Economics of Food Labeling
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METHODS for DEVELOPING NEW FOOD PRODUCTS an Instructional Guide
METHODS for DEVELOPING NEW FOOD PRODUCTS An Instructional Guide ADI RAMOUNI, Ph.D. F AProfessor of Food Science Kansas State University ATHRYN ESCHENES, M.S. K Food Science,D Deschenes Consulting, LLC HOW T O O DR ER THIS OB OK BY PHONE: 78 7 005- - 7334 or 717 - -092 1 066 , 9 AM –5 PM Easte nr Time BY F XA : 17 7 905- - 016 0 BY M IA L: Ord re Dep ra tm ne t DEStech Pu ilb cat noi ,s I nc. 34 9 oN r ht uD ke St er et aL n ac ts er, PA 1 2067 , U .S. A. BY RC EDIT AC RD: Am ire c na Ex erp ss, VISA, Mast re C dra , D si cover BY WW W IS ET : h tt p :// www .destec ph ub .com Preface HE ideas in this text include and yet transcend the concepts nor- Tmally offered in food science courses. They speak to practical and business issues, such as food marketing, product feasibility and industry expectations for oral and written communication. Much of the applied technology covered herein is derived from consultation with experts in areas such as these. While the book aspires to provide a review and overview of information required by a well-informed specialist in the food industry, no single volume can cover everything. Hence, the book is a stepping-stone and guide for the readers’ own work and research. The content and organization of this book were originally developed and delivered for a capstone course at Kansas State University. -
Food Marketing and Labeling
FOOD MARKETING AND LABELING BACKGROUND READING 10 “Advertising, new products, and larger portions all contribute to a food environment that promotes eating more, not less.”1 - Marion Nestle, Food Politics: How the industry influences nutrition and health Essential questions • To what degree are food choices made by individuals, versus made by others on their behalf? • How can marketing and labeling affect food choices? How can they make food choices more or less informed? • Why and how do food companies market their products? • How should food marketing be regulated, if at all? Should food companies be allowed to market products to children and in schools? Introduction Americans suffer from an epidemic of diet-related illnesses that stem, in part, from overeating.2 The amount of calories provided by the U.S. food supply,3 as well as the amount consumed,4 have both risen over recent decades. Most of this increase has been in the form of refined grains, added fats and added sugars.5 What has led to these changes in American diets? There are many influences on what people eat, ranging from personal taste preferences to the cost and availability of food in a community (refer to Diet and Influences on Food Choice and Food Environments). This module focuses on the effects of food marketing and labeling on what people eat. In 1999, U.S. food companies spent an estimated $33 billion on marketing.1 In food environments saturated with enticing new products, captivating advertisements and increasing portion sizes, some nutritionists see it as no surprise that Americans struggle with moderation.1 This raises questions of how much control people have over their food choices: To what degree are those choices driven by individual needs, versus driven by effective marketing campaigns? Children, in particular, may be particularly susceptible to the effects of marketing.6 Food labels, such as nutrition information and USDA Organic labels, may help consumers make more informed purchases that align with their values and nutritional needs. -
FOOD FIGHT! Product Development in the Science Classroom
FOOD FIGHT! Product Development in the Science Classroom Authors: Amy Rowley Jeremy Peacock NSF Graduate Teaching Fellows Department of Food Science and Technology The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia June 2005 FOOD FIGHT! was developed as part of The Science Behind Our Food NSF GK-12 program at the University of Georgia in collaboration with the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and the Department of Food Science and Technology. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Award No. DGE0229577. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. FOOD FIGHT! 2 Contributors Contributing Author: Chris Wildman NSF Graduate Teaching Fellow Department of Animal and Dairy Science The University of Georgia Tifton, Georgia Collaborating Teachers: Danielle Armstrong Paul Blais Science Teacher Science Teacher Columbia High School Cedar Shoals High School Decatur, Georgia Athens, Georgia Reviewers: David Knauft, Ph.D. Steve Oliver, Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor Department of Horticulture Department of Science Education The University of Georgia The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Athens, Georgia Robert Shewfelt, Ph.D. Professor Department of Food Science and Technology The University of Georgia Athens, Georgia FOOD FIGHT! ii Welcome to FOOD FIGHT! An Introduction for Teachers The most effective approaches to science instruction present scientific concepts in terms that are relevant and meaningful in students’ lives. As food is one of our most basic interests in life and a top priority in teenagers’ lives, the science behind our food is a natural perspective from which to approach high school science instruction. -
Working Group to Promote and Publicize the Aidcp Dolphin Safe Tuna Certification System the Agreement on the International Dolph
