Serial Techniques in Works for Unaccompanied Trumpet William Anonie University of South Carolina
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2018 Serial Techniques in Works for Unaccompanied Trumpet William Anonie University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Music Performance Commons Recommended Citation Anonie, W.(2018). Serial Techniques in Works for Unaccompanied Trumpet. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4582 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Serial Techniques in Works for Unaccompanied Trumpet by William Anonie Bachelor of Music Arizona State University 2009 Master of Music Wichita State University 2012 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in Music Performance School of Music University of South Carolina 2018 Accepted by: James Ackley, Major Professor Ronald Davis, Committee Member J. D. Shaw, Committee Member Daniel Jenkins, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School c Copyright by William Anonie, 2018 All Rights Reserved. ii Abstract Of the many compositions for unaccompanied trumpet, some of the most interest- ing are those that employ twelve-tone serialism. This study provides analyses of these works, including Robert Henderson’s Variation Movements, Charles Whittenberg’s Polyphony, Hans Werner Henze’s Sonatina, and Stanley Friedman’s Solus. Perfor- mance implications related to the twelve-tone analysis are examined for each piece. Where multiple editions of a piece exist, they are compared with each other and with the analysis to guide the performer in choosing an edition. iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................... iii List of Tables ................................ vi List of Figures ............................... vii Introduction ................................ 1 Chapter 1 12 Studies in Classical and Modern Style by Paolo Longinotti 4 1.1 Etude A . 4 1.2 Etude B . 6 Chapter 2 Variation Movements by Robert Henderson . 8 2.1 Movement One . 8 2.2 Movement Two . 11 2.3 Movement Three . 13 2.4 Movement Four . 15 2.5 Movement Five . 16 Chapter 3 Polyphony by Charles Whittenberg ............ 22 Chapter 4 Sonatina by Hans Werner Henze . 29 4.1 Movement One . 30 iv 4.2 Movement Two . 31 4.3 Movement Three . 33 Chapter 5 Solus by Stanley Friedman . 41 5.1 Movement One . 41 5.2 Movement Two . 48 5.3 Movement Three . 51 5.4 Movement Four . 56 Conclusion .................................. 59 Bibliography ................................ 61 v List of Tables Table 1.1 Matrix for Etude B .......................... 7 Table 2.1 Matrix for Variation Movements ................... 9 Table 3.1 Matrix for Polyphony ......................... 24 Table 3.2 Harmonic Plan for Polyphony ..................... 28 Table 4.1 Matrix for Sonatina .......................... 34 Table 4.2 Harmonic Plan for Sonatina ..................... 39 Table 5.1 Matrix for Solus ............................ 42 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1 Rows for Etude A ........................... 5 Figure 2.1 mm. 1-12 . 8 Figure 2.2 mm. 13-20 . 10 Figure 2.3 mm. 43-54 . 10 Figure 2.4 mm. 1-5 . 11 Figure 2.5 mm. 15-17 . 12 Figure 2.6 mm. 24-25 . 12 Figure 2.7 mm. 42-44 . 13 Figure 2.8 mm. 45-50 . 13 Figure 2.9 mm. 1-4 . 14 Figure 2.10 mm. 14-20 . 14 Figure 2.11 mm. 30-32 . 14 Figure 2.12 mm. 1-5 . 15 Figure 2.13 mm. 14-17 . 15 Figure 2.14 mm. 18-20 . 16 Figure 2.15 mm. 23-26 . 16 Figure 2.16 mm. 1-13 . 17 Figure 2.17 mm. 17-21 . 18 Figure 2.18 mm. 24-27 . 18 vii Figure 2.19 mm. 31-37 . 19 Figure 2.20 mm. 41-44 . 20 Figure 2.21 mm. 48-50 . 20 Figure 2.22 mm. 57-61 . 21 Figure 2.23 mm. 57-61 . 21 Figure 3.1 mm. 1-9 . 22 Figure 3.2 P0 . 23 Figure 3.3 mm. 26-29 . 24 Figure 3.4 mm. 30-34 . 25 Figure 3.5 mm. 65-69 . 26 Figure 3.6 mm. 98-105 . 27 Figure 4.1 Differences between editions . 30 Figure 4.2 Differences between editions . 32 Figure 4.3 Differences between editions . 33 Figure 4.4 mm. 1-4 . 34 Figure 4.5 m. 3 . 35 Figure 4.6 mm. 4-8 . 