Deciphering a Meal
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Mary Douglas: Purity and Danger
Purity and Danger This remarkable book, which is written in a very graceful, lucid and polemical style, is a symbolic interpretation of the rules of purity and pollution. Mary Douglas shows that to examine what is considered as unclean in any culture is to take a looking-glass approach to the ordered patterning which that culture strives to establish. Such an approach affords a universal understanding of the rules of purity which applies equally to secular and religious life and equally to primitive and modern societies. MARY DOUGLAS Purity and Danger AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF POLLUTION AND TABOO LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1966 ARK Edition 1984 ARK PAPERBACKS is an imprint of Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. © 1966 Mary Douglas 1966 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-415-06608-5 (Print Edition) ISBN 0-203-12938-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-17578-6 (Glassbook Format) Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction 1 1. -
Terrain Adaptability Mechanism of Large Ruminants' Feet on The
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Applied Bionics and Biomechanics Volume 2015, Article ID 151686, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/151686 Research Article Terrain Adaptability Mechanism of Large Ruminants’ Feet on the Kinematics View Qun Zhang,1 Xilun Ding,1 and Kun Xu1,2 1 Space Robot Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 2State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, HIT, Harbin 150001, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xilun Ding; [email protected] Received 7 July 2015; Revised 2 November 2015; Accepted 22 November 2015 Academic Editor: Young-Hui Chang Copyright © 2015 Qun Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ruminants live in various parts of land. Similar cloven hooves assist ruminants in adapting to different ground environment during locomotion. This paper analyzes the general terrain adaptability of the feet of ruminants using kinematics of the equivalent mechanism model based on screw theory. Cloven hooves could adjust attitude by changing relative positions between two digits in swing phase. This function helps to choose better landing orientation. “Grasping” or “holding” a rock or other object on the ground passively provides extra adhesion force in stance phase. Ruminants could adjust the position of the metacarpophalangeal joint or metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP or MCP) with no relative motion between the tip of feet and the ground, which ensures the adhesion and dexterity in stance phase. These functions are derived from an example from chamois’ feet and several assumptions, which are believed to demonstrate the foundation of adaptation of ruminants and ensure a stable and continuous movement. -
Between Purity and Danger: Fieldwork Approaches to Movement
Isidoros, Between purity and danger BETWEEN PURITY AND DANGER: FIELDWORK APPROACHES TO MOVEMENT, PROTECTION AND LEGITIMACY FOR A FEMALE ETHNOGRAPHER IN THE SAHARA DESERT KONSTANTINA ISIDOROS ‘What truly distinguishes anthropology […] is that it is not a study of at all, but a study with. Anthropologists work and study with people.’ (Ingold 2011: 238) Introduction Although Mary Douglas (2002 [1966]) led the anthropological study of ‘purity and danger’ to explore the meaning of dirt in different contexts, it is a revealing lens to apply to another taboo – the erotic subjectivity of researchers (Kulick and Willson 1995). Of relevance here is Douglas’ starting point: what is regarded as dirt in a given society is ‘matter out of place’. Most human beings have an interest in sex, and anthropology has long studied sex in both distant and home field sites.1 Yet the sexual life of researchers during fieldwork remains a consummate example of ‘matter out of place’, a matter complicated by idiosyncratic sexual sensibilities. I reflect upon this ambiguity as sexual absence – or rather, as asexual presence – compelled by the authoritative imperative for scientific ‘purity’ (integrity). In this scenario, sexual relations between researcher and researched are seen as dangerous, polluting anthropological data as ‘dirt’. This article explores a debate in a small body of scholarship concerning sex[ual danger] in the field. In it I argue that this ‘matter out of place’, instead of jeopardising the integrity of the research, has the potential to offer rich ethnographic insight, hence it should be written up rather than written out. I suggest that, to understand what types of sex[ual danger] the researcher may encounter in the field, an anthropological ‘sex education’ prior to fieldwork would be helpful to comprehend both one’s own and others’ cultural perceptions and practices of sex. -
Livestock Market Interruption Strategy