INTERNATIONAL DOLPHIN CONSERVATION PROGRAM WORKING GROUP TO PROMOTE AND PUBLICIZE THE AIDCP DOLPHIN SAFE TUNA CERTIFICATION SYSTEM At the request of the Working Group, the Secretariat completed this draft-final version, reflecting the final comments received at the 30th Meeting of the Parties in October 2014 THE AGREEMENT ON THE INTERNATIONAL DOLPHIN CONSERVATION PROGRAM (AIDCP) AND THE AIDCP DOLPHIN SAFE LABEL: LEADERSHIP THROUGH RESPONSIBLE FISHING PRACTICES WHAT IS THE AIDCP? The Agreement for the International Dolphin Conservation Program (AIDCP) is a multilateral agreement for the protection of dolphins in the tuna fisheries in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). Adopted in 1998, the Agreement was the culmination of years of work to address concerns regarding dolphin mortality in the purse-seine fisheries for tunas in the EPO. The objectives of the AIDCP are: 1. To progressively reduce incidental dolphin mortalities in the tuna purse-seine fishery in the Agreement Area to levels approaching zero, through the setting of annual limits; 2. With the goal of eliminating dolphin mortality in this fishery, to seek ecologically sound means of capturing large yellowfin tunas not in association with dolphins; and 3. To ensure the long-term sustainability of the tuna stocks in the Agreement Area, as well as that of the marine resources related to this fishery, taking into consideration the interrelationship among species in the ecosystem, with special emphasis on, inter alia, avoiding, reducing and minimizing bycatch and discards of juvenile tunas and non-target species. The AIDCP represents the culmination of years of work and cooperation among governments, scientists and fishermen, who worked tirelessly to develop the gear, procedures and technical knowledge utilized in today’s fishery. -
MARKETING UNHEALTHY FOODS to KIDS Why Regulation Is Critical to Reducing Obesity
MARKETING UNHEALTHY FOODS TO KIDS Why Regulation is Critical to Reducing Obesity A Growing, Global Obesity Epidemic • Worldwide, over 223 million children aged 5-18 years are now overweight or obese — 24 million more than in 2000 — and prevalence is expected to increase another 20% over the next decade.1,2 For preschool-aged children, prevalence has also risen 60% since 1990, with 43 million preschoolers now afFected and a Further 92 million at risk.3 • Low- and middle-income countries have experienced the most rapid rise in prevalence.4 In Latin America, for example, overweight and obesity now afFect 15-20% of children and adolescents in Colombia, a quarter to a third in parts oF Brazil, and well over a third in Mexico and Chile.2,5 • Even at a young age, obesity has serious health consequences, harming nearly every organ system and disrupting hormones that control blood sugar and normal development.4,6-9 • Carrying excess weight during childhood and adolescence can take a serious social and psychological toll, with increased risks For depression, anxiety, low selF-esteem, peer bullying, eating disorders, or poor perFormance in school.10-16 • Without intervention, children with obesity are likely to face overweight and obesity as teenagers and adults.7,17-20 They are also more likely to develop diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer at a younger age and Face shorter liFe expectancies.4,6,9,20-25 A Major Cause: Marketing to Children Television remains the most • The World Health Organization and other major health organizations -
Educational Module on the AIDCP
INTERNATIONAL DOLPHIN CONSERVATION PROGRAM WORKING GROUP TO PROMOTE AND PUBLICIZE THE AIDCP DOLPHIN SAFE TUNA CERTIFICATION SYSTEM At the request of the Working Group, the Secretariat completed this draft-final version, reflecting the final comments received at the 30th Meeting of the Parties in October 2014 THE AGREEMENT ON THE INTERNATIONAL DOLPHIN CONSERVATION PROGRAM (AIDCP) AND THE AIDCP DOLPHIN SAFE LABEL: LEADERSHIP THROUGH RESPONSIBLE FISHING PRACTICES WHAT IS THE AIDCP? The Agreement for the International Dolphin Conservation Program (AIDCP) is a multilateral agreement for the protection of dolphins in the tuna fisheries in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). Adopted in 1998, the Agreement was the culmination of years of work to address concerns regarding dolphin mortality in the purse-seine fisheries for tunas in the EPO. The objectives of the AIDCP are: 1. To progressively reduce incidental dolphin mortalities in the tuna purse-seine fishery in the Agreement Area to levels approaching zero, through the setting of annual limits; 2. With the goal of eliminating dolphin mortality in this fishery, to seek ecologically sound means of capturing large yellowfin tunas not in association with dolphins; and 3. To ensure the long-term sustainability of the tuna stocks in the Agreement Area, as well as that of the marine resources related to this fishery, taking into consideration the interrelationship among species in the ecosystem, with special emphasis on, inter alia, avoiding, reducing and minimizing bycatch and discards of juvenile tunas and non-target species. The AIDCP represents the culmination of years of work and cooperation among governments, scientists and fishermen, who worked tirelessly to develop the gear, procedures and technical knowledge utilized in today’s fishery. -
The Foodservice Industry
