Chapter 6 As Plantas Vasculares

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Chapter 6 As Plantas Vasculares CAPÍTULO 6 | CHAPTER 6 AS PLANTAS VASCULARES (PTERIDOPHYTA E SPERMATOPHYTA) DOS ARQUIPÉLAGOS DA MADEIRA E DAS SELVAGENS THE VASCULAR PLANTS (PTERIDOPHYTA AND SPERMATOPHYTA) OF THE MADEIRA AND SELVAGENS ARCHIPELAGOS Roberto Jardim1 & Miguel Menezes de Sequeira2 1 Jardim Botânico da Madeira, Caminho do Meio, 9064 -512 Funchal, Portugal; e -mail: robertojardim.sra@gov -madeira.pt 2 Universidade da Madeira, Dep. Biologia/CEM, Edifício da Penteada, 9000 -399 Funchal, Portugal; e -mail: [email protected] Resumo Abstract 1. A presente lista de plantas vasculares dos arquipélagos 1. The present list of the vascular plants of the Madeira and da Madeira e das Selvagens resulta da compilação de Selvagens archipelagos results from data published in informação publicada em obras e artigos de referência. key scientific works. 2. O critério taxonómico e nomenclatural é o seguido pela 2. Taxonomic and nomenclatural criteria follow the Flora Flora Ibérica (Castroviejo et al. 1986 -2008) e pela Flora of Ibérica (Castroviejo et al. 1986 -2008) and the Flora of Madeira (Press & Short 1994). Madeira (Press & Short 1994). 3. Nos arquipélagos da Madeira e Selvagens contabilizam- 3. 1,204 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular plants -se 1204 taxa (espécies e subespécies) de plantas vas- are reported from the archipelagos of Madeira and Sel- culares. Destes, 154 (a que correspondem 136 espécies vagens. Of these, 154 taxa (which refer to 136 species e 21 subespécies) são endemismos dos arquipélagos and 21 subspecies) are endemic to the archipelagos of da Madeira e Selvagens (12,8%), 74 são endemismos Madeira and Selvagens (12.8%), 74 are Macaronesian macaronésicos (6,1%), 480 são taxa nativos (39,9%), 66 endemics (6,1%), 480 taxa are native (39.9%), 66 are são nativos prováveis (5,5%), 29 são introduzidos prová- “possible natives” (5.5%), 29 are “possible introduced” veis (2,4%) e 401 são taxa introduzidos (33,3%). (2.4%) and 401 taxa are introduced (33.3%). 4. Nos arquipélagos da Madeira e Selvagens dominam 4. In the archipelagos of Madeira and Selvagens the Mag- as Magnoliopsida (863 taxa), seguidas das Liliopsida noliopsida (863 taxa) are dominant, followed by Liliopsi- (260), Filicopsida (65), Pinopsida (6), Lycopodiopsida da (260), Filicopsida (65), Pinopsida (6), Lycopodiopsida (5), Ophioglossopsida (3), Equisetopsida (1) e Gnetopsi- (5), Ophioglossopsida (3), Equisetopsida (1) and Gne- da (1). topsida (1). 5. A ilha da Madeira apresenta 94,4% do total de taxa e 5. Madeira Island comprises 94.4% of the total taxa and 89,6% do total dos endemismos dos arquipélagos da 89.6% of the endemics from the archipelagos of Madei- Madeira e das Selvagens, enquanto as Selvagens apre- ra and Selvagens, while the Selvagens have the lowest sentam a menor proporção, com apenas 8,7% do total proportion, with only 8.7% of total taxa and 8.4% of en- de taxa e 8,4% dos endemismos. demics. 6. No que diz respeito às ilhas habitadas da Macaronésia, 6. In what concerns the inhabited islands of Macaronesia, a ilha da Madeira é terceira com maior número de ende- Madeira Island has the third highest number of exclusive mismos exclusivos (94) e a segunda em densidade de endemics (94) and the second highest density of exclusi- endemismos exclusivos. ve endemics. 157 1. Introdução 1. Introduction As plantas vasculares constituem o elemento paisagís- Vascular plants are the dominant element in the com- tico dominante e estruturante em todos os ecossistemas position and structure of the landscape in most terrestrial terrestres. Foram aliás as densas florestas da Madeira que ecosystems. The dense and luxurious forests of Madeira mais impressionaram os primeiros relatos, como o de Gas- Island deeply impressed the first visitors, as attested by the par Frutuoso (1590) no século XVI: early writings about Madeira, like the one from Gaspar Fru- “Toda esta ilha é fragosissima e povoada de alto e fresco tuoso (1590) in the XVI century: arvoredo, que, por ser tal, se perdem alguns caminhantes “This island is mountainous and harbours tall and fresh nos caminhos, e aconteceu já alguns, perdidos, neles mor- forests, where, due to its extension, many people have lost rerem. E não, tão somente, há pelo meio e lombo da terra themselves in its pathways and several, being lost, have pe- grandes e alevantadas serranias, mas também grotas e altas rished there. And, not only thus this land have high moun- funduras, cobertas de matos e grossos paos e arvoredo de tains but also deep valleys covered by vegetation with thick til” in Saudades da Terra. trees and til forests” in Saudades da Terra. O nome da ilha é reflexo da exuberante paisagem flores- The name of the island reflects its pristine forest landsca- tal pristina, tal como refere Camões: pe, as noted by Camões in his prominent work: Passamos a grande ilha da Madeira We passed the fine island of Madeira Que do muito arvoredo assim se chama Named for its great forests, and known Das que povoamos a primeira More for its name than its ancient past Mais célebre por nome que por fama (…) For we were the first to people it, (…) Os