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Women's Life During the Chosŏn Dynasty
International Journal of Korean History(Vol.6, Dec.2004) 113 Women’s Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty Han Hee-sook* 1 Introduction The Chosŏn society was one in which the yangban (aristocracy) wielded tremendous power. The role of women in this society was influenced greatly by the yangban class’ attempts to establish a patriarchal family order and a Confucian-based society. For example, women were forced, in accordance with neo-Confucian ideology, to remain chaste before marriage and barred from remarrying once their husbands had passed away. As far as the marriage system was concerned, the Chosŏn era saw a move away from the old tradition of the man moving into his in-laws house following the wedding (男歸女家婚 namgwiyŏgahon), with the woman now expected to move in with her husband’s family following the marriage (親迎制度 ch΄inyŏng jedo). Moreover, wives were rigidly divided into two categories: legitimate wife (ch΄ŏ) and concubines (ch΄ŏp). This period also saw a change in the legal standing of women with regards to inheritance, as the system was altered from the practice of equal, from a gender standpoint, rights to inheritance, to one in which the eldest son became the sole inheritor. These neo-Confucianist inspired changes contributed to the strengthening of the patriarchal system during the Chosŏn era. As a result of these changes, Chosŏn women’s rights and activities became increasingly restricted. * Professor, Dept. of Korean History, Sookmyung Women’s University 114 Women’s Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty During the Chosŏn dynasty women fell into one of the following classifications: female members of the royal family such as the queen and the king’s concubines, members of the yangban class the wives of the landed gentry, commoners, the majority of which were engaged in agriculture, women in special professions such as palace women, entertainers, shamans and physicians, and women from the lowborn class (ch’ŏnin), which usually referred to the yangban’s female slaves. -
Italian Titles of Nobility
11/8/2020 Italian Titles of Nobility - A Concise, Accurate Guide to Nobiliary History, Tradition and Law in Italy until 1946 - Facts, no… Italian Titles of Nobility See also: Sicilian Heraldry & Nobility • Sicilian Genealogy • Books • Interview ©1997 – 2015 Louis Mendola Author's Note An article of this length can be little more than a precis. Apart from the presentation of the simplest facts, the author's intent is to provide accurate information, avoiding the bizarre ideas that color the study of the aristocracy. At best, this web page is a ready reference that offers a quick overview and a very concise bibliography; it is intended as nothing more. This page is published for the benefit of the historian, genealogist, heraldist, researcher or journalist – and all scientific freethinkers – in search of an objective, unbiased summary that does not seek (or presume) to insult their knowledge, intelligence or integrity. The study of the nobility and heraldry simply cannot exist without a sound basis in genealogical science. Genealogy is the only means of demonstrating familial lineage (ancestry), be it proven through documentation or DNA, be it aristocratic or humble. At 300 pages, the book Sicilian Genealogy and Heraldry considers the subject in far greater detail over several chapters, and while its chief focus is the Kingdom of Sicily, it takes into account the Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946) as well. That book includes chapters dedicated to, among other things, historiography, feudal law and proof standards. Like this web page, the book (you can peruse the table of contents, index and a few pages on Amazon's site) is the kind of reference and guide the author wishes were available when he began to study these fields seriously over thirty years ago. -
The Education and Training of Gentry Sons in Early Modern England
Working Papers No. 128/09 The Education and Training of Gentry Sons in Early-Modern England . Patrick Wallis & Cliff Webb © Patrick Wallis, LSE Cliff Webb, Independent Scholar November 2009 Department of Economic History London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 The Education and Training of Gentry Sons in Early-Modern England* Patrick Wallis and Cliff Webb Abstract: This paper explores the education and training received by the sons of the English gentry in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Using information from the herald’s visitations of four counties, it offers quantitative evidence of the proportion of gentry children who entered university, spent time at one of the inns of court or became apprentices in London. We show that over the period there was little change in the educational destinations of gentry sons: university and apprenticeship absorbed roughly equal proportions; the inns of court slightly less. We also show that a son’s position in the birth order had a very strong influence on the kind of education he received. Eldest sons were much more likely to go to university or one of the inns of court. Younger sons were much more likely to become apprentices in London – as we show, trade clearly was an acceptable career for the gentry. There is little sign of a change in the status of different educational choices in this period. Our findings confirm some traditional assumptions about the importance of birth order and normative expectations in determining the life-courses of gentry children in the seventeenth century: historians should not over-state the autonomy of elite children in deciding their futures. -
Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Honors Theses, 1963-2015 Honors Program 2015 Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I Grace K. Butkowski College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Butkowski, Grace K., "Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I" (2015). Honors Theses, 1963-2015. 69. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_theses/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses, 1963-2015 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Grace Butkowski Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I The rivalry of Mary, Queen of Scots and her English cousin Elizabeth I is a storied one that has consumed both popular and historical imaginations since the two queens reigned in the sixteenth century. It is often portrayed as a tale of contrasts: on one end, Gloriana with her fabled red hair and virginity, the bastion of British culture and Protestant values, valiantly defending England against the schemes of the Spanish and their Armada. On the other side is Mary, Queen of Scots, the enchanting and seductive French-raised Catholic, whose series of tragic, murderous marriages gave birth to both the future James I of England and to schemes surrounding the English throne. -
The Cultural Significance of Precious Stones in Early Modern England
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History History, Department of 6-2011 The Cultural Significance of Precious Stones in Early Modern England Cassandra Auble University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the Cultural History Commons, European History Commons, and the History of Gender Commons Auble, Cassandra, "The Cultural Significance of Precious Stones in Early Modern England" (2011). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 39. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/39 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PRECIOUS STONES IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND by Cassandra J. Auble A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor Carole Levin Lincoln, Nebraska June, 2011 THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PRECIOUS STONES IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND Cassandra J. Auble, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2011 Adviser: Carole Levin Sixteenth and seventeenth century sources reveal that precious stones served a number of important functions in Elizabethan and early Stuart society. The beauty and rarity of certain precious stones made them ideal additions to fashion and dress of the day. These stones also served political purposes when flaunted as examples of a country‘s wealth, bestowed as favors, or even worn as a show of royal support. -
Criminal Prosecution and the Rationalization of Criminal Justice Final Report
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. 1337?11 Criminal Prosecution and The Rationalization of Criminal Justice Final Report by William F. McDonald National Institute of Justice Fellow 133787 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this 1_ I material has been gr~{l'bblic DOD.ain/NI~T u.s. Department of dustlce to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction oUlside of the NCJRS systern requires perrnis- sion of the • I owner. National Institute of Justice u.s. Department of Justice December, 1991 Acknowledgments This study was supported by Grant No. 88-IJ-CX-0026 from the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, u.s. Department of Justice to Georgetown University which made possible my participation in the NIJ Fellowship Program. It was also supported by my sabbatical grant from Georgetown University, which allowed me to conduct interviews and observations on the Italian justice system. And, it was supported by a travel' grant from the Institute of Criminal Law and Procedure, Georgetown University Law Center. I would like to acknowledge my appreciation to the many people who made this entire undertaking the kind of intellectually and personally rewarding experience that one usually only dreams about. I hope that their generosity and support will be repaid to some extent by this report and by other contributions to the criminal justice literature which emerge from my thirteen months of uninterrupted exploration of the subject of this Fellowship. -
New Influences on Naming Patterns in Victorian Britain Amy M