35 Figure 4.7 mm. 9-11 . 36 Figure 4.8 mm. 14-15 . 36 Figure 4.9 m. 16 . 37 Figure 4.10 m. 16 . 37 Figure 4.11 m. 16 . 38 viii Figure 4.12 m. 16 . 38 Figure 5.1 mm. 1-7 . 43 Figure 5.2 mm. 7-9 . 44 Figure 5.3 mm. 11-12 . 44 Figure 5.4 mm. 19-21 . 45 Figure 5.5 mm. 22-29 . 46 Figure 5.6 mm. 22-25 . 47 Figure 5.7 mm. 36-40 . 47 Figure 5.8 lines 1-3 . 48 Figure 5.9 lines 4-7 . 49 Figure 5.10 line 9 . 50 Figure 5.11 mm. 1-5 . 51 Figure 5.12 mm. 10-16 . 52 Figure 5.13 mm. 22-27 . 53 Figure 5.14 mm. 28-32 . 53 Figure 5.15 mm. 53-63 . 54 Figure 5.16 mm. 74-80 . 55 Figure 5.17 mm. 81-84 . 56 Figure 5.18 line 1 . 57 Figure 5.19 line 17 . 58 ix Introduction Solo works for unaccompanied trumpet are among the most challenging and rewarding in the repertoire. The challenges they present are unique to the idiom. Without other collaborating musicians, it is the soloist’s responsibility alone to provide a sense of dramatic pacing. Without underlying harmonies, the performer has only his or her own sense of phrasing to drive the piece forward. The soloist must be able to create a wide variety of tonal colors if the piece is to be interesting. The lack of rest makes these works physically as well as musically challenging. These challenges, while daunting, provide the performer with unequaled opportunities for musical and technical growth. The unaccompanied solo is often thought of as a kind of bridge between academic etudes and more valuable solo works. Indeed, composers often use the unaccompanied solo to explore extended techniques that approach the limit of the instrument’s capability. For this reason, unaccompanied solos are among the most difficult in the repertoire. But the important criterion for judging artistic merit should not be instrumentation, but musical quality. There are a great number of unaccompanied pieces that feature twelve-tone se- rialism, especially when compared to the standard repertoire. Of the twelve-tone pieces for trumpet and piano, only Sir Peter Maxwell-Davies’s Sonata could be con- sidered standard repertoire. On the other hand, some of the most celebrated works for unaccompanied trumpet employ serial techniques. These pieces include Robert Henderson’s Variation Movements, Charles Whittenberg’s Polyphony, Hans Werner Henze’s Sonatina, Stanley Friedman’s Solus, Samuel Adler’s Canto I, Karlheinz Stock- hausen’s Harmonien, and more. These pieces have all been recorded by prominent 1 soloists,such as Håkan Hardenberger, Thomas Stevens, Reinhold Friedrich, and oth- ers, and are considered equal to other standard pieces in the trumpet repertoire.1 The fact that these pieces are rarely performed by students is a product of their extreme technical demands rather than a lack of artistic merit. Besides technical difficulty, one reason that students often avoid these works is the difficulty in understanding the underlying structure. Sonatas and concertos far more familiar to most students, so they possess useful intuitions about how to approach them. Similar intuitions about serial music are much rarer. It is with the goal of making these pieces more accessible to the performer that this study is written. These techniques originate with Arnold Schoenberg and arise as what he believed was the logical extension of the increased chromaticism of composers like Mahler and Wagner. Schoenberg saw the trajectory of nineteenth-century harmony as one of increasing chromaticism, and dodecaphony was his attempt at formalizing that procedure. The logical conclusion of this trajectory, in Schoenberg’s view, is one in which all twelve pitches have equal importance. Schoenberg’s solution for insuring absolute equality was a serial procedure in which each note is used before a previous note can be repeated. The order of the twelve pitches is called a tone row, and is given the label P0 for the untransposed prime form of the row. In this study, I have used the traditional method of labeling in which the prime form of the row is P0,.