Livestock Market Interruption Strategy Final Report of the Livestock Market Interruption Strategy Steering Committee April 2016 The Livestock Market Interruption Strategy has been developed through collaboration and efforts of many governments and organizations, participating as active members of the Steering Committee or sub- working groups. Steering Committee Members Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Dairy Farmers of Canada Alberta Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Maple Leaf Foods Inc. Animal Nutrition Association of Canada Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec Canadian Cattlemen’s Association Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Canadian Food Inspection Agency National Cattle Feeders’ Association Canadian Renderer’s Association Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Cargill Inc. Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Canadian Pork Council Members of sub-working groups on humane depopulation, carcass disposal, emergency management and communications Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Alberta Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture National Cattle Feeders’ Association Canadian Cattlemen’s Association New Brunswick Ministry of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries Canadian Food Inspection Agency Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture Canadian Pork Council Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Canadian -
In the Mood Deer Have a Way of Advertising Their Wares and the Whereabouts– Scent, Sounds, and Body Language
A buck simulates reproductive response with flehman or lip curling to expose his vomeronasal organ to scent of a female’s urination. (frame from Quality Deer Management Assoc. video) In the Mood Deer have a way of advertising their wares and the whereabouts– scent, sounds, and body language J. Morton Galetto, CU Maurice River Last October I wrote an article about deer that included some aspects of their mating habits. It described mate guarding and the male deer or buck’s propensity to focus on following a female in estrus so as to insure he is the lucky suitor. During rut or the breeding season, when males spar competitively for reproductive rights over females, deer are on the move. The season begins in October and its height in our region is November 10- 20. Females that are not successfully fertilized will come into estrus a second time 28 days later, offering a second chance for them to produce young. All this moving around makes deer and drivers especially prone to road collisions. Bucks are particularly active during sunset and early morning. So slow down and stay alert. In last year’s story we offered lots of advice in this regard. White-tail deer are the local species here in Southern NJ. I thought it might be fun to talk about their indicators of lust – well, fun for me anyway. Deer employ three major methods of communications: scents, vocalizations, and body language. Deer are ungulates, meaning they are a mammal with a cloven hoof on each leg, split in two parts; you could describe them as toes or digits. -
Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa
Quickworld Entity Report Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa Quickworld Factoid Name : Central Africa Status : Region of Africa Land Area : 7,215,000 sq km - 2,786,000 sq mi Political Entities Sovereign Countries (19) Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo (DR) Congo (Republic) Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Malawi Niger Nigeria Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia International Organizations Worldwide Organizations (3) Commonwealth of Nations La Francophonie United Nations Organization Continental Organizations (1) African Union Conflicts and Disputes Internal Conflicts and Secessions (1) Lybian Civil War Territorial Disputes (1) Sudan-South Sudan Border Disputes Languages Language Families (9) Bihari languages Central Sudanic languages Chadic languages English-based creoles and pidgins French-based creoles and pidgins Manobo languages Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins Prakrit languages Songhai languages © 2019 Quickworld Inc. Page 1 of 7 Quickworld Inc assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this document. The information contained in this document is provided on an "as is" basis with no guarantees of completeness, accuracy, usefulness or timeliness. Quickworld Entity Report Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa Languages (485) Abar Acoli Adhola Aghem Ajumbu Aka Aka Akoose Akum Akwa Alur Amba language Ambele Amdang Áncá Assangori Atong language Awing Baali Babango Babanki Bada Bafaw-Balong Bafia Bakaka Bakoko Bakole Bala Balo Baloi Bambili-Bambui Bamukumbit -
Polysensoriality