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ISU ReD: Research and eData Illinois State University ISU ReD: Research and eData Theses and Dissertations 3-19-2016 New Influences on Naming Patterns in Victorian Britain Amy M. Hasfjord Illinois State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Hasfjord, Amy M., "New Influences on Naming Patterns in Victorian Britain" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 508. This Thesis and Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ISU ReD: Research and eData. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ISU ReD: Research and eData. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW INFLUENCES ON NAMING PATTERNS IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN Amy M. Hasfjord 176 Pages This thesis examines a major shift in naming patterns that occurred in Victorian Britain, roughly between 1840 and 1900, though with roots dating back to the mid-18 th century. Until approximately 1840, most new names in England that achieved wide popularity had their origins in royal and/or religious influence. The upper middle classes changed this pattern during the Victorian era by introducing a number of new names that came from popular print culture. These names are determined based on a study collecting 10,000 men’s and 10,000 women’s names from marriage announcements in the London Times. Many of these new names were inspired by the medieval revival, and that movement is treated in detail. -
1-History of Solomon Ancestors
History of Solomon Ancestors Moldavia, Romania Robert S. Sherins, M.D., Pacific Palisades, California Historical Synopsis: When King Carol (Karl Hohenzollern, German Prince) was installed as King of Romania (1860), anti-Semitic laws were quickly decreed that took away the privileges of Jewish immigrants (Sudits) in Moldavia. About 1880, business licenses for “Pubs” were revoked for Jews. Our Solomon ancestors were mostly leasees of Pubs and earned their living as such. Jews faced bankruptcies after loss of those privileges. They could not own land or pubs, could not send their children to public schools, and were burdened with special “Jewish taxes.” By the 1880’s, Charelik Salomon immigrated to London and served as a shipping agent among other jobs. He migrated to Bulawayo in 1894 with Oscar Kaufman, who married Charelik’s sister. Charelik created the famous C. Salomon Company of wholesale traders in Bulawayo. Later a partnership with Oscar Kaufman was formed. Charelik brought out most of his siblings and many of the Jews from the ancestral village of Negresti, Romania, to work for him in Africa (patron – client relationship). Charelik and Oscar became immensely wealthy, but most Jews including our relatives in Central Africa were extremely poor. Charelik and his siblings were descendants of Dov Ber (Bercu sin Solomon). Our branch of the Solomon family descended from Schneer Zalman, who we believe was a brother of Dov Ber. He had twelve children with two wives, Dina Gross and Feige (surname unknown). Some of Feige’s children, Dina, Max, and AZ (Aaron Zalman) Solomon migrated to Africa and settled in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia. -
Royal Flush Or Not? Understanding Royalty, Nobility and Gentry
Royal Flush or Not? Understanding Royalty, Nobility and Gentry Craig L. Foster, A.G.® [email protected] Definition of Royalty and Nobility The difference between royalty and nobility is that royalty “means that they were born into their position. Therefore only the king and queen and their direct relations can be considered royalty. … Nobility is a title conferred on a person if they meet certain requirements.” “The Aristocracy of England,” http://www.aristocracyuk.co.uk/ Royalty Definition of royalty is people of royal blood or status. Ranks of Royalty – King or Queen Prince Princess The royal family includes the immediate royal heirs as well as the extended family. Many also hold noble titles such as the Duke of Cornwall, which the heir apparent to the throne, and the Duke of York, as well as the Duke of Cambridge. www.royal.gov.uk Nobility Originally, nobility grew out of the feudal warrior classes. Nobles and knights were warriors who swore allegiance to the king in exchange for land. “Peers, Peeresses and other People,” www.avictorian.com/nobility.html “…hereditary permanent rank is what most Englishmen prize above all earthly honours. It is the permanency, especially, that they value.” Beckett, The Aristocracy in England, 1660-1914, p. 92 Noble Titles and Order of Precedence – Duke Marquess Earl Viscount Baron A peer of the realm is someone who holds one or more of the above titles. The peerage is a continuation of the original baronage system which existed in feudal times. “Historically the peerage formed a tightly knit group of powerful nobles, inter-related through blood and marriage in successive generations…” Debrett’s Essential Guide to the Peerage and Wikipedia In Scots law, there are certain titles that are recognized by the Crown as almost comparable to but not quite at the level of the peerage. -
The Wealth of the English Landed Gentry, 1870–1935*