Lusíadas, Canto V The Lusiads, trad. Landeg White, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002, p.99. A riqueza florística dos arquipélagos da Madeira e das Selvagens resulta da sua posição geográfica (relativa aos The floristic richness of the archipelagos of Madeira and restantes arquipélagos atlânticos e aos continentes africa- Selvagens results from their geographic location (relative no, europeu e americano), origem geológica (5,6 a 27 mi- to the other Atlantic archipelagos and to the African, Eu- lhões de anos) e história climática. Estes factores condicio- ropean and American continents), geological origin (5.6 to naram quer a colonização, quer aspectos tão importantes 27 million years ago) and climatic history. These factors como a posterior radiação adaptativa e não -adaptativa das constrained the colonisation of vascular plants and other plantas vasculares em diferentes tipos de habitats resultan- important processes, such as adaptive and non -adaptive tes de uma orografia complexa. radiation over different habitats resulting from the complex A origem da flora dos arquipélagos da Madeira e das island orography. Selvagens tem sido alvo de amplo debate desde o século The origin of the Flora of the Madeira and Selvagens ar- XIX, com a visita de numerosos naturalistas e com a ilha da chipelagos has been amply debated since the XIX century; Madeira a ser utilizada como “caso de estudo”. Muitos, se- numerous naturalists have visited the island and used it as não a maioria dos autores, consideraram a flora da Madeira a “case study”. Many, if not the majority of the authors, con- como reliquial (paleo -endémica), origem comprovada pelos sidered the Flora of Madeira relictual (palaeo -endemic), its fósseis do Terciário Médio e Final (no continente europeu), origin supported by fossils from the Mid and Late Tertiary (on que correspondem aos géneros das principais árvores das the European continent). This agrees with the extant genera laurissilvas da Madeira, como por exemplo Apollonias, Lau- of the main tree species of the Laurisilva of Madeira, such rus, Ocotea e Persea. A vegetação extremamente original, as Apollonias, Laurus, Ocotea and Persea. The primitive ve- endémica destas ilhas, representa os vestígios da vegeta- getation, endemic to these islands, represents a relict of the ção subtropical do Terciário que terá predominado na bacia subtropical vegetation of the Tertiary, which prevailed in the ocidental do oceano arcaico Tethys, que ligava o Atlântico western part of the Tethys Sea Basin (a large mass of water e o Índico, e onde actualmente se situa o mar Mediterrâneo. that connected the Atlantic and Indian oceans and where As profundas crises ambientais (geológicas e climáticas), the Mediterranean Sea is now located). The dramatic envi- do final do Terciário e posteriormente do Pleistocénico (os ronmental crisis (geological and climatic), which took place sucessivos períodos glaciares), afectaram intensamente a in the late Tertiary and in the Pleistocene (the successive vegetação continental. A flora da Madeira resulta da con- glacial periods), deeply affected the continental vegetation. temporaneidade com os processos descritos, do isolamen- The Flora of Madeira result from the contemporaneity of the to insular e consequente amenidade climática, factores que mentioned processes, from insular isolation and the resul- permitiram a sobrevivência destes elementos mais antigos ting climatic amenity, factors that allowed for the survival of (Capelo et al. 2004, 2007). these older elements (Capelo et al. 2004, 2007). Capelo et al. (2004) resumem os desenvolvimentos mais Capelo et al. (2004) have synthesised the most recent recentes sobre a história evolutiva da flora da Madeira. Num developments in the evolutionary history of the Flora of Ma- período inicial a maioria dos autores considerou como mais deira. Initially, the majority of the authors considered that a 158 plausível uma origem mais antiga dos endemismos da Ma- more ancient origin of Madeira endemics was most plausi- deira. Posteriormente alguns autores levantaram a hipótese ble. Later, some authors raised the hypothesis that a por- de uma parte dos endemismos macaronésicos arborescen- tion of the arborescent endemics of Macaronesia were not tes não terem um carácter arcaico reliquial, mas represen- relictual, but instead represented a secondarily derived evo- tarem uma tendência evolutiva comum nas ilhas oceânicas, lutionary trend (neo -endemics), common in oceanic islands. com um carácter derivado recente (neo -endémico). Estas These plants present unusual habits such as caulirosulate plantas apresentam hábito arborescente caulirrosulado, shrub, candelabra shrub or monocarpic rosette tree (Böhle arborescente em candelabro ou de planta lenhosa mono- et al. 1996) that can be found in insular members of the Bo- cárpica (Böhle et al. 1996), comum em representantes in- raginaceae (Echium), Asteraceae (Sonchus), Campanula- sulares das Boraginaceae (Echium), Asteraceae (Sonchus), ceae (Musschia), Scrophulariaceae (Isoplexis) and in others Campanulaceae (Musschia), Scrophulariaceae (Isoplexis) e like Sideritis, Plantago and Euphorbia.
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