The Foodservice Industry: A Profile and Examination Of Eastern Foodservice Distributors* by Stephanie R, Peavey Assistant Scientist Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Maine Alan S. Kezis Associate Professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of Maine Duane A. Smith Management Specialist, Marketing Cooperative Extension Service University of Maine Abstract characteristics of distributors located throughout the eastern United States. The foodservice industry has grown rapidly over the past two decades and represents Introduction a major market for agricultural producers. The expansion of the foodservice industry has pre- Over the past three decades, the most cipitated changes in the organization and struc- profound transformation in food consumption ture of the industry and its distribution chain. and marketing has been the growing prominence The central link of particular interest to sup- of foodservice. The term refers to the prepara- pliers is the foodservice distributor industry. In tion and serving of food away from home and addition to describing the organizational and encompasses a broad assortment of service structural components of’ the foodservice options, from white table cloth fine dining res- industry, this research describes the function of taurants, to office vending machines. This the foodservice distributors and analyzes key industry has experienced substantial growth over a relatively short period of time. While just ten years ago, foodservice generated record *The authors wish to express their appreciation to Institutional Distribution for permitting us to use their data. Special thanks is also extended to Denise Butterfield for her tireless assistance with the data base management and for creating the many tables in this document. -
Food Marketing to Children
Food Marketing to Children Food marketing to children Kellogg’s FunKtown web • Companies market food to children on television, site features on the radio, on the Internet, in magazines, through ‘advergames’ – sugary product placement in movies and video games, in cereal and schools, on product packages, as toys, on clothing fruit snack marketing and other merchandise, and almost anywhere built into fun where a logo or product image can be shown. electronic games. • Food marketing techniques include the use of: spokes-characters, celebrities, cartoons, premiums, collectibles, games, contests, kids’ clubs, and more. • The total amount spent on food marketing to children is about $10 billion a year.1 Food marketing to children works There is no disputing the fact that the goal of food marketing is to influence children’s food choices. • Companies clearly believe that marketing works or they wouldn’t spend billions of dollars a year on it. • According to a comprehensive review in 2005 by the National Academies’ Institute of Medicine, studies demonstrate that television food advertising affects children’s food choices, food purchase requests, diets, and health.1 • Based on an extensive review of the research, the American Psychological Association concluded that until the age of about 8 years old children are unable to understand the persuasive intent of advertisements.2 • Any parent can tell you that ads and cartoon characters on food packages affect not only which foods their children ask them to purchase, but which foods their kids are willing to eat. Marketed foods typically are of poor nutritional quality The reason marketing has a negative effect on children’s well-being is because the overwhelming majority of marketing is for foods of poor nutritional quality. -
Miller-And-Bush-2014-Authority-Without-Credibilty 1.Pdf
Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2014) 1e9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro Authority without credibility? Competition and conflict between ecolabels in tuna fisheries Alice M.M. Miller*, Simon R. Bush Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, Wageningen, Netherlands article info abstract Article history: Certification is widely seen as an innovative strategy for dealing with environmental problems in supply Received 29 July 2013 chains. As the number of labels available in the fisheries sector has increased, each with its own framing Received in revised form of sustainability, questions are being asked about their credibility. In tuna fisheries, contrasting ap- 14 February 2014 proaches have led to conflict over, among other things, the credibility of competing labels. This paper Accepted 19 February 2014 investigates one such conflict between the Dolphin Safe and the Marine Stewardship Council certification Available online xxx schemes in the West and Central Pacific. It looks at how key practices like scientific rigour, inclusiveness, transparency/openness, impartiality/independence and impact contribute to label credibility and ex- Keywords: fi fl Authority plains the importance of authority in understanding how certi cation schemes maintain in uence Credibility within global production networks. The results demonstrate that despite substantially different levels of Tuna credibility within these networks, the application of an environmental standard is more connected to the Marine Stewardship Council authority of the standard setter than the credibility of the label. The paper concludes that understanding Dolphin safe the more nuanced role of authority, both with and without credibility, offers new insights into the wider Ecolabelling dynamics that shape environmental regulation in global production networks. -
Federal Labeling Requirements for Herbal Dietary Supplements
