso não teria aprendido tanto e realizado o trabalho. Agradeço também aos amigos do LAIT: Michele, Paulo, João, Carlos, Francisco, Lorival pelas conversas, opiniões e auxílios no trabalho; e também pelas trocas de ideias sobre o triste quadro político brasileiro, principalmente. Agradeço a Dra. Karina Dias e Dr. Bruno Barreto pelas contribuições e revisão realizadas no período de qualificação deste trabalho. Agradeço aos professores e amigos do PPGEAP Luciana, Claíde, Yuri, Manu, Nay, Thay, Nilson, Suh, Vic, Cláudia e Fran por todo conhecimento adquiridos nas disciplinas, aulas de campo e pelo estímulo à pesquisa na área da ecologia. Agradeço a minha família, principalmente aos meus pais Dorinha e Manuel, vó Dora, e irmão Raoni. Sem vocês nunca teria chegado até aqui, obrigado por serem as pessoas excepcionais que são. Amo vocês! Ao meu tão amado filhinho CAUÃ. Minha razão de viver! És o ar que eu respiro! Obrigada por sempre ser tão meigo e amoroso com sua mãezinha em momentos de desespero e “blecautes” (rs... Quem não pira?). Obrigada por sua compreensão nas minhas ausências! Eu te amo demais! E, por fim, agradeço a todos os amigos que indiretamente ajudaram a construir mais um capítulo de minha vida, com o apoio de sempre se mostraram convictos que seria capaz de concluir mais uma etapa. Muito obrigada! DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais Dorinha e Manoel, por todo incentivo, apoio, amor e esforços depositados em mim durante todos os dias de minha vida. EPÍGRAFE Os poderosos podem matar uma, duas ou três rosas, mas jamais conseguirão deter a primavera inteira. Che Guevara RESUMO A alteração antrópica mais comum na região amazônica é o desmatamento que provoca prejuízos aos ecossistemas aquáticos, tornando-os cada vez mais vulneráveis a diferentes distúrbios. Por consequência, isso causa efeitos negativos à biodiversidade através de mudanças na cadeia trófica e na composição de espécies aquáticas. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar quais variáveis ambientais e escalas espaciais possuem maior influência sobre a diversidade das assembleias de peixes de riachos na Amazônia Oriental. A área de estudo localiza-se na Bacia do Rio Capim, que possui um gradiente de degradação da cobertura vegetal resultante de atividades antrópicas. As variáveis ambientais locais foram obtidas no período de estiagem, entre agosto e setembro dos anos de 2014 e 2015, em 20 trechos de riachos. As variáveis da paisagem foram obtidas para o mesmo período através de imagens do satélite RapidEye previamente processadas para posterior classificação dos usos e coberturas de terra, sendo identificados em quatro diferentes escalas espaciais (buffer de 50m, buffer de 100, buffer de 200m e microbacia total). Com os resultados do modelo DistLm pode-se inferir que as variáveis índice de proximidade de impacto total, profundidade do talvegue, presença de solo exposto, tamanho de substrato, % de pasto e % de solo exposto foram responsáveis pelas diferenças na abundância de espécies. A proporção de solo exposto na microbacia total foi negativamente relacionada com riqueza de espécies. Com isso, observamos que as mudanças na estrutura do habitat físico desses riachos incidiram especialmente na morfologia do canal, causado pelo aumento de áreas de pastagens e solo desprotegido nas microbacias. A análise Procruste demonstrou que todas as escalas analisadas apresentaram concordância com a abundância de espécies, reforçando a existência de uma hierarquia entre as escalas espaciais. Portanto, o estabelecimento de estratégias de restauração e mitigação dos efeitos de usos de terra devem abranger características da paisagem nas áreas de drenagem (bacia), a fim de conter o avanço dos efeitos dos usos de terra e assim prover condições ambientais favoráveis as assembleias aquáticas. Palavras-chaves: Ecologia da Paisagem, Antropização, Bacia Hidrográfica, Vegetação Ciliar, Ictiofauna. ABSTRACT The most common anthropic change in the Amazon region is deforestation that causes damage to aquatic ecosystems, making them increasingly vulnerable to different disturbances. Consequently, this has negative effects on biodiversity through changes in the food chain and in the composition of aquatic species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate which environmental variables and spatial scales have greater influence on the diversity of the fish assemblages of streams in the Eastern Amazon. The study area is located in the Capim River Basin, which has a gradient of degradation of vegetation cover resulting from anthropic activities. The local environmental variables were obtained in the drought period, between August and September of the years 2014 and 2015, in 20 stretches of streams. The landscape variables were obtained for the same period through images of the RapidEye satellite previously processed for later classification of land uses and coverages, being identified in four different spatial scales (50m buffer, 100 buffer, 200m buffer and total microbasin). With the results of the DistLm model, it can be inferred that the variables of proximity of total impact, depth of the stem, presence of exposed soil, substrate size,% of pasture and% of exposed soil were responsible for the differences in species abundance. The proportion of soil exposed in the total microbasin was negatively related to species richness. With this, we observed that the changes in the physical habitat structure of these streams had a special focus on the channel morphology caused by the increase of pasture areas and unprotected soil in the microcatchments. The Procruste analysis showed that all the scales analyzed were in agreement with the abundance of species, reinforcing the existence of a hierarchy between the spatial scales. Therefore, the establishment of strategies for restoration and mitigation of the effects of land use should cover landscape characteristics in the drainage areas (basin) in order to contain the advance of land use effects and thus provide favorable environmental conditions for aquatic assemblies Keywords: Landscape Ecology, Antropization, Watershed, Riparian Vegetation, Ichthyofauna. SUMÁRIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 10 SUMÁRIO ............................................................................................................................... 11 LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................
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