The wealth of the English landed gentry, 1870–1935* by Mark Rothery Abstract This article explores changing levels of unsettled personal wealth amongst the landed gentry of Devon, Hertfordshire and Lincolnshire during the period of the Agricultural Depression of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The main quantitative sources employed for this research are the National Probate Calendars. Despite problems with agricultural incomes and land values, overall levels of gentry wealth were sustained. This was a result of the diversification of wealth away from land and into other safer investments of a non-agricultural character. A final section shows how one Devon gentry family converted land into liquid investments at the end of the First World War. The highly adaptable nature of landed elites in the face of profound changes in modern society and the flexibility of relations between landed and non-landed elites have been amongst the most important findings of scholars of landed society over the past fifty years. F. M. L. Thompson and David Cannadine amongst others have shown that the aristocracy and the gentry were willing to diversify their investments into mining, railways and a range of other urban and industrial ventures as economic conditions came to permit such behaviour.1 This has contributed to more general explanations of the openness and flexibility of the British landed order during the mod- ern period. The slow and gradual decline of landed elites along with their fluid relations with new aspirants to elite society helps explain, it has been argued, the smooth and evolutionary na- ture of modernisation in Britain. -
The Real Face of Russia
THE REAL FACE OF RUSSIA ESSAYS AND ARTICLES UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE THE REAL FACE OF RUSSIA THE REAL FACE OF RUSSIA ESSAYS AND ARTICLES EDITED BY VOLODYMYR BOHDANIUK, B.A., B.Litt. UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE LONDON 1967 PUBLISHED BY UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SERVICE 200, Liverpool Rd., London, N.l. 1967 Printed in Great Britain by Ukrainian Publishers Limited, 200, Liverpool Rd., London, N.l. Tel. 01-607-6266/7 CONTENTS Page PREFACE ................................................................................................. 7 THE SPIRIT OF RUSSIA by Dr. Dmytro Donzow .............................................. 9 ON THE PROBLEM OF BOLSHEVISM by Evhen M alaniuk ...................................................... 77 THE RUSSIAN HISTORICAL ROOTS OF BOLSHEVISM by Professor Yuriy Boyko .............................................. 129 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM by Dr. Baymirza H ayit .............................................. 149 BOLSHEVISM AND INTERNATIONALISM by Olexander Yourchenko ..................................... 171 THE “SCIENTIFIC” CHARACTER OF DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM by U. Kuzhil ............................................................... 187 THE HISTORICAL NECESSITY OF THE DISSOLUTION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE by Prince Niko Nakashidze ..................................... 201 UKRAINIAN LIBERATION STRUGGLE by Professor Lev Shankowsky ............................. 211 THE ROAD TO FREEDOM AND THE END OF FEAR by Jaroslav Stetzko ...................................................... 233 TWO -
The Aristocracy, the Gentry and Their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary
CHAPTER NINE THE ARISTOCRACY, THE GENTRY AND THEIR PARLIAMENTARY TRADITION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY HUNGARY Introduction From the Middle Ages until recently the aristocracy and the gentry land- owners preserved their ascendancy in Hungarian society. These two groups, the Catholic and Habsburgtreu titled aristocracy, and the partly Protestant well-to-do provincial gentry, the ‘backbone of the nation’, formed the landowning élite. Each group possessed independent social power while, arguably, no other social group did so enduringly on a wide scale. The élite’s power was rooted in the noble ownership of land, based on royal donation, in exemptions, immunities and other privileges; in the maintenance of serfdom, that enabled the élite to be masters over the bulk of the population as a workforce; and in the political institutions at their disposal: the county and the diet. Other élites, vested in privileged districts, like the Saxons and the Szekels in Transylvania, the Jász-Kun Districts in the Plain, and the Serbian community in the south, wielded local power only. For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church was an independent force which exercised influ- ence in the whole Kingdom. But the Church lost its independent political position after 1780.1 The vigorous use of the monarch’s ius patronatus in making church appointments, and particularly the Erastian policies pur- sued by the government under Joseph II and his successors, made the Church dependent on the crown. Nor could the towns match the power of the landowning noble élite. Urban society was not strong enough to challenge the paramount influence and political domination of land- owners.