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Governance of Groundwater Resources in Transboundary United Nations International Educational, Scientific and Hydrological Cultural Organization Programme Governance of Groundwater Resources in Transboundary Aquifers (GGRETA) project OVERVIEW AND RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT PHASE (2013–2015) Table of Contents The GGRETA project The GGRETA project ...........................................................................3 Pilot study 1: The Trifinio Transboundary Aquifer ...................................4 Water is an important component of our physical environment based on mutual trust and on transparency. World-wide there is Approach and main activities .................................................................4 and it is, above all, indispensable for life on Earth. Groundwater not yet much experience on this subject. The GGRETA project Location, delineation and aquifer type ....................................................4 covers a significant part of the corresponding water demands, (“Governance of Groundwater Resources in Transboundary General features of the Upper Lempa area .............................................4 in particular in areas with a relatively dry climate. Until not very Aquifers”) aims at gaining experience in this respect, on the long ago, the invisible ground water used to be taken for granted basis of three pilot studies of transboundary aquifer systems Governance of Groundwater Resources in Governance Resources of Groundwater in Governance Resources of Groundwater Transboundary Aquifers (GGRETA) Project Aquifers (GGRETA) Transboundary Water and water use in the area ............................................................5 Project Aquifers (GGRETA) Transboundary in most countries, but this attitude is no longer appropriate. in different parts of the world: the Trifinio aquifer in Central The aquifers of the Trifinio area ..............................................................5 Lessons have been learned during the last half of a century America, the Stampriet aquifer system in Southern Africa and Gender issues ......................................................................................6 The River Lempa near Esquipulas, Guatemala © Andrea Merla during which different types of pressures on the groundwater the Pretashkent aquifer system in Central Asia. These three Main groundwater management challenges in the area ...........................6 resources started and continued increasing steadily. If we want pilots were selected to represent different major aquifer types to benefit optimally from our precious groundwater resources and different transboundary contexts. Pilot Study 2: The Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System (STAS) .......7 and to ensure their sustainability, then we should govern and Approach and main activities .................................................................7 manage them carefully. GGRETA is part of the Water Diplomacy and Governance in Location, delineation and type of aquifer ................................................7 Key Transboundary Hot Spots Programme financed by the Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific General features of the STAS area .........................................................7 But practice has shown that groundwater management and Swiss Agency for Development and cooperation (SDC) and and Cultural Organization protection tends to be very difficult. Groundwater is interacting is implemented by the UNESCO International Hydrological 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Water and water use in the area ............................................................7 © UNESCO 2015 The Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System .........................................8 with and affected by various other components of the physical Programme (UNESCO-IHP) in close cooperation with the environment; our knowledge of local groundwater systems International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Main groundwater management challenges in the area .........................10 and their behaviour is often very limited; in addition, each UNESCO International Groundwater Assessment Centre Pilot study 3: The Pretashkent Transboundary Aquifer (PTBA) ..............11 groundwater system has usually a very large number of users (IGRAC) and local project teams. 2 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike and other stakeholders, often with competing or conflicting 3 Approach and main activities ...............................................................11 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ interests. Adequate governance provisions – related to The first phase of GGRETA (2013-2015) was designed as an by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be Location, delineation and aquifer type ..................................................11 Assessment Phase (2013–2015) Overview and Results of the assessment phase, with three major objectives: Assessment Phase (2013–2015) Overview and Results of the bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository information systems, institutions, policy and different kinds (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). General features of the Pretashkent area ..............................................11 of support – are required to enable effective groundwater Focusing the attention of the international community on The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this Water and water use in the Kazakhstani sector .....................................12 management interventions. transboundary aquifers, and providing examples of their publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or The Pretashkent Transboundary Aquifer ...............................................13 assessment and diagnostics of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Gender issues (Kazakhstani sector) ......................................................13 Many groundwater systems around the world (or ‘aquifers’, Assessment of the transboundary aquifers and their context The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the Main groundwater management challenges .........................................14 as exploitable groundwater reservoirs are called) are for the three pilot cases (Trifinio, Stampriet and Pretashkent) authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the transboundary, which means that they either extend over two Organization. Fostering recognition of the shared nature of the or more administrative units inside a country or are crossed Photos of Central America, Central Asia and Southern Africa: © UNESCO-IHP A look forward .................................................................................15 groundwater resource and facilitating cross-border dialogue (the authors are the experts of the local team of each case study). by international boundaries. Evidently, the latter condition and technical exchanges Composed and printed in the workshops of UNESCO adds special challenges to groundwater governance and The printer is certified Imprim’Vert®, the French printing industry’s This document was prepared by Mr Jac van der Gun (Senior Advisor environmental initiative. to UNESCO-IHP and Former Director of the UNESCO IGRAC Centre) management: governance of such transboundary aquifers This brochure summarises activities and results of this phase, Printed in France on the basis of the activities developed by the GGRETA case studies requires harmonization and cooperation across the national in particular by presenting the picture emerging from the 2015/SC/HYD/GGRETA-1 teams that are composed by international, regional and national experts. borders among the various authorities in charge of groundwater, assessment activities. between groundwater and surface water, in this specific Recent demographic data have not been collected, but the abundantly recharged due to the considerable rainfall surplus case the transboundary Río Lempa. total population estimated in 2007 was around 100,000. during the rainy season and their favourable location as it Pilot study 1: The Trifinio comes to intercepting runoff from the surrounding mountainous Transboundary Aquifer General features of the Upper Lempa area Water and water use in the area zones. An important finding of the geophysical survey is that the Quaternary alluvial deposits form two separate spatial units, Approach and main activities The amounts of rainfall and their irregular distribution in time one in the Valle de Esquipulas and the other one in the Valle imply a considerable rainfall surplus during wet periods. Water de Ocotepeque–Citalá. Conse quently, the only transboundary The technical activities of this pilot study were executed by balance calculations carried out by the project team suggest aquifer in the Trifinio area is the latter unit, shared by Honduras a local tri-national team coordinated by the UICN (Unión that in an average year this surplus adds up to values in the and El Salvador only, not by Guatemala. It should not be Governance of Groundwater Resources in Governance Resources of Groundwater in Governance Resources of Groundwater Transboundary Aquifers (GGRETA) Project Aquifers (GGRETA) Transboundary Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza) that was Project Aquifers (GGRETA) Transboundary order of 300
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