GUIDANCE: Federal Labeling Requirements for Herbal Dietary Supplements September 2019 (Revised) Prepared by the American Herbal Products Association This document was originally published in August 1999 under the title “Labeling of dietary supplements: Saying it right the first time.” It has been updated to reflect interim changes in law, including those from the May 2016 Final Rule revising FDA’s nutrition labeling regulations. This document is the property of the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) and is for AHPA purposes only. Unless given prior approval from AHPA, it shall not be reproduced, circulated, or quoted, in whole or in part, outside of AHPA, its Committees, and its members. Cite as: American Herbal Products Association. September 2019. GUIDANCE: Federal Labeling Requirements for Herbal Dietary Supplements. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD. GUIDANCE: Federal Labeling Requirements for Herbal Dietary Supplements Disclaimer The information contained herein is not and should not be considered legal advice. This AHPA publication is not a substitute for the actual statutes, regulations, and agency guidance that apply to the products and activities that are discussed herein. The information contained herein is not intended to replace or supersede federal or any state statutes, regulations or guidance. This document is specifically relevant to federal labeling requirements for dietary supplement products. No other issues related to the manufacture, marketing, or sale of food, dietary ingredients, dietary supplements, cosmetics, or any other class of consumer goods are addressed herein. While AHPA believes the information herein is accurate, AHPA advises all individuals and entities using this information to discuss all aspects of their application of this information with an attorney or qualified consultant, or with personnel at relevant regulatory agencies. -
Food Mountains and Famines: the Economics of Agricultural Policies. 1
Food Mountains and Famines: The Economics of Agricultural Policies. 1 "Food Mountains and Famines: The Economics of Agricultural Policies." Inaugural Lecture at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne by Professor David R. Harvey, Department of Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing March 3rd., 1988 The following paper was prepared for this inaugural lecture, and elaborates the arguments discussed during the lecture. The presentation did not follow all of the detail set out in this paper, which is intended as a background paper for those whose appetite was whetted by the lecture. The author is indebted to his colleagues, especially M.C. Whitby, J. Lingard and C. Ritson for their helpful comnments and criticisms of earlier drafts of this paper. Any remaining errors and ommisssions remain, as usual, the responsibility of the author. © Prof. D. R. Harvey, Dept. Agricultural Economics & Food Marketing, Newcastle University Food Mountains and Famines: The Economics of Agricultural Policies. 2 PREFACE The brief for an inaugural lecture is both undefined and extremely wide. There are a number of possible audiences and objectives for these occasions, which usually happen as a single event in anyone's career. I give lectures and papers to all sorts of different audiences, including undergraduate and postgraduate students, professional associations and industry meetings. It might be thought, therefore, that the prospect of speaking for an hour in front of a general university audience would be a simple matter. However, I found that in preparing this lecture, I became concerned about what to say and how to say it. It is often remarked among university staff that the most testing examination question would be "set yourself the question and then answer it". -
Statement: “We Are Troubled by the Recent Misguided Decision from the World Trade Organization (WTO) Against Dolphin-Safe Tuna Labels
Statement: “We are troubled by the recent misguided decision from the World Trade Organization (WTO) against dolphin-safe tuna labels. We urge your administration to make clear to our trading partners that the U.S. intends to maintain the strong dolphin-safe standards, and not to water them down.” Fact: The WTO did not rule against dolphin-safe labels. The WTO ruled that the current U.S. dolphin safe labeling scheme is misleading and deceiving U.S. consumers since 98% of the tuna in the U.S. market is caught in fisheries where there are thousands of dolphins killed and injured every year and, yet, it can be labeled dolphin safe. Statement: “Beginning in the 1950s, tuna fishing fleets began to profit from this association by tracking down and chasing dolphin herds, and then encircling them with purse seine nets, in order to capture the tuna underneath. The result was an enormous increase in dolphin deaths.” Fact: True and False. There was an enormous increase in dolphin deaths through the 1950's, '60's and '70's, primarily at the hands of the U.S. fleet. Beginning in the late 1980's fishermen began to develop and implement technologies and techniques to reduce these mortalities. In the 1990's, through the multilateral agreements and programs put in place, mortalities were dramatically reduced by 99% to levels approaching zero. This problem was fixed by the time Congress passed the law to change the definition of dolphin safe in 1997, which was blocked by Earth Island Institute (EII) in the courts. Statement: “We authorized U.S.