CHAPTER 25 THE SENSES: Polysensoriality David Howes As Bryan Turner (1997: 16) has observed, one cannot take "the body" for granted as a "natural, fixed and historically universal datum of human societies." The classification of the body's senses is a case in point. "Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch: that the senses should be enumerated in this way is not self-evident. The number and order of the senses are fixed by custom and tradition, not by nature" (Vinge 1975: 107). Plato, for example, apparently did not distinguish clearly between the senses and feelings. "In one enumeration of perceptions, he begins with sight, hearing and smell, leaves out taste, instead of touch mentions hot and cold, and adds sensations of pleasure, discomfort, desire and fear" (Classen 1993a: 2). It is largely thanks to the works of Aristotle that the notion of the senses being five in number, and of each sense as having its proper object (i.e. sight being concerned with color, hearing with sound, smell with odor, etc.) came to figure as a commonplace of Western culture. Even so, Aristotle classified taste as "a form of touch"; hence, it would be more accurate to speak of "the four senses" in his enumeration. So, too, was there considerable diversity of opinion in antiquity regarding the order of the senses (i.e. sight as the most informative of the modalities, followed by hearing, smell, and so on down the scale). Diogenes, for example, apparently placed smell in first place followed by hearing, and other philosophers proposed other hierarchies; what would become the standard ranking was given its authority (once again) by Aristotle (Vinge 1975: 17–19). -
The Jewish Dietary Laws (Kashrut) to Those Unfamiliar with Them May Seem Somewhat Daunting, but They Are Really Fairly Simple
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO KASHRUT The Jewish dietary laws (kashrut) to those unfamiliar with them may seem somewhat daunting, but they are really fairly simple. The word “kosher” (in Hebrew kasher) means fit or proper. The Torah (Leviticus and Deuteronomy) delineates which animals are kosher. Among mammals only those which have a cloven hoof and chew their cud are deemed kosher. This includes cattle, sheep and goats, but excludes, for example, pigs and horses. In the category of sea creatures, only those which have fins and scales are acceptable. This excludes, for example, shellfish, catfish, squid and shark. As for birds, the Torah only explicitly mentions those species which are prohibited without listing characteristics. Interestingly, all the creatures prohibited are birds of prey. Domesticated fowl such as chickens, geese, ducks and pigeons are among those which are permitted. The Torah also prohibited the consumption of animal blood so all blood from fowl and meat must be properly removed. Rabbinic law developed a specific manner in which kosher animals are to be slaughtered (shechitah). Animals are killed by a quick slit of the jugular vein with a knife that must be kept extremely sharp. The purpose is to minimize the suffering of the animal. The killing is done by a ritual slaughterer (shochet) who receives special training. The laws of shechitah and the prohibition against eating blood do not apply to fish. The Torah three times commands, “You shall not boil a kid in its mother’s milk” (Exodus 23:19; 34:26; Deuteronomy 14:21). This prohibition became the basis for later rabbinic laws on the separation of meat and milk. -
INTRODUCTION Drawn from Life: Mary Douglas's Personal Method
INTRODUCTION Drawn from life: Mary Douglas’s personal method Richard Fardon Mary Douglas (1921–2007) was the most widely read British anthropolo- gist of the second half of the twentieth century. Her writings continue to inspire researchers in numerous fields in the twenty-first century.1 This vol- ume of papers, first published over a period of almost fifty years, provides insights into the wellsprings of her style of thought and manner of writing. More popular counterparts to many of Douglas’s academic works – either the first formulation of an argument, or its more general statement – were often published around the same time as a specialist version. These first thoughts and popular re-imaginings are particularly revealing of the close relation between Douglas’s intellectual and personal concerns, a convergence that became more overt in her late career, when Mary Douglas occasionally wrote autobiographi- cally, explaining her ideas in relation to her upbringing, her family, and her experiences as both a committed Roman Catholic and a social anthropologist in the academy. The four social types of her theoretical writings – hierarchy, competition, the enclaved sect, and individuals in isolation – extend to remote times and distant places, prototypes that literally were close to home for her. This ability to expand and contract a restricted range of formal images allowed Mary Douglas to enter new fields of study with startling rapidity, to link unlikely domains of thought (through analogy, most frequently with religion), and to accommodate the most diverse examples in comparative frameworks. It was the way, to put it baldly, she made things fall into place. -
Name, a Novel
