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Wisconsin Ihistorical Society Wisconsin IHistorical Society m Division Administrator & State Historic Preservation Officer Michael E. Stevens Editorial Director Kathryn L. Borkowski Editor Jane M. de Broux Managing Editor Diane T. Drexler Research and Editorial Assistants Brian Bengtson, Joel Heiman, Melissa Johnson, John Nondorf, James Tewes, John Zimm The Origins of Designer Wisconsin's Ice Age Trail The AVS Group Ray Zillmer's Path to THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY (ISSN Protect the Past 0043-6534), published quarterly, is one of the many benefits of membership in the Wisconsin Historical by Sarah Mittkfehldt Society. Annual memberships are: •Individual, $40.00 •Senior citizen individual, $30.00 •Family, $50.00 Burning Up the Lake •Senior citizen family, $40.00 Racing on Elkhart Lake's •Institutional, $65. Historic Road Circuit To join the Society or to give a gift membership, send a check to Membership, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 by Peter Laun State Street, IVIadison, Wl 53706-1482, call the Membership Office at 888-748-7479, e-mail vvtismemt)[email protected], or go to our Web site. The WMH has been published quarterly since 1917 by Z/IS On to Montezuma's Halls the Wisconsin Historical Society (608-264-6400). The Story of Alexander Conze Copyright © 2007 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Permission to quote or otherwise reproduce by John Zimm portions of this copyrighted work must be sought in writing from the publisher. Communication, inquiries, and manuscript submissions may be sent to WHS Press, 816 State Street, Madison, Wl 53706-1482 or [email protected]. Further information T"^ Sisson's Peony Gardens in Bloom about the WMH is available on the Society Web site. by Lee Somerville www.wisconsinhistory.org Photographs identified with PH, WHi, or WHS are from the Society's collections; address inquiries about such photos to the Visual Materials Archivist, 816 State 48 Finding Freedom Street, Madison, Wl 53706-1482. The Untold Story of Joshua The Wisconsin Historical Society does not assume Glover, Runaway Slave responsibility for statements made by contributors. Periodicals postage paid at Madison, Wl 53706-1482. by Ruby West Jackson and Back issues, if available, are $10 plus postage (888-748-7479). Microfilmed copies are available Walter T. McDonald through University Microfilms, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106. On the front cover: Roaring engines and flashy driving Letters 53 thrilled spectators as race cars sped through the village each summer during the 1950-1952 Elkhart Curio 56 Lake Road races. Road America Archives VOLUME 90, NUMBER 3 / SPRING 2007 The Origins of \N\ec Ray Zillmer's Path U.S. Representative Henry Reuss (front row, right) leads hikers on the Ice Age Trail. Reuss worked with Raymond Zillmer and Gaylord Nelson to create the 1,000-mile long trail. onem e \ce Age Trail to Protect the Past Mittlefehldt WHi Image ID 45349 ^iH^** •/•/f'^^^1 ?^?; •V ^-A, <.fc / ». «* y>i-. f 1^-; f^-^ *v* ;4v u w 'y>. 'V ^ '* '^^'^ n^ ^^ '.^Jinr, ••*z^ W"^^ _^.•V- » W •«.v ^:^ >'JJ2 '4 X-^V :^ > -^^^i -<*^ -i^ -* )kS» .i-i*<tl f.v -m WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY ith the end of the Ice The idea for a continuous Age about ten thou­ 500-mile park—which later Wsand years ago, the morphed into a 1000-mile climate warmed and slowly trail—began in the Kettle disintegrated a mile-high wall Moraine, a section of rolling of ice known as the late Wis­ hills located about forty-five consin Glacier. Like an enor­ minutes west of Milwaukee. mous conveyor belt, the Starting in the 1920s, the Mil­ retreating glacier deposited waukee Chapter of the Izaak loads of sediment along its Walton League worked to pro­ southern edge, leaving a strip tect the area for recreational of gravelly hills that demar­ purposes. The Izaak Walton cated its final reach.' Known League was, and continues to as the terminal moraine, this be, a national conservation serpentine strip preserves the organization dedicated to pro­ memory of the glacier and tecting our natural heritage serves as a reminder of Wis­ and providing opportunities consin's geologic past. In the for outdoor recreation by late 1950s, Raymond T. using local volunteer chapters. Zillmer, a Milwaukee attorney, As president of the Milwaukee recognized that by shaping Chapter, Zillmer led the effort Wisconsin's physical land­ that established the northern scape, the glacier had helped and southern units of the Ket­ shape the state's cultural land­ tle Moraine State Forest in the scape. He believed that "geo­ Attorney and conservationist Raymond Zillmer devoted the late 1930s and 1940s. By 1958, last years of his life to the preservation of Wisconsin's logical and geographical the area was known as the glacial landscape and the creation of the National Scenic factors . determine, in a "nucleus" of the larger Ice Age Trail, which became part of the National Scenic broad sense, the activities and Trail System in 1980—twenty years after his death. national park proposal. history of our country."^ In In his work to protect the 1958, he proposed a national park, the Wisconsin Glacier Kettle Moraine, Ray Zillmer developed a philosophy of con­ National Forest Park, to protect the state's unique geologic servation that was broader than conventional rationales for features and, further, to enlighten people about the influence establishing national parks. According to historian Alfred the glaciers had on the history of the state. Runte, Congress designated the first national parks in the The proposed park was unlike any national park in exis­ West for their value as scenic monuments, starting with Yel­ tence. Instead of a tight green cluster concentrated within a lowstone in 1872. The early parks primarily served a symbolic concise area on a map, Zillmer's park was an elegant 500- function because most Americans could not actually visit mile line tracing the path of the terminal moraine. Unlike them.^ However, with the development of the railroads, other national parks, it was located in a landscape devoid of hoards of wealthy easterners seeking wild, untamed nature rugged mountains, vast deserts, and ocean vistas—the con­ traveled to the western parks. These visiting masses, which ventional ingredients of wilderness. Instead, the proposed John Muir referred to as the "thousands of tired, nerve- Wisconsin park snaked through working forests, abandoned shaken, over-civilized people," looked to wilderness in the farms, and rural communities. Although the park has been West to balance the mental and spiritual chaos of an increas­ known by several names, including Wisconsin Glacier ingly urban and industrial society back East.*^ In the 1980s, in National Forest Park, Moraine National Park, Ice Age response to these flocks of tourists, Congress began recogniz­ National Park, and finally its current designation as the Ice ing national parks for their recreational value, along with their Age National Scenic Trail—its official purpose has remained scenic and symbolic value.' the same: to protect and celebrate the effects of continental Since the late nineteenth century, Americans have wanted glaciation.^ By protecting the state's geologic past, the pro­ their national parks to contain remote, mysterious, and unde­ ject's objective was to help people understand the role of the veloped lands. The wilderness protection movement gained physical environment in shaping human history and, more political momentum in the early twentieth century during the generally, to help people cultivate an appreciation of nature interwar period, boomed again in the 1950s with the rise of and outdoor activity. outdoor recreation, and eventually exploded with the 1964 www.wisconsinhistory.org Huge chunks of ice deposited in glacial debris created depressions, many kettle-shaped ifaiCing Boulders and loose rock embedded in page). More than 10.000 became the moving ice scratched bedrock lakes, others bogs and swamps. like a giant rasp, leaving clear marks Hundreds remain dry. More lakes of its passage. Grinding action of were formed as the ice gouged silt particles polished rock surfaces rock basins or dammed Superior -tf^ and produced fine "rock flour" that streams with debris. gave a milky cast to streams or containing glacial meltwater. ST aXXXNATIONAl—^,^ Ct.C^ sccMCunraiwAy \ CHCOUAUCeOM HAXION/U. Fonisr (B CKQUfMCCON N/JKHIU. fOfCST ^ #^^ ^s^ 0 HKOUT *? SATIOHAl LANGLADE COUNTY • fOStST CMtQUAUlCON QjD NAiioNAi rotcsr Antigo • MARATHON a Dells of the COUNTY Eau Oaire River •Sturgeon ® O yAlgoma Green", o<^5'" Bay TWOCXECKS Bumcn FOfesr ® • Appleton POWTBUCM STATE f(WfSr o s I N Uke PetenkKll Castle Rock Lake { Winnebago *(lanitowo^ c •?o*Oshkosh* UUBIUFF' ^''^ i Glaciers probably never STATE PA«t fiS) ^ . (ml reached Wisconsin's •LaCrosse southwestern quarter— a mm mm a Uf UOi?f Al PAJtK region largely devoid of / CAUPBrnsner• KmuuoPAiid gj,»V!f Portage STATE FOIIEST I rocky glacial debris, or drift. DBUUUMi Barabop< R»P9' ^^ HOKICON Devits-^^ MARSH • Kewaskun;! Uk^''^<i -oevas LAKC^ (jjD STATtPAXx'^ ® ^ Wis / i ® MihIwauke e ® QD XCHLfMOMMC Fennimore _ STATE FOfEST NewGiarus*/'' National (SI ^^ •4^^ Racine* Geographic map of the Ice Age More than 1000 miles ^ of hiking trail and 950 ® Trail ca. 1977 miles of biking trail. • Ice Age National Scientiric Reserve PAiNTiriC 91 JAiUC OUiNTCRO RfMARCH BV UrnSSA U f ARNUU 1»7T NAIIONAI (jtUGRArMIC SOCi [ I V YN CANADA Lake Superior W ^"'-'o. ^ ii , Lake 'C MICHIGAN Huron MINN. Glaciai lake Wisconsin • Madison ^^^ Michigan IOWA Chicago* ILLINOIS MISSOURI 1 IND. National Geographic Wilderness Act. Yet, despite the socie­ tal obsession with wilderness, Zillmer remained relatively indifferent about trying to protect distant, virgin land­ scapes. In an essay entitled "The Trou­ ble with Wilderness; or. Getting Back to the Wrong Nature," historian William Cronon explains that "idealiz­ ing a distant wilderness too often t. means not idealizing the environments in which we actually live, the land­ scape that for better or worse we call home." Zillmer understood this dilemma, and, although he appreci­ ated undeveloped land, he celebrated working landscapes.
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