NAME, A NOVEL toadex hobogrammathon /ubu editions 2004 Name, A Novel Toadex Hobogrammathon Cover Ilustration: “Psycles”, Excerpts from The Bikeriders, Danny Lyon' book about the Chicago Outlaws motorcycle club. Printed in Aspen 4: The McLuhan Issue. Thefull text can be accessed in UbuWeb’s Aspen archive: ubu.com/aspen. /ubueditions ubu.com Series Editor: Brian Kim Stefans ©2004 /ubueditions NAME, A NOVEL toadex hobogrammathon /ubueditions 2004 name, a novel toadex hobogrammathon ade Foreskin stepped off the plank. The smell of turbid waters struck him, as though fro afar, and he thought of Spain, medallions, and cork. How long had it been, sussing reader, since J he had been in Spain with all those corkoid Spanish medallions, granted him by Generalissimo Hieronimo Susstro? Thirty, thirty-three years? Or maybe eighty-seven? Anyhow, as he slipped a whip clap down, he thought he might greet REVERSE BLOOD NUT 1, if only he could clear a wasp. And the plank was homely. After greeting a flock of fried antlers at the shevroad tuesday plied canticle massacre with a flash of blessed venom, he had been inter- viewed, but briefly, by the skinny wench of a woman. But now he was in Rio, fresh of a plank and trying to catch some asscheeks before heading on to Remorse. I first came in the twilight of the Soviet. Swigging some muck, and lampreys, like a bad dram in a Soviet plezhvadya dish, licking an anagram off my hands so the ——— woundn’t foust a stiff trinket up me. So that the Soviets would find out. -
2021 Agricultural Use Guidelines
MEDINA COUNTY APPRAISAL DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL GUIDELINES Medina County Appraisal District 1410 Avenue K Hondo, Texas 78861 (830) 741-3035 Revised and Approved October 13, 2020 AGRICULTURAL GUIDELINES Table of Contents Introduction 3 Application 3 Qualification of Land 4 Minimum Acreage 4 Tests 5 Principal Use 5 Historical Use 5 Current Use 5 Intensity of Use 6 Types of Agricultural Operations 6 Livestock and Exotic Operations 6 Cow/Calf 6 Stocker/Feeder Calf 6 Sheep 6 Goat 7 Horse 7 Cropland 7 Hayland 8 Orchard and Vineyard 8 Truck Farming 8 Exotics 9 Field Inspections 9 Land Leases 9 Beekeeping 10 Wildlife Management 10 Ecological Laboratory 10 Governmental Programs 10 1-d-1 Rollback Tax Penalty 10 Definitions 11 Animal Unit Equivalent Chart, Domestic Livestock 14 Stocking Rate Chart 14 Animal Unit Equivalent Chart, Native/Exotic Wildlife 15 Frequently Asked Questions 16 Frequently Made Mistakes 18 2 Introduction In 1966, voters approved the first agricultural appraisal law for ad valorem taxes in the State of Texas. This first law, known as 1-d, intended to protect the family farm from being taxed out of existence as Texas became more and more urbanized and market prices of agricultural land skyrocketed. Section 1-d is very restrictive, as it applies only to land owned by families or individuals. Under 1-d, agriculture must be the owner's primary occupation and primary source of income. As Texas became more urbanized, and the number of agriculture producers began to drop, a new section was added to the law by voters in 1978. The constitution was amended to allow a second, and more liberal, agriculture appraisal law, known as open-space or 1-d-1. -
Jeremy Montagu the Divorce of Organology from Ethnomusicology P. 1 of 10 the Divorce of Organology from Ethnomusicology Jeremy M
Jeremy Montagu The Divorce of Organology from Ethnomusicology p. 1 of 10 The Divorce of Organology from Ethnomusicology Jeremy Montagu Ethno-organology began in the early seventeenth century with publications such as Praetorius’s De Organographia of 1619. This was mainly concerned with the instruments of his own time, but in part it was devoted also to biblical instruments, as they had been misinterpreted from the tenth century onwards, also to the instruments of antiquity from the less probable sources, and, what is important to us here today, to those of exotic lands. This part is usually ignored by the early-music enthusiasts who seize on the illustrations of the early seventeenth-century instruments for their reconstructions, print them on posters and T- shirts, and so on. A century earlier Sebastian Virdung ( Musica Getutscht) had illustrated the folk instruments of his own place and time, but this was mainly to decry them for the horrible and vulgar noises that they made. Praetorius, on the other hand, illustrated the exotica seriously even though he nearly always attributed them to the wrong peoples. What is more, his engraver portrayed them with such accuracy that many can be identified today. With those that he got wrong, such as the Javanese gamelan, the error can often be traced back to the source from which he copied them, in that case Lodewijkz’s D’Eerste Boek of around 1597, chronicling the first Dutch expedition to that area – even so Praetorius got the area wrong, saying that they were American. Most of his illustrations must have been engraved from objects in the early Kunstkabinetten which were amassed by princely houses all over Europe and which today form the bases of many